Phoenicians who dominated the sea.

 People of Semitic descent settled on the coasts of Lebanon, Syria, and Israel around 3000 BC and built many cities. They are the Phoenicians. The cities they created include Viblos, Tyrus, Sidon, Baalbek, and Ugarit. It is a city created by the Phoenicians of Carthago, who later fought three Punic wars with Rome.

  Phoenician was an important maritime country in the Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean Sea, which means "the sea in the middle of the ground," spans Europe and Asia. The Phoenicians sailed around the Mediterranean Sea by boat from an early age, and through trade, they gained great power. That's why the western part of the Mediterranean Sea was also called the Lake of Phoenician.

  The adventurous Phoenicians sailed over the Strait of Gibraltar by boat to the Atlantic Ocean. It is said that they even went to the ports of Northern Europe and the coast of Africa to do business. The Phoenicians exported gold, silver, ivory, glass crafts, cedar, wine, and olive oil. In particular, Tyrus was the center of purple dye production named Tyrian Purple. The name "Penikia" also comes from the Greek word for purple.The Phoenicians were able to dominate the sea thanks to the technology of building excellent ships. Phoenician ships were made very strong, and ships, including about 60 rowing slaves, sailed full, and ships carried by soldiers guarded them for safety.

  The Phoenicians also played a role in conveying culture because they traveled around the world for business. It was thanks to Phoenician merchants that Orient's culture was able to be passed down to Europe.

  Phoenician merchants told not only alphabets but also other countries how to make glass bowls. As for the first person to make glass, there are theories that he is Egyptian and that he is a Phoenician merchant, but it is not clear.

  The cities established by the Phoenicians were not unified into one country, but were each independent form. There was a king in the city, but the authority was weak, and influential merchants united to rule the city with the king. Phoenician interacted with Egypt from around 2900 BC, and Phoenician, which did not have a state system, was ruled by Egypt and Hittite in the 15th and 13th centuries BC. However, with the fall of the Hitite, it has enjoyed its heyday for more than 250 years since then. However, Phoenician was once again ruled by Asyria and Persian, and in the first century BC, it was finally included in the Roman Empire.

Characteristics of Egyptian civilization

 1. Benefits of the Nile River.

Ancient prawns were all civilizations, but Egypt is special. In short, without the Nile, there is no Egypt. The "green belt," which is glued to both sides of the Nile, is Egyptian, and a little out of the narrow green area unfolds a barren desert area where humans cannot survive. In addition, both sides form a sheer cliff, so they do not flood as much as other prawns. Regular flooding of the Nile River is mysteriously moderate and regular.

Like other civilized prawns, there is no way to cause a great flood, sweeping away people, livestock, and rice fields, or causing a great famine with a drought so intense that irrigation is impossible. Rather, regular and moderate flooding carries fertile corrosion soil from upstream to downstream every year. That's why they didn't have to put much effort into the measurements, and they only had to enjoy the benefits of Nile through irrigation. In addition, Nail brought numerous fish families and birds to the Egyptians. Paintings and sculptures after the ancient kingdom period depict the hunting of these abundant fish and birds.

 

2. Closedness due to the natural environment.

In Egypt, if the Nile mainly affected economically, the overall natural conditions determined its character throughout the culture. Surrounded by barren deserts in the east and west, seas in the north, and jungles in Nubia in the south, Egypt was not invaded by outside. The grace of the Nile and the Sun was guaranteed forever, and there was no nation or culture comparable to Egypt around it. So they despised their country as a "country of black soil" and other lands other than Egypt as a "country of red soil." Therefore, it was only natural for the Egyptians to have a sense of national superiority at the beginning of history. This can be said to be the best neutralization idea of mankind. It is natural that Egypt, which has lived peacefully in isolated areas for a long time and had already reached the highest level in the early days, passed on its early cultural typical to future generations, so even those without archaeological knowledge have Egyptian characteristics.

However, to some point in history, these things worked positively, but later they acted as negative factors. As Toynbee said, the conditions for civilization development are to respond to challenges. This unique "water composition" of the 3,000 years of Egyptian civilization also indicates in a sense that there is no flexibility in civilization's development. Because of this, Egypt was the fastest in the ancient Orient world to bloom and achieve a high degree of civilization, but its power was much lower than that of Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia has always introduced heterogeneous cultures and ethnicities, so other ethnic groups were able to accept the culture and form and develop it into an independent culture that was not bound by a "frame."

 

3. Pyramid.

The pyramid was developed from Mastaba during the early dynasty and continued until the royal tomb took the form of a rock cave at the beginning of the 18th dynasty. Choi Seong-gi is the 3rd to 5th dynasties and is called the Pyramid Age. The best pyramid was designed by the re-appointing Im Hotelf as the Stairway Pyramid of King Josher, the second king of the third dynasty in Sakara. At first, it is a rectangular stone mastava with a side of 63m, and a 28m deep blood transfusion was dug in the center and a burial room was built under it. However, the expansion work began, and eventually, a staircase pyramid with a base of 109×126m and a height of 62m in the shape of a six-stage stack of mastaba was completed. Religiously, this is the result of the worship of the sun god, which has existed since ancient times, centered on Heliopolis, linked to Pian's faith, and the stairs can be thought to be for the dead king to climb into the sky.

The connection with the sun god became more intimate with the emergence of the orthodox pyramid later. The pyramid itself is a facility to protect the king's mummy. However, there was also a need for a place where rituals were held by displaying food and various items. So, Jangjejeon Hall was built in the north of the pyramid, and Sinjeon Hall, Sosinjeon Hall, and Jungjeong Pavilion were built in the east, and Daejungjeong Pavilion with altars in the south, and they were surrounded by Saga-shaped main walls of 10m high, 277m east-west, and 545m north-south. These are called 'pyramid complexes'.

 

4. Mummy.

It is a body treated so that it can be enjoyed or stored for a long time in other ways according to the ancient Egyptians' treatment of bodies.The Egyptians were afraid because of the idea that one day their world would disappear. They believed in the power of magic and created a funeral ceremony that seemed to promise eternal life in their eyes. The body is preserved in this ritual. Mummy makers first take the bodies to their workshop, the House of Beauty. They cut the left part of the body with a stone knife, took out the liver and lungs, and dried them and stored them in a special bowl called Canopus Complex. The brain was also removed, but the heart was left intact, allowing it to weigh the heart in the after-life, and then the body was covered with natron (soda stone) crystals to prevent rotting, and dry materials such as leaves and sawdust were filled in the body, and the amapo was wound around it.In Egypt, the processing process varied from time to time, but only the method of removing the intestines and applying resin to the body and wrapping it with Mapo was always constant.In addition to Egypt, tribes living on the coast of the Torus Strait between the Canary Islands' Guan chain, New Guinea, and Australia, and Incas in South America also made mummies.Egyptian mummies were generally considered effective as they were treated as counter-corrospMummy is a word from the Arabic word mumiyah, which means reverse hearing in Portuguese. In the Middle Ages, breaking mummies into powder became a very important medicinal ingredient. However, people of this era did not recognize that the medicinal effects of mummies were in Yeokcheong, and made fake mummies from the bodies of felons or suicide people.In Europe, mummies were bought and sold as goods until the 18th century.

The Origin of Egyptian Civilization

 1. Birth of civilization.

The first civilization took place in a large river basin. The first places where civilization took place were the Tigris Euphrates basin and the Nile basin in West Asia. Later than this, civilization also took place in the Indus River basin in northwest India, and civilization began in the Yellow River basin in Northeast Asia. The reason civilization occurred in the four major river basins is that there is a subtropical climate that is advantageous for human life, and because it is along a large river, fishing life is possible, and transportation is convenient, making it a good place for people to live. Regular river flooding carried fertile soil downstream from the upper stream, providing great benefits to ancient agriculture dominated by natural conditions. River flooding was a great ordeal for humans, but this rather fostered human wisdom and ability to overcome nature, laying the foundation for common life and city-states to create civilization.

 

 

2. Changes in civilization.

Ham established about 40 city-states (Nomos) (around 4000 B.C.) and then merged into the upper and lower kingdoms around 3500 B.C., and a unified kingdom was established around 3000 B.C. After the establishment of the unified dynasty, the 26th dynasty flourished, which can be largely divided into about three periods.

 

    (1) The Old Kingdom (B.C.2850-2060)

       1~10 dynasties.

       Capital: Memphis

       Pyramid construction.

    (2) The Middle Kingdom (B.C.2060-1670)

       11~17 dynasties.

       Capital: Thebes

       B.C. Since 1670, the rule of Higgsos.

    (3) The New Kingdom Period (B.C.1570-525)

       18~26 dynasties.

       Capital: Amarna

    (4) The fall of the Persian Empire.

 

Around 1700 B.C., it was once ruled by Hixoso during the Middle Kingdom, but it was driven out and advanced to Syria. It was then destroyed by the Persian in 525 B.C.

Egyptian civilization is...

 1. Egyptian civilization.

Egyptian civilization took place on fertile land down the Nile River. Egypt has a closed geographical location, so its political and cultural colors are monotonous compared to Mesopotamian civilization. Egypt was surrounded by deserts and seas, allowing it to retain its own culture for 2000 years without external invasion.

Egypt was so influenced by the Nile that it was called a "gift from the Nile River," as Herodotus said. Egypt developed agriculture early on the basis of the Nile River and the surrounding fertile soil.

The flooding of the Nile River, which is experienced every year, carried fertile sediments upstream, so the Nile River was a rich land. The flood of the Nile River buried everything around it in the mud. However, these floods occurred regularly and could be predicted in advance. Therefore, the Egyptians were able to control the timing of farming. Due to this flooding of the Nile River, solar power, geometry, architecture, and astronomy were developed.

 

2. Society.

The king of Egypt was called Pharaoh, took absolute power as the god of the sun, and mobilized farmers and slaves for civil engineering projects. The nobles, as a small number of bureaucrats and officials, received a large amount of land from the king, and their power was powerful. Most of the commoners were rich-owned farmers and were obligated to pay and serve.

 

3. Religion.

Egypt, like any other country in Orient, believed in polytheism and had a very large number of gods. Among them, the sun god Ra, the Nile River, and the underworld god Osiris were most worshipped. Under the solar Silla, there were Shu, the god of air, and Tefnut, the god of moisture. These gods combined with each other to give birth to Geb, the god of earth, and Nut, the goddess of heaven. These gods also combined to give birth to "Set," "Neftis," "Ossiris," and "Isis." Osiris then married Isis and Settis, respectively. Thus, Osiris Horus was born, and Set was born Anubis. There is a fierce fight between Horus, son of Osiris, and Set, through which you can get a glimpse of the Egyptian's strong belief in the afterlife and thoughts on resurrection. In addition, unlike Mesopotamia, the Egyptians believed in the immortality of the soul and preserved the bodies by making mummies, and prepared for the judgment of the afterlife by recording the Book of the Lion.

 

4. Art.

The construction and decoration of paramids and temples became the mainstream of art. In particular, the style of Yeolju was excellent along with sculptures, paintings, and crafts.

 

5. Science and technology.

Astronomy and solar power were created to know when the Nile River flooded, and geometry developed in the need to measure the land after flooding. In addition, the principles of architecture, leverage, and pulley were used during the construction of the temple. In mathematics, decimal methods were used, and surgical science was developed in the process of mummy production.

 

6. Text message.

Hieroglyph-Hieroglyphs were used to partially reach the stage of phonetic characters. On paper made of papyrus, a pen made of reeds and black ink were used.

The four major civilizations...

 The four ancient civilizations, or the world's fourth civilization, refer to Egyptian civilization, Mesopotamian civilization, Indus civilization, and the Yellow River civilization. Among them, Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations entered the civilization stage earlier (around 3500 B.C.). All four major civilizations were located in the Northern Hemisphere and were along a large river. In addition, most of them were regions with mild climate and fertile land.

The Middle East is mainly covered with deserts, but the climate and soil at that time were very different from today. Six or seven years ago, the climate in the Middle East was milder than it is now and precipitation was high. In addition, most of India's Indus River basin, as it is today, was covered with green and dense forests, not deserts. (It is said that most of the climates in the four major civilizations were dry, but not as severe as they are today.)

What four major civilizations have in common.

 

(1) It occurred in the large river basin, and farming was well done.

-> The area where the four major civilizations occurred has a warm climate and a large river, so it has a common point that food is abundant because oily soil comes down from the upper stream during floods.

 

(2) The entire monarch emerged.

-> Due to the good farming, large-scale repair projects were required, and for this, they had to cooperate and unite with each other. This situation required strong power to oversee and lead large-scale repair projects. In addition, it is evaluated that the rich culture was very developed compared to other regions based on a rich and prosperous economic life.

 

(3) A city was formed. Civilization (text, etc.) occurred.

-> Through the Neolithic agricultural revolution, human productivity increased significantly. In particular, in the large river basin where irrigation was carried out, the land was fertile and production increased, allowing a large population to gather and live in one place. Thus, a large village was formed, and bronze ware was produced, and wheels, plows, and sailboats were invented, increasing production and developing transportation. In this way, villages gathered together to form a city, and each city built a castle around it, and each independently took the shape of a state. And in these city-states, letters began to be used for various records, and finally entered the stage of civilization. At the center of the city-state where the four major civilizations occurred, there was a huge royal palace inhabited by the supreme ruler, and the king served as a priest at the same time as politics. Tens of thousands of soldiers escorted the king inside and outside the royal palace, and numerous officials around the king assisted the king.  Luxurious mansions and various facilities were conveniently used in these lives in cities where the ruling class lived around the royal palace. However, behind the luxurious life of the ruling class, who fully enjoyed the benefits of civilization, harsh exploitation of countless people was carried out. They overworked numerous slaves on the cultivation of huge owned land and collected enormous taxes and tributes from the people they control. The ruling class started a war to secure more slaves and land, and officials collected enormous tribute from Jeongbok.

 

(4) Laws have been enacted.

-> The ruling class made laws to punish forces challenging their authority, and immediately dispatched troops to suppress them mercilessly if they resisted.

 

(5) The business of showing off the authority of the ruler was active.

-> The size of the palace and tomb is proportional to the authority of the king. In a society where the ruling class and the ruling class are clearly divided, the rulers have used various methods to induce the ruling class to obey their rule. They tried to make their bodies look great by wrapping themselves around expensive ornaments. In addition, in order to enhance his authority, he tried to ensure the permanence of his position by making his house huge and magnificent, and entering a huge tomb as he did when he lived after his death. When the king died in the Eun Dynasty, a funeral service was held to forcibly bury dozens of living people together, and a huge pyramid was created in Egypt to strengthen the authority of the ruler.

The mystery of the end of Hittite civilization.

 The last king of Hittite is Supiloumas II. Records show that around 1200 B.C., Hittite was attacked by a sea people and destroyed, and some people migrated to Syria to establish the Cynhitite Kingdom. After the fall of Hittite, the Anatolian Plateau, which was the center, remained uninhabited for hundreds of years. It is not known what kind of people the people who destroyed Hitite were. Also, why the people did not live in Hitite remains a mystery.

The prosperity of Hitite civilization.

 Hitite has formed a powerful country in ancient Orient, but there are still many things I don't know about them.They designated Hatus, Turkey (now Bogazkoei), as the capital around 1650 BC and occupied a large area.  

  In the 16th century B.C., it became strong enough to destroy the Babylonian kingdom, which first unified Mesopotamia.It declined for decades after that, but it reached its heyday again.King Supiloumas I, who was put to sleep in the late 14th century B.C., expanded his territory to surrounding areas such as Mitani and Syria and built a solid wall in the capital.And in the late 12th century B.C., it collided with Egypt.At that time, the king of Egypt was Ramses II, one of the greatest pharaohs.King Muwatalis of Hittite fought fiercely with Ramses II in Kadesh, located on the Orontes River basin, over the control of Syria.This fight is of great significance in that it is a conflict between the two civilizations.Hitite fought on par with Egypt, mobilizing troops armed with light tanks and hard iron weapons to siege Ramses II.After decades of battle, Hatusili III and Ramses II eventually signed a peace treaty in Kadesh.This is the world's first international treaty.

  The people of Hittite were excellent in architecture and built huge castles, temples, and cities, but few remain today.However, there are some traces of Hitite in Bogazkoei, the capital of Hitite.You can see the brilliant culture of Hitite through the palace site, library site, and residence found in Bogazkoei.

The Zhou Dynasty, which ruled the country under the feudal system.

 The Zhou Dynasty dominated China for about 1,000 years from the 11th century BC. The king of the Zhou Dynasty ruled over the capital and surrounding areas, and the rest of the area was distributed to the king's relatives or officials with great contributions. These people are called Jehu. His descendants also distributed and ruled all the territory they received to their subordinates without controlling it. This is called the feudal system.

  At first, there was not much conflict because the relationship between the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty and the feudal emperors was close. However, as time passed, the feudal emperors became more and more powerful. The feudal system of the Zhou Dynasty was basically similar to the family system. The royal family of the Zhou Dynasty becomes a large house, and the empires become a small house. As time went by, just as relatives separated from their 4th cousins, 6th cousins, 8th cousins, 12th cousins, etc., the empire also became distant from the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty. Some empires were more powerful than kings of the Zhou Dynasty. Until then, however, the Zhou Dynasty had more authority than other empires.

  However, after the weak Zhou moved the capital to the east in 770 B.C., there came a period of confusion in which the emperors ignored the Zhou and quarreled with each other. So as of 770 B.C., the former is called Seoju, and the latter is called Dongju. We commonly call the Dongju era the Spring and Autumn National Era.

During the Zhou Dynasty, the idea of heaven and virtue emerged as the ideology of governing the country. The idea of a thousand people is that heaven allows virtuous people to rule the country. I think politics is what makes virtuous people teach and realize those who do not. This idea became the ruling ideology of all Chinese dynasties.

  The Zhou society was divided into the ruling class of the emperor, empress, lord, godfather, and son, and the subject class of farmers, so the status order was strict. The ruling class ruled the country, held ancestral rites to heaven, and the ruling class farmed.

  In the Zhou Dynasty, the letters used during the Eun Dynasty were further developed, and the production of bronze ware increased. Economic development was also remarkable. Various crops were grown, cow-drawn plows were used for farming for the first time, and large-scale repair facilities were installed. Roads and canals were newly built and the transportation system was improved. It is said that it was during the Zhou Dynasty that chopsticks were first used when eating.

China's silver kingdom (Shang Dynasty)

 About 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, civilization broke out in China. Yangsao culture and Longsan culture are representative. Yangsao culture is the first agricultural culture that occurred in the Hwabuk region, and is famous for its colored earthenware saturation. The late Longsan culture used a lot of black earthenware (black soil).

  In the 16th century B.C., about 3,600 years ago, the silver kingdom appeared. The Eunnara dominated the middle and lower reaches of the Hwanghe River, centering on the capital city of Eunh. Palace sites, temple sites, and tombs were excavated in the hideout, where letters were engraved on the turtle's shell. In addition, there were cases where letters were engraved on the bones of animals such as sheep and cows. These characters are called Gapgol characters. The Gapgol letter means a letter engraved on the shell of a turtle and the bones of a beast, and was used to mark and record the results when there is something important to the country in the silver country. This Gapgol character developed and became today's Chinese characters. In the silver country, religion and politics were closely related because they asked God for important things in the country. This politics is called 'new rights politics'. Or, it is also called a "corporate society" in the sense that rituals and politics coincide.

  In addition to the Gapgol letters, Eunnara made and used a calendar. This calendar is called the silver calendar. The calendar was an important tool for farming. Also, weapons or bowls were made of bronze. The bronze age of the silver country is world-class, so its sophistication and sophistication are incomparable to those of other countries. However, only the ruling class was able to use these bronze motors. Commoners still used tools made of earthenware, wood, and stone. The silver kingdom, which had been prosperous for a while, was destroyed by the Zhou Dynasty around the 11th century BC.

History of ancient Egypt.

 Egypt's history consists of approximately 30 dynasties, which are largely divided into the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom. The first king in Egyptian history is a legendary pharaoh called Menes. It is said that he unified Egypt and built the capital Memphis.

  Egypt was geographically surrounded by deserts and seas, so it was safe from outside intrusion. So, it has been able to develop while maintaining its own culture for almost 2,000 years. Ancient Egypt existed as a unified state for about 2,500 years from the beginning of the first dynasty around 3,000 B.C. until it was conquered by Persia in the 6th century B.C.

  The 4th Dynasty, the early days of the ancient kingdom, was the time when many pyramids were built, including the evacuation of Giza. During the Middle Kingdom, Hicksus invaded Egypt. The Hicksos ruled Egypt and delivered a new culture of Western Asia that had been isolated. However, the Egyptians drove out the Hicksus and established a powerful new kingdom.

  In the early days of the New Kingdom, they actively conquered in Southwest Asia. In particular, Tutmos III conquered Syria and Palestine and advanced to the upper reaches of the Euphrates River.

  Many of the pharaohs we know well are people from the New Kingdom. Amenhotep IV called himself Aknaton, denying the former Amon Rashin and trying to reform religion by making Aton, the new sun god, the only god. However, Aknaton's reform failed. When the young Tutankhamen succeeded him, the priests of Amon Rashin, who had power, returned Egypt's religion to its original state. Ramses II, who later appeared, ruled Egypt for the longest time among pharaohs and led the era of prosperity.

  After that, Asia, Babylonia, and Persia invaded Egypt. In 525 B.C., King of Persian Cambodia II ruled Egypt, and Egypt became a subordinate state of Persianism. In the 4th century BC, Alexander the Great conquered Egypt, and after his death, the Ptolemy dynasty ruled Egypt. The last king of this dynasty is Cleopatra. Cleopatra was the last to end the history of ancient Egypt, and Egypt was ruled by Rome.

Egypt and farming.

 Egypt is a dry desert area. It was only thanks to the Nile that farming was possible in the desert. Without the Nile River, neither Egypt nor splendid Egyptian civilization would have blossomed. That's why Egypt is called the Gift of the Nile River.

  The downstream of the Nile River floods at a certain time every year. Due to the rain falling in the upper part of the Nile River, the water in the middle and downstream areas gradually increases, causing floods in the downstream areas. So, they supplied water to dry areas without much damage. Farmers only had to sow seeds on the ground where the water had escaped. Then the greasy soil from the upper stream supplied nutrients, and the Nile River supplied water to grow crops. For this reason, people began to live together in the Nile basin early on, and a country called Egypt could be created.

  Egyptians made calendars (solar power) to predict flooding of the Nile River, and developed surveying, geometry, and mathematics for land surveying or civil engineering.

Indian civilization around 2500 B.C.

 Around 2500 B.C., civilizations emerged in Mohenzodaro and Harafa in the basins of the Indus River. Harappa was the first place where Indus civilization was discovered. In Mohenjodaro, which means "the hill of the dead," many artifacts showing the high level of Indus civilization have been excavated.

  Mohenzodaro and Harappa are famous as planned cities. The city has paved roads, brick houses, and public baths. There is also a sewage facility, so sewage from each household's kitchen, bathroom, and toilet was flowed through a brick sewage system. Compared to less than 100 years ago, it is very surprising that Korea has sewage facilities. The people who built the Indus Civilization, like other civilizations, used bronze and letters. But I haven't figured out what that letter means yet. Among the four major civilizations, the only undecoded character was the one used by the people who created the Indus civilization.

  We don't know exactly who made these amazing cities and civilizations yet. It is clear that the ancestors of the people living in India are not Aryans. They entered India around 1500 B.C., 1,000 years after the formation of the Indus Civilization. Because the Aryans knew how to handle iron, they were able to make weapons much stronger and sharper than the Bronze Age used by the people who made the Indus civilization. The Aryans conquered India based on excellent iron weapons and slaves the people who originally lived in India. Today, scholars speculate that the Dravidans living in southern India created the Indus civilization.

Sumerians and Babylonians.

 The first people who created civilization in Mesopotamia were Sumerians. They invented letters and left records on clay boards. The shape of this character is called a wedge character because it looks like a wedge in a crack in an object. The Sumerians were interested in floods in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. So I carefully observed and recorded the movements of constellations and rivers, and wedge characters were used at this time. The wedge letters they created were used for commercial transactions in Mesopotamia until around 500 B.C.

  Sumerians saw the moon cold and lean and made a calendar to farm. The calendar created by seeing the moon cold and leaning is called the solar calendar. In addition, because they believed that stars were related to human destiny, astrology to look at stars and make dots was developed. He made a 60-digit system, used it for commercial use, and invented multiplication and division. The Sumerians are also the first people in the world to make wheels. Ur's standard, which was made around 2500 B.C., shows that Sumerians used wheels.

  Mesopotamia's most prosperous country was Babylon, centered on Babylon. King Hammurabi of Babylon conquered the entire Mesopotamian region and formed a unified kingdom. And I made a strict law called "The Code of Hammurabi". Hammurabi Code is the oldest law in the world. In this code of law, "The one who blinds others blinds them," and "The one who breaks others' teeth breaks them.There is a clause like ". This is where the word "eye for eyes, tooth for teeth" came from. However, Babylonian unification of Mesopotamia did not last long. After King Hammurabi's death, Babylon lost a lot of territory, weakened its strength, and was ruled by Hittite and Assyria.

The occurrence of water (big river) and close civilization.

 The world's four major civilizations have something in common. It all occurred in the large river basin. Egyptian civilization emerged in the Nile River basin, Mesopotamian civilization in the Tigris and Euphrates basins, Indus civilization in the Indus River basin, and Yellow River civilization in China in the Yellow River basin.

  It was easy to get water in the large river basin. Water is indispensable for people to live. Today, water supply is installed in each house, so it is easy to get water, but in the past, water had to be drawn from far away or used by rainwater. So people began to live together by the river, which was easy to get water. Water was essential when farming. This is because it was much easier to water rice paddies and fields when the river was close.

  In addition, there were many wide and fertile plains in the large river basin. This is because the river moves oily soil from the upstream to the downstream area. In the wide plain area, the land was not so hard that I could farm with simple wooden tools. There were no rough mountain ranges, so it was good for people to live together. In addition, thanks to the warm climate, grains such as barley and wheat grew well.

  Of course, a large river flows, but there are places where civilization has not occurred. China's Yangtze River is larger than the Yellow River and has abundant precipitation. However, it is difficult to farm because of the lush forest and humidity around it. The same goes for the Ganges River in India. Many people lived around the Amazon River in South America, but it was difficult to farm due to the high temperature and thick jungle. So it was difficult for civilization to occur.

The first civilization in Mesopotamia

 The first civilization emerged in Mesopotamia. The first people to create civilization in Mesopotamia were Sumerians. They built city-states such as Ur, Urk, and Lagashi around 3000 BC. Mesopotamia had no natural obstacles such as large mountain ranges or seas, so other ethnic groups easily invaded.So, it wasn't until around 1800 B.C. that Babylon, an ancient country, appeared and unified Mesopotamia as a whole.

  Civilization emerged in Egypt almost the same time as the Mesopotamian civilization took place. In Egypt, the Ham clan established several city-states from an early age. And around 3000 B.C., a unified kingdom appeared. Unlike Mesopotamia, Egypt is surrounded by deserts and seas on all sides. So, we were able to maintain unification for a long time due to less invasion by other peoples.

  Eventually, the world's oldest countries were created in Mesopotamia and Egypt, where civilization first emerged.  The Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates rivers flooded every year. Floods also damaged people, but they carried greasy soil and supplied water to create good land for farming. However, in order to prevent flood damage and continue farming, it was necessary to build banks or create waterways along the river. This is called dimensions and irrigation. At that time, dimensions and irrigation were something that many people had to work together, so a leader with the power to take charge and supervise large construction appeared. Villages formed around leaders have developed into cities, cities have developed into urban states and ancient countries again.

This and that of the beginning and end.

 1. Criteria for judging the evolution of mankind.

 

  Darwin said that the biggest difference between humans and animals is that they have the skills to walk on two feet, make tools, and have a big brain. He also argued that when people evolve, these three evolve together. Therefore, the degree to which humanity has evolved is judged based on whether it walks upright, whether the technology for making tools has developed, whether the size of the brain has grown, and whether the size of the brain is similar to that of the present person.

 

2. Place where fossils are found.

 

  Since the place where human fossils are found is determined, it is often compared to finding needles in the sand. The bones of living things gradually become fossils as minerals permeate into the bones deep enough to prevent oxygen from passing through. When it meets oxygen, the bones of dead creatures easily rot and are not properly preserved. Therefore, fossils are often found hundreds of meters below the surface. However, it does not mean that fossils exist anywhere deep in the ground. In order to become a fossil, conditions are very difficult, such as no bone-damaging water in the ground and no acidity in the soil.

 

3. Humanity is evolving.

 

  Humans are still evolving through physical changes, such as gradually changing bone shapes to adapt to the climate today. So people say this about future human evolution.

  "People think a lot, so more people have excellent brains. And the head will grow and the bald head will stretch. However, as the amount of activity decreases, the hands and feet will become smaller and the eyes will continue to deteriorate."

  However, some disagree with this argument. This is because civilization has developed rapidly over the past 100,000 years, but the size of the human brain has remained the same. What's the right opinion?

Neolithic Revolution (Middle Stone Age)

 From the time mankind first appeared on Earth until about 10,000 years ago, people used tools made by breaking stones. The tools made in this way are called removed stone tools, and this era is called the Paleolithic period. The period when the Chromagnon lived was also in the Paleolithic period.

  Over time, however, people have made more sophisticated tools than stone tools that have been replaced with some or all of the broken stones. This is called a tideland. Around the same time, people cultivated rice paddies, started farming livestock, and made earthenware to store food. Before that, we had no choice but to find food in nature, but now humans can produce their own food.

  As farming began, mankind began to settle in a certain place, and the population increased to form a village. As the time required to get food decreased than before, I was able to do other things, and as a result, various tools were invented and culture began to develop. In this way, the Neolithic period is called the Neolithic period when tidal flats and earthenware were used and agriculture and livestock were mainly used.

  The first place I started farming was the Fertile Crescent Zone in Southwest Asia. It refers to the region from Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates basins to Syria on the Mediterranean coast, where wheat and barley began to be cultivated. Subsequently, farming began in Europe, Africa, and Asia.

A comparison between the British Navy and the naval forces.

 There is still a lack of research on Panokseon and Joseon naval forces. Only when these studies are conducted first can they be properly compared to other countries' navy. This kind of comparison is meaningful, too, but... That's a bummer. In conclusion, it is a little difficult to conclude that the Joseon Navy is weak. At that time, the navigation of European countries varies widely, but it is impossible to compare uniformly under the name of the European Navy.It's not easy to narrow the comparison target and compare it with the British Navy. The Imjin War was in 1592, and the battle between the British Navy and the Spanish invincible fleet was in 1588, so let's compare it with the British fleet at that time. First of all, by the 1590s, the decontamination of British Navy ships has not yet been carried out properly. Some of the vessels used by Henry Great (Henry Gracedio) as flagboats were super-large ships close to 1,000 tons, while the rest of the warships were not that large, and there were many temporary warships requisitioned from merchant ships. At that time, the British Navy was not a navy that was properly formulated like the Joseon Navy. Even after the British Navy built a ship rating regulation in the future, it did not build only ships of the same standard as the Joseon Navy. After making it moderately, it was classified into 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 equations depending on the number of crew members or the number of ships mounted. Therefore, it is very difficult to compare uniformly. Except for Henry Great, Drake's flagship, Revenge or Howard's flagship Acroyal, and the Regent, among the British Navy ships of 1588, are over 800 tons. The drainage of Panokseon and Turtle Ship is uncertain, but according to the calculation of the late Professor Kim Jae-geun, a professor of shipbuilding engineering at Seoul National University, Panokseon is 227 tons and Turtle Ship is 285 tons. It is clear that Joseon's main warships are small compared to large British ships. However, even in the British fleet, the number of large ships approaching 800 tons is very small. At the time of the showdown between the British Fleet and the Spanish invincible Fleet, there were only 13 ships over 500 tons in the British Navy, including Henry Great and Acroyal, and the remaining 150 ships were all between 100 and 150 tons. And there were about 20 ships that were less than 100 tons. Rather, ships smaller than Panokseon were the main force of the British Navy, and these ships were not permanent naval forces, but many of them were suddenly pulled out. On the other hand, in 1593, the Joseon Navy, which was at its peak, had 250 Panok ships of 227 tons. The above-mentioned large British ships of 800 tons or more were also equipped with only 20 to 46 cannons in practice, regardless of the maximum number of artillery available. Considering that the number of panok ships loaded is 20 to 30 and the total blood of the left Suyeong Turtle Ship is 36, there is no significant difference in the amount of ship loaded in Hampo. The strength of the hull is not easy to judge, but the use of teakmok was after Britain completely controlled India as a colony of India. In the 1590s during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, British ships were mainly made of elm trees. The proportion of elm trees is 0.53, whereas the proportion of Korean red pine, the main ingredient of Panokseon, is 0.53 to 0.73. The weakest type of red pine is similar to the average of elm trees. It is difficult to reach a final conclusion about hardness only by weight without flexural strength figures, but if the weight is this much, Korean red pine will be advantageous for the basic hardness. During the Joseon Dynasty, the thickness of the outer plates of various ships was 4 to 7 inches. This is about 12-18cm. This thickness is thicker than that of modern wooden ships, and among the three Eastern countries, traditional Korean ships make the outer plate of the ship the thickest. It is one of the advantages of Panokseon. Among my data, there is no direct data on the thickness of the outer plates of British sailing ships in the 1590s, but except for 13 large ships, which are 500-1,000 tons of drainage, the rest of the British ships are likely to have thinner outer plates than Joseon Panok ships. Moreover, considering that the proportion of red pine trees themselves is higher than that of elm trees, at least British ships have a similar intensity when the outer plate is thicker than that of Joseon ships. If British ships are structurally advantageous for ocean navigation because they are sailing ships, Panokseon, a ship of the Joseon Navy, has many advantages for coastal navigation. While the British Navy has inherent limitations in using monotonous tactics centered on Danjongjin, the Joseon Navy can use various modified tactics using the small turning radius of the Panokseon. In particular, if you fought in waters with severe tidal differences along the coast of Joseon, the Joseon Navy would not be unilaterally disadvantageous. It's not easy to determine who's better than others. At the time of the showdown with the Spanish Fleet, Calverin was the most loaded cannon in the entire British Fleet, with 1,530 cannons, 344 Demi-Calverin series, 55 Canons and 43 Canon-Perier. In total, there are about 2,000 guns of the British fleet. In the case of the Joseon army, there were about 10 to 30 guns mounted on the Panokseon. In 1593, the year after the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1593, when the Joseon Navy boasted its strongest, there were 250 Panokseon ships of the three provinces of Gyeongsang, Jeolla, and Chungcheong. Except for miscellaneous ships such as post-ship and narrow-line ships, the calculation of the Panokseon alone results in a huge ship loading of 250 ships x 20 doors = 5,000 doors. In the case of projectiles, the largest cannonball in the British Navy was 68 pounds (51.408 Geun). On the other hand, the Daejanggunjeon, Joseon's largest projectile, is 56 geun, which is not inferior to the cannonball of the large-caliber canon. Calverin, England's main cannonball in numbers, is 18 pounds (13.6 roots). In the case of the Joseon Navy, like the British Navy, the main focus was the Hwangja Chongtong, which had a rather small view, and many toys and bullish systems were also installed. The weight of the siege, the projectile of the Hwangja Chong, remains, but the Hwangja Chongtong is 40mm in diameter and is never pushed by Calverin. The monolith (stone bullet) fired from Joseon's toys is about 11 to 30 geun. Calverin has a maximum range of 2000m, an effective range of 300m, and a maximum and effective range of 1,500m and 250m. In the case of Hwangja Chongtong, regardless of the maximum range record, the actual experimental results of the close/habitat reached about 1,600m when the withdrawal was fired. Considering that the actual experimental results are shorter than the record at the time, the range is likely to be longer. There's not much difference in the intersection either. At that time, the projectile was a simple mass shell-solid projectile without explosive power.  If the European Navy used an Expanding Projectile like a chain shell that was not in the Joseon Navy, the Joseon Navy would not be inferior in shipbuilding because there was a series of general wars, a super-large arrow projectile that was not in Europe.   At that time, in Europe, it was the time to finish the transition from crude assembly to electric casting, and in the East, casting technology was already completed. During the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, Europe was ahead of Joseon in the technology of Hujangpo, but overall, the technology and performance of the ship were not unilaterally ahead of those of the East. One decisive difference is that the Joseon Navy failed to achieve qualitative innovation during or after the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, while the technological revolution that began in the 15th century continued to explode in Europe, at least in the early 17th century, in the first half of the 1600s. While Joseon was in place, the European Navy, led by Britain, continued to undergo a qualitative revolution.  If the Joseon Navy fought a coastal naval battle in the 1590s, it was clear that it had such a powerful power that it was hard to determine superiority and inferiority with the British Navy of the same period. However, just decades later, the British Navy overwhelms the Joseon Navy. And the British Navy is not just a strong European, but a foundation for building a world empire. The British Navy continued a virtuous cycle by pulling out investments as it played a supportive role in overseas trade that made Britain rich, but the Joseon Navy was a defensive naval force to defend pirates, so despite the huge investment that broke the national economy, there was little direct economic benefit.

Joseon Navy is the strongest in the world? What's the basis?

 This article was posted in the Ddanji Ilbo in the past, raising objections to the reporter's claim that the Joseon Navy was the world's strongest when an article about Admiral Yi Sun-sin and the Joseon Navy was posted. This article has been noisy for a while, but Ahn Byung-do's novels also feature scenes of Spanish Galéon and Joseon Navy Pan Ok-seon, and various military webzines have raised questions about the virtual showdown between the European Fleet and Joseon Fleet, so please read it for interest. If the Joseon Navy at the end of the 16th century faces a fleet of England or Spain, it will certainly be a far more burdensome opponent than the Japanese Navy, which boarded a Sekibune, which was mostly smaller than Panokseon, and was armed with poor launchers such as guns and arrows. The shipbuilding fleet is the strongest in the world? What's the basis?   Author: emfor, should I call this nationalism? Because of the fantasy about the turtle ship, there are occasional rumors that the Korean Navy was the world's strongest during the Japanese Invasion of Korea, and there are many naive people who think that's true, but it's useless. The Western Navy has already passed its time against the early 16th century and outpaced the East, far ahead of the East in the field of firearms. You can see from the bulangi and hongipo (all Western cannons made from China, but they were modeled after them because they were surprised by their excellent performance.     Let's have a virtual battle with the Western fleet because it won't feel real even if I say anything about it. Who would be the best partner? Let's catch the Spanish invincible fleet (Armada), which was the strongest in the West at the time, and the British fleet that defeated it. Looking at the battle between the Joseon Navy and the Japanese Navy during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, you can see that the era of the Baekbyeongjeon in the naval battle has gone and the era of artillery warfare based on dominant firepower has arrived. A similar thing happened four years ago, so 1588, in Europe. It was a showdown between the British Royal Navy, which prioritized artillery fire, and Spain's invincible fleet (Armada), which was recognized as Europe's strongest for its long-term white battle. At this time, the British Navy, which led to artillery battles, won a great victory, and the era of the invincible fleet disappeared and the British Navy became the strongest European player in name. (One of the reasons why the invincible fleet was originally poor in mobility due to excessive British invasion. It was a battle with a handicap. Anyway, let's fight between the British Navy, which became the new champion in Europe at the time, and the Joseon Navy under Yi Sun-shin, who is considered the best in the East. First of all, to conclude, I think the Joseon Navy, which fought on the coast and on the ocean, is at a great disadvantage. The European Navy level during this period, especially the British Navy, has a clear qualitative advantage over the East. The Joseon Navy is relatively outstanding because it faced countries such as Japan and China.  Of course, to discuss with a person, there is no commander like Admiral Yi Sun-shin. In terms of tactics, it is comparable to Europe's most advanced England in that it avoids the white-handed battle and plays with guns. However, the overall backwardness cannot be helped. Well, except for ocean navigation capabilities (in the end, assume that the Spanish invincible fleet or the British Royal Navy fleet-level Western fleet invaded Joseon). It's hard to get out of the coast with our ability, but it's impossible to go to the other side of the world) Even if the ship size is similar in terms of length or width, there were large European combat ships at the time that easily exceeded 600-700 tons.On average, it was 400 tons. It will be two or three times as large as the shipbuilding fleet. What I had to do was to carry enough supplies because I had the ocean voyage in mind and also a transport ship. Then, what is the combat power like? A ship equipped with 20 to 40 guns has already appeared.It is designed high on several floors, so the deck with Hampo is 2-3 floors. If you get close, the height of our deck is low, which is a big disadvantage. (The fact that the deck of the Panokseon is high only means that it is so compared to the Japanese ship) The West, where guns (the level of guns so far) were distributed in personal firearms, is far ahead. You can't ignore the ability to fight against white soldiers. A natural result because there are many former pirates.     Even if we look at the durability of the ship, we can't guarantee our victory with a collision tactic. The Japanese can push ahead with it as if they have few neutralizers and the ship itself is weak, but if they want to approach the British ship, they are more likely to be destroyed even before they collide. Furthermore, even with the same wooden ship, the durability of Western ships with ocean navigation in mind cannot be underestimated. In the end, we have to compete in a long-distance artillery battle that was Joseon's specialty. Here again, Joseon comes with it. At that time, Western firearms were classified by the weight of shells, ranging from 15 pounds to 50 pounds, and the standard armament was 24 pounds. The shell is just an iron ball, but the weight of 13-23 kilograms is no joke. The largest range of 50 pounds is 2,000 yards. (One yard is a little short of 1 meter), so it's hard to conclude that we have the upper hand even with a range, right? The system of the neutralizer was also scientifically subdivided to suit our purpose. Since Armada's crushing defeat in 1588, Western naval tactics have changed dramatically. The importance of artillery battles, not white battles, is recognized. (In other words, it is not right to think that the Western naval strategy at the time was to shoot a little gun and go up to the enemy line to fight white battles.) The reason why there were a lot of white-and-white battles even after the artillery battle became the main attack was that it was much more beneficial to take away the enemy ship than to defeat it. As the colony began to be built, many military ships carried tremendous treasures and goods, and if they take away the ship, they can repair it and use it, so they eat pheasant and eat fish roe. Large galeons cost a lot of money to build a ship) In fact, our guns were mostly shot at, so they could have a good effect on killing people, whereas Westerners preferred "big shot" that required a more precise aim (that doesn't mean they didn't use any shot) and the size is bigger than ours. Even if we compete with mobility using oars, we can't help it if it's disadvantageous. At that time, Western ships were able to be controlled in detail without the help of oars thanks to their highly developed structure (a combination of complex sails with different roles on the basis of three masts), which was called a complete sailboat. In the confrontation between the invincible fleet and the British fleet, there were many galleys using paddles, but they fell behind the speed and agility of the British fleet.  (The British Navy built a lot of fast ships recognizing the importance of maneuver) In conclusion, the Joseon Navy's combat power in the late 1500s may have been Asia's strongest, but it is too much to deal with contemporary Europe (UK). However, Admiral Yi Sun-shin's ability deserves to be praised as the best in the world. (It can't be helped that he is inferior even if he competes with the turtle ship, not the Panok ship.) If you're hit by a 50-pound gun or something, of course, even a turtle with an ironclad on its roof will be smashed) So why don't we say that Britain is a tough opponent and fight against the Spanish invincible fleet, which liked the white battle? The decisive reason Spain was broken by Britain at the time was that their preferred tactic was to approach the enemy line like the Japanese during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, shoot guns, cross the ladder, and compete in a close battle. In terms of the ability to fight against soldiers, there were more experienced soldiers than the Japanese. Western swordsmanship during this period was also the most developed in Spain. It's totally Western Japan.      Looking at the composition of their fleet, there were quite a few galleys. The galley gradually disappeared (after being broken by England), not the galley of the Greek and Roman periods, but the appearance of getting closer to the sailing ship of the time. Compared to the Galeon, the deck is relatively low and it is backward to be called a full-fledged sailing ship, but it can speed up because it paddles during battle. After a great victory over the Ottoman Navy in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, 20 years ago, with these galleys and galeas (approximately intermediate form of galleys and sailboats, super-large galleys), I continue to think that the white battle is the best.

However, they should not be identified with the Japanese Navy. It is said to row the same, but it was basically a much better ship, and it is hard to determine the superiority and inferiority compared to the Joseon Panokseon. (We can't help but admit that Galleon is superior to Panokseon) Although Baek Byeong-jeon is the main skill, it is also formidable in terms of firepower. Although it was lagging compared to Britain, they also had a considerable number of artillery and cannot be said to be inferior to that of Joseon in terms of firepower. The reason why the artillery was mounted in large quantities even though they preferred the white battle was because they used a tactic to destroy the mast at close range and then exterminate it by attaching a boat.

If you expect the results of the battle with the same number of ships (e.g., 50 to 50), the invincible fleet will try to compete in the first battle with white troops. The Joseon Panokseon, which looks sloppy compared to the European ship, and even the wide and flat deck, looks perfect for a hundred warship.    The Joseon Navy under Admiral Yi Sun-shin will stop the approach by firing a gun to death. However, it will not be easy to complete the Western ship, which is stronger than the Japanese ship, with a smaller hammer than the Western one. (For fairness, the advantages of home ground (topography) were not considered)

If the Joseon Navy fails to destroy the invincible fleet in the first battle, unless the commander of the invincible fleet is a fool, it will go to artillery battle from the second battle. If you both try to compete with artillery, it'll be hard to determine the superiority and inferiority. The shipbuilding fleet, which can nibble away enemy troops with shotguns, may be advantageous, or the Spanish fleet, which mainly shoots iron balls that are more advantageous in destroying the ship itself and mobility, may be advantageous. Of course, the Joseon Fleet also used large bullets (large arrows = missiles rather than shot bullets), but... Since the range is insufficient compared to Western long-distance guns, there is a problem with the application if you engage at a distance. In terms of the number of artillery, the number of cannons in the entire fleet reached 2,500 in the case of the invincible fleet (130 ships), but no matter how high the firearm operation ratio of the shipbuilding fleet was, this number would not have been achieved.

The crane of the Three Kingdoms Period.

 To the top floor of the tower, which was built 1,400 years ago at Mireuksa Temple Site, the height of the tower alone is about 20 meters, including the chalju of the upper wheel. 28 meters... You can't guess how high it is. Compared to the apartment we live in, you can easily check its height. Only the height of the tower is the height of the 7th floor of the apartment and the height of the 9th floor of the apartment until the end of Chalju. I can feel that it is the largest stone pagoda in the East. As the tower is large, the weight of the stone used is beyond imagination. It's a jade pedestal from the fifth floor. It weighs more than two tons. Then, how did the Baekje people raise hundreds of such heavy stones to a height of 20 meters 1,400 years ago? A huge absence was found during the dismantling work on the fifth floor. How did he put such a big stone up there? It's amazing that old aristocrats put up stones like this. It uses modern construction equipment.The stone used in the stone pagoda is so large and diverse that it is not easy to do it, so what is the weight of the largest stone? Surprisingly, the stone weighed more than two tons. Where is the secret to building not only one or two but thousands of these large stones in a balanced and elaborate manner? The most common way to stack heavy stones in ancient times was to use soil. It is a method of stacking soil to the desired height, rolling stones on it, and removing soil later. Then, did the Mireuksa Temple Pagoda be built in this way? In order to find the clue, the data at the time of the excavation of the Buyeo Cultural Heritage Research Institute, which was in charge of excavation, began to be carefully reviewed. As a result, a cornerstone of a certain shape was found in the tower. It was not only in the east tower but also in the west tower. As an H-shaped cornerstone of the alphabet, a cornerstone of the same shape was found in front of the south of the East-West Tower. However, since it has no origin, no one paid attention at first. "I found an H-shape in the east pagoda, I just covered it, but I found another tower..." There is something..." All of the east and west pagodas were found on the south side of the stylobate. Professor Bae Byung-sun, an architecture expert, argues that the foundation was a kind of "craver" because he visited the Korean Traditional Culture School to find out exactly the identity of the foundation since the tower was built. Through the arrangement of the cornerstones, the specific shape of the crane used at the time was estimated. It is explained that the stone of the stone pagoda would have been raised by connecting the two poles and attaching a pulley to the top, so would there have been a pulley more than 1,400 years ago? The Daegu Museum has a valuable relic confirming that there was a pulley at that time, Yongdubodang Shrine in the Unified Silla Period found in Punggi, Gyeongsangbuk-do. The dragon has a pulley in its mouth, the most rudimentary crane shape. Yongdu was raised at the entrance of the temple and at the end of the flagpole, and the flag of the temple was raised through a pulley. Another place found a pulley used. The inside of Anak No. 3 and Anak No. 3 in Hwanghae-do Island is filled with colorful murals that give a glimpse into the beauty of Goguryeo art. However, there is a prominent painting on one side of the mural depicting Goguryeo's life. It is also a well. This well is also a device for raising water in the picture. You can see that you are using a pulley right away. Then, what shape is the crane used in Mireuksa Pagoda? Suwon Hwaseong Fortress was built during King Jeongjo's reign, and it is famous for its use of various types of cranes when constructing castles. In the orbit of Hwaseong Fortress, cranes used to build Hwaseong Fortress in Suwon are detailed with pictures. In particular, Nokro is a type of crane that uses pulleys to simply lift heavy things up and is known to have been used most often in Joseon Dynasty architecture, but surprisingly, the floor structure of Nokro almost coincides with the H-shaped cornerstone found in Mireuksa Pagoda. Professor Bae Byung-sun argues that this very form of crane was used to build Mireuksatap Pagoda. It is a crane of the Baekje period restored through the H-shaped cornerstone. However, a total of four wooden remains were found about 6 meters away from the H-shaped cornerstone. What is this phrase? This crane was a developmental type of crane that moved left and right as well as a function of lifting stones up. In other words, Baekje's crane, restored through the H-shaped cornerstone, is a form of crane that is one step ahead of the Nokg-ro of the Joseon Dynasty. Now, this is the crane used by the Baekje people. It's amazing that there was already a crane like this 1,400 years ago, similar to the current construction equipment. Mireuksatap Pagoda was a symbolic tower that contained Baekje's science and technology as a whole.

Erastes and Eromenos.

 Erastes erastes - The man who gives love, eromenos eromenos - The story of ancient homosexuality under the man who is loved came out... Homosexuality between adult men and boys was common in ancient Greece and Hellenistic world. This relationship is recognized (?), thoroughly above and below, domination and obedience are defined, and certain rituals and discipline exist. In other words, it is related not only to sexual factors but also to the social way of living as a man. For Erastes, adult men are right. It is known that not everyone could be Erastes just because it was an adult male. In reality, there must be a certain degree of wealth and status, and metaphysically, the soul must not be lazy (cough...--;). In order for Erastes to seduce the boy into his own eromenes, he has to persuade him with words, but if the soul is lazy and speechless, he thinks that the boy can receive intelligence and virtue through that person and will not allow the relationship. Because of this virtue of the soul (cough once again...), Plato said that Erastesman was full of God. The Eromenos were clearly distinguished from Namchang. Because Eromenos is a citizen who will grow up to be a member of the polis in the future, so obedience to Erastes cannot demote him to the same position as Namchang. Namchang was born as a man, but was criticized socially because he committed the crime committed by women. In order to distinguish it from Namchang, who sinns women, Eromenos never takes an active attitude when he is loved by Erastes. Open your eyes straight in an excited state, and take an attitude of reluctantly responding because it's a duty given to you that you don't want to. Pleasure should be felt only by Erastes, and Eromenos should avoid Erastes' eyes so that the eyes of both of them do not meet. (But does it even make eye contact?) I just imagined the posture.If I explain it in more detail, it'll be lame, so I'll skip it. This homosexual relationship is not only for pursuing pleasure, but for the enhancement of Arete. Raising one's virtue to the level of heroes, modeled after the love between gods and men in myths. Going from the disproportionate relationship between Erastes and Eromenos, reaching the point where the difference between the two is eliminated.The goal of this homosexual relationship is to become Achilles and Patroclus, Orestes and Pilates, Apollo and Admetus...This point is well illustrated in "Perfume". Love with women creates insignificant bodies, but love with men gives birth to soul life.In other words, it is right that you can gradually develop from indulging in the beauty of the boy and reach Idea (huck... I remember high school moral time). Earlier, the goal was to eliminate the difference between Erastes and Eromenes.This is the process of socializing by raising a boy as an adult and making him a member of society (?).I don't know what to say) also worked. It is right for a boy who was someone's eromenos to receive knowledge and virtue from Erastes and become an adult-Erastes who can share soul love and raise another eromenos as Erastes. In the present view, the pursuit of pleasure and the curriculum that fosters citizens in the future can be consistent...If you look at it, it's funny...It seems to be just a logic surrounded to justify homosexuality (to be precise, should I call it boyhood), but...Anyway, I guess we connected then... This homosexuality is also interpreted as being related to the social image of the time when it was maintained as a military force only for citizens. It is related to the maintenance of the privileged status of a civic group consisting of only adult men (women and slaves at that time are not humans).The opinion that it is also related to population control. A character like Alexander may have been a bisexual in the same meaning as today, but he may have pursued a way of life that enhances the soul and becomes a hero through homosexuality. In fact, he lived a life like a mythical hero, so I don't know if he pursued the life of Erastes, who is close to Idea, who is privileged in sex and resembles the life of a hero.

The difference between a blade and a double-edged sword.

 One of the most common questions on the Internet regarding knives is the difference between do and sword. Most people cite Muyedo Commonplace for this question, saying that the blade on both sides is a sword and the blade on only one side is a do. Of course, this story is not necessarily wrong. In the ordinary land of Muye Island, a double-edged knife was clearly called a sword and a single-edged knife was called a do. The double-edged sword is called "Gum" and the single-edged knife is called "Do" in the middle of martial arts, and "Gum and "Gum" and "Do" were used together. The reason why swords were revered in ancient times and Tao in later generations is not related to the sharp and dull differences in knives, but because everyone has the same habit." However, the Jungwon Pilbi compiled not far from ordinary martial arts has a different view on the difference between Tao and sword. In the old days, Do and Geom had different systems and different names. Do has a long handle and a blade and hair iron. The sword has a short sack, a long blade, and a sheath. Today, people do not distinguish between the long and short of the bag and the blade, the ring, the sheath, and the absence, and all are called Do. However, it is clear that Do is not a common serpentine, but a type of spear." In other words, the author of Yongwon Pilbi argues that the weapon with a sheath and a short blade is a sword, and the one with no sheath and a long sack is a do. Yong Won-pilbi's claim is based on the Mugyeong Chongyo of the Song Dynasty of China, and in fact, soldiers in the Mugyeong Chongyo, Unwoldo, Guldo, Bongchwido, Pildo, Kukdo, and Micheomdo are all classified as one day or both. Therefore, the claim of the loan fee is not without grounds. Then, which argument is correct? Historically, the single-edged Tao has already existed as a living tool since the Neolithic Age. Neolithic people cut meat and cut wood using Tww, but did not use it as a full-fledged weapon. When the first long-bladed combat weapon, or bronze sword, appeared in the Bronze Age, the Chinese called this new weapon the sword. This Chinese character, sword, is a combination of the letter "cheom" representing the phonetic value and the letter "do" meaning the blade. On the one hand, Cheom also symbolizes pointed things. At that time, there was no reason to be confused at all between the single-edged Tao used as a living tool and the double-edged sword used as a weapon.   However, in the era of the Han Dynasty, when Hwandudaedo Island, a single-edged sword, first appeared, the relationship between Do and Sword became quite ambiguous. Hwandu Daedo Island is definitely a combat weapon, so its function corresponds to a sword, but in the form of a blade, it corresponds to a single-edged sword. Therefore, from this point on, confusion arises in the use of the words do and sword. According to Hu Han-seo, citing Chunchu-gye written by Dong Joong-seo, "The sword is on the left, so it looks like a blue dragon, and the do is on the right, so it is clearly distinguished from the commentary." The fact that they tried to explain the difference between swords and Tao proves that the word "help sword" was already used in much of the generation of the Song Dynasty, when the latter was compiled. In fact, in the Song Dynasty's Mugyeongchongyo, all soldiers with several meters of sacks were called Do, and among them, Pildo and Dodo, two-edged weapons, were divided into Do. In Korea, which accepted Chinese characters from China, the words Do and Geom have been used interchangeably since the Three Kingdoms Period, and at that time, the word sword was more widely used than Do, even though most of the single-edged Hwandudaedo was used. And in the early Joseon Dynasty, the one-day military flag was even called Janggum. Therefore, China and Korea have historically used the words do and sword almost always, and there was no clear boundary between these two words. And the general claim of martial arts that a single-edged knife is a do and a double-edged knife is a sword is not necessarily correct. However, there is no distinction between these two words. Black is a combat-winged weapon, so it is never named a sword for living tools. On the other hand, since Do started from one-day living equipment, most of the weapons and living tools on one-day are named Do except in extremely exceptional cases. Even today, rather than trying to distinguish between swords and swords, all weapons with long blades are called swords, and it is right to use Do only for one blade, especially for swords.

Personal opinion of a member of a historical club - totalitarianismRegardless of value judgment, is it possible to realize it in the first place?

 Totalism, which asked, "Is it feasible?" in the title of the article, does not refer to concrete and practical objects such as German Nazism or Italian fascism in actual history, but to abstract objects that are thought of in the Korean dictionary as "ignoring the interests of individuals or groups, focusing on the interests of the whole country." So, purely totalitarianism as the word is. Let's clarify the subject so that there's no misunderstanding.    No, it'I couldn't think of a plan to write before writing due to the lack of sunlight, but now that I think of it, I think I should rewrite both of the objects mentioned above. So let's divide the concept into "specific totalitarianism" that has existed in history and "abstract totalitarianism" as it means in the Korean dictionary. (Maybe the concept is classified in this way, but I don't know if it's white, but let's do this for now.)     To ask about the value judgment of Sohae, it is natural to hate Sohae-han's "specific totalitarianism" and I also hate "abstract totalitarianism." Let's blow out the candles.Not a Buddhist who wants his family to be well-being and asks the monk to make an amulet...I don't know if I can conclude that it follows Sakyamuni's philosophical ideas) but I think I have a strong tendency. So I hate the belief that assumes a small abstract concept (in the context, I will mean 'state' here). So I don't like "abstract totalitarianism" either. (The specific totalitarianism that I don't like) But as mentioned in the title above, the argument of this article is not a judgment of the value of Sohae. What I'm trying to say is, 'Is it possible to realize abstract totalitarianism in the first place?' The ideal social model in their theory, in which specific totalitarianism actually progressed, would be abstract totalitarianism. But the difference between "abstract totalitarianism," which can be said to be so ideal, and "specific totalitarianism," which can be said to be reality, was not simply "desirable" for totalists, just because "ideal and reality are always far away."       Why was it inevitable? A state is a group after all. It's an abstract concept that draws something in common with each individual and bundles it up. (Honestly, it's difficult to describe even the concept of "individual" as concrete, but if you dig into it microscopically like this, you can't do macrobagu, so let's move on.^^;; Anyway, the concept of a state can be expressed as abstract rather than as an individual) So, the state is a 'complex concept'. The complex concept is that just as chemists find molecules and atoms, they can't find pure elements by excluding things that aren't pure one by one with the kind of "erase method. This concept is not something that is as pure as a molecule or an atom is hidden in it, but when the whole thing is integrated, the concept is completed. Is there a pure concept like atoms and molecules in Korea that doesn't split anymore? Taegeukgi? It became a symbol by giving meaning to a kind of symbol. Territory? It's important, but it's not everything. People? It's more important than territory, but it's not everything. Roh Moo Hyun? There's no citizen, but there's a president. What else?               As seen above, the state is a 'complex concept'. As the totalitarianism says, it's still "total." In this way, the concept is viewed accurately by looking somewhat blurry (?), and the more you try to define it, the farther it gets from the essence of the concept. But I like the definition of people. (Because the concept of abstraction artificially segmenting non-segmental reality from 'birth of new words' in the beginning.) In particular, what you need to trust and follow (in context, it means the country now) should be clearly noticeable. But as I said, in reality, a country is a complex concept that is abstract. However, it is difficult to trust and follow because the substance feels unclear when the object is grasped complexly and abstractly in that way. Therefore, the act of visualizing a complex abstract concept as a simple specific object (haong, which would be the most appropriate to express this action in one word), making the object visually visible. For example, there will be a "national flag" or a "border line" in any country by classifying them into semi-(?) genres, and in the hardcore (?) side, there will be Kim Il-sung's leader Avina, Mao Zedong, the emperor, and Hitler.        There's an error here. The purely idealistic "abstract totalitarianism" is for "the whole," and for the convenience of humans who visualize and look at everything when interposed, replace the object of loyalty with a visual "symbol" that means the whole instead of "the whole." At first, you might have thought it was simply "alternative"? Thinking of it as a kind of "necessary evil." However, it becomes fixed over time and takes it for granted later. Hitler's will is the will of Germany as a whole? Is Mussolini's decision the whole of Italy? Not (at least theoretically). But before you know it, following their will will will follow the whole, and against their decision will fall in love with the whole.

The old territory of the literature ---'Goguryo, Buyeo, and Korea are the successors of Gojoseon'.

The late Joseon Dynasty (Dangun Joseon) was the first country in our history and had the largest territory as a single country. The west was the Nanha near the current Beijing, the north was the border between China and Mongolia, the Heukryonggang River, the border between China and Russia, and the south was the entire Korean Peninsula and Manchuria. In the "Samguk Yusa" Gojoseon, it is recorded that Gojoseon moved the capital from Asadal to Asadal four times through Pyongyang-Baekaksan Asadal-Jangdanggyeong. It makes it possible to assume that if Gojoseon had moved the capital four times, the territory would have been quite large. The map of the Sipgu Saryak Tongo drawn by Chinese historian Jeung Seon-ji in the 13th century shows that the territory of Gojoseon encompasses Manchuria, and the Great Wall, the border between Gojoseon and China, ended in the northwest of Balhae. In the History of Sagi Qin Shi Huangbongi, the territory of the Qin Empire, which unified China, reached the sea and Joseon in the east, and the border with Joseon was called Yodong. This refers to the situation in 221 (the 26th year of Qin Shi Huang) before AD, and it shows that the western border of Gojoseon was in Liaodong. This period was before the founding of Wimanjoseon, and it was during the Gojoseon (Dangunjoseon) period. What is important here is the location of fluctuations at the time, and the location of fluctuations in ancient times and fluctuations in present times are different. It is recorded that Goguryeo was 1,000 ri east of Yodong in the "Huhanseo" Dongiyeoljeon Hall and "Three Kingdoms" Ohhwanseon Bidongjeon Hall of Goguryeo was located 1,000 ri east of Yodong. Since Goguryeo was located in the current Liaodong, it can be seen that the ancient Liaodong was 1,000 miles west of the current Liaodong. That was the border between Gojoseon and Jin. Then, where is the fluctuation of ancient times? According to the records of "Sagi" Jinshi Hwang Bon-ki, the ancient Liao-dong was the Galseoksan Mountain area. The location of Galseoksan Mountain, which appears in "Sagi"'s Jinshi Hwangbongi and Hyomubongi, coincides with the current Galseoksan Mountain in the eastern basin of Nanha. It makes us know that the downstream basin of the orchid was an ancient fluctuation. There are several records supporting the fact that ancient fluctuations were ancient fluctuations along the Gojoseon Line in the west of 1,000 ri from now on. In the Mongnyeomyeoljeon Hall of Sagi, the Great Wall of China built on the border began at Imjo and reached a fluctuation, and in the Dangbinjeon Hall of Jinseo, it was said that "the Great Wall was restored, but it reached Galseoksan Mountain. These records show that the end of the Great Wall of China was the Galseoksan Mountain area in Liaodong. On the map of "Sipgusagaktongo", Yosu is drawn in the northwest of Balhae, and the Great Wall of China penetrated it from the west to reach the fluctuation. Hoenam Choo Hyung-hoon explained that Yosu leaves Galseoksan Mountain and enters the sea from the southwest of Liaodong. The only big river flowing along Galseoksan Mountain is orchids. Therefore, it can be seen that the ancient Yosu was difficult today. According to Sagisaekaegi, Galseoksan Mountain was located in Suseonghyeon, Nakrang-gun, and Tongjeon recorded that Galseoksan Mountain was located in Noryonghyeon, where the Great Wall began to speak to Taegangjiji. During the Tang Dynasty, when Tongjeon was compiled, Noryonghyeon was the downstream basin of the current Nanha. Therefore, it can be seen that Galseoksan Mountain, where the Great Wall of China began, is now Galseoksan Mountain in the downstream basin of the orchid. One question arises here. It is said in the literature introduced earlier that the Great Wall of China started (or ended) at Galseoksan Mountain, and the area was fluctuating, but the Great Wall of China started at Suseonghyeon, Nakrang-gun in "Taegangjiri." Suseong-hyeon was one of the 25 prefectures that belonged to Nakrang-gun. Nakrang-gun was formerly a territory of Wimanjoseon, and before that, it was a territory of Gojoseon. Therefore, the above record is to say that Galseoksan Mountain, where the Great Wall of China began, was originally in Gojoseon territory. This means that Galseoksan Mountain was on the border. Suseong-hyeon, Nakrang-gun, was originally located in the westernmost border of Gojoseon, and it can be seen that it was located in the east with Galseoksan Mountain, which is currently located in the downstream basin of the orchid, as the western boundary. Galseoksan Mountain is located on the border between Gojoseon and China, and the east was Gojoseon and the west was China. Galseoksan Mountain in the orchid basin needs to organize the concept of fluctuation here on the western border. Yodong originally meant a distant place in the east, and it was a word that Chinese people refer to the easternmost border area. Therefore, when China's eastern border moved, the location of fluctuations also moved. The reason why today's fluctuations are more east of ancient fluctuations is because Hansa-gun was established in the current Yoseo area and China's territory was expanded to the present Yoha. Due to the above historical evidence, it can be seen that the boundary between Gojoseon and China was the current Nanha and Galseoksan Mountain. This is the situation of the Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century before the AD. However, even at a time ahead of the Qin Dynasty, records show that the border between Gojoseon and China was not east of this, but rather west. There is a record in Yeomcheolon that the Yeon Dynasty was cut off by Sagok and surrounded by Yosu with Galseoksan Mountain as a fortress. This refers to the situation of the national era, and at that time, Yeonnara borders Gojoseon. Therefore, even in the Warring States period ahead of the Qin Empire, it can be seen that the border between Gojoseon and China consisted of Galseoksan Mountain and the current orchid. The Eunjeon Hall of "Sangseo Daejeon" and Songmijasega of "Sagi" record that a reporter fled to Joseon in 1100 AD. This shows that Gojoseon existed before 1100 AD, and the geography of "Hanseo" and "Jinseo" records that the later Joseon-hyeon, Nakrang-gun, was the place where a reporter lived in exile in the past. Since Joseon-hyeon belonged to Nakrang-gun with Suseong-hyeon, it can be seen that the place where the reporter fled was not far from Galseoksan Mountain. Until 1100 AD, the border between Gojoseon and China was in the Nanha and Galseoksan regions, and the place where the reporter fled was in the western part of Gojoseon. In the Joseon Yeoljeon Hall of Sagi, it was said that the letter was difficult to protect the border with Gojoseon in the early days, so the old border post was repaired and moved there. Since the letter inherited the territory of the Qin Empire as it was, this record shows that the border between Gojoseon and China was located west of the Nanha basin before the Qin-Han Dynasty. The border between Gojoseon and China was generally formed of Nanha and Galseoksan Mountain, sometimes far west of it. In the Dongiyeoljeon Hall of "Huhanseo," he explained about Ye and said, "Ye, Okjeo, and Goguryeo were all originally Joseon's land." This is the situation after the Gojoseon collapsed. At that time, Yeh occupied parts of the current Hamgyeongnam-do and Gangwon-do, Okjeo occupied Hamgyeongnam-do and Hamgyeong-do, and Goguryeo occupied Pyeonganbuk-do, southern Gilin Province, and eastern Liaoning Province in China. It is said that all of these areas were land of Gojoseon. It is said that several countries, including Biryu, Shira, Goguryeo, Namokje, Bukokjeo, Ye, and Mac, including Han (Samhan) and Buyeo, inherited the Dangun of Gojoseon. This suggests the possibility that these areas were the territory of Gojoseon. Buyeo had the same customs as Goguryeo and other countries on the Korean Peninsula, according to the "Huhanseo" Dongiyeoljeon Hall and the "Three Kingdoms" Ohhwanseon Bidongjeon Hall. For example, when there was a ritual for Jecheon in the country, people from all over the country gathered to drink, eat, and dance every day, and this was called Yeonggo in Buyeo, Alliance in Goguryeo, Mucheon in Dongye, and May and October in Han. Buyeo had most of the same things as Goguryeo, including language and laws, and the people of Goguryeo thought it was a separate species of Buyeo. In order for the Gojoseon people, the central power of the founding of Silla, religion, language, and customs to be the same, they must live together for a long time in the same country and have deep cultural exchanges. Gojoseon is the only country that could encompass all of these regions before several countries, such as Buyeo and Goguryeo, became independent countries. From this, it is thought that the Buyeo area was also included in the territory of Gojoseon. Buyeo had Eolgunaha, which forms the border between China and Mongolia today, and the Heukryonggang River, which forms the border between China and Russia, as the north and northeast borders. Therefore, the northern and northeastern borders of Gojoseon would have been the same. In the geography of Goryeosa Temple, there is Chamseongdan Altar on the ridge of Manisan Mountain in Ganghwado Island, and it is said that Dangun held a memorial service to heaven, and Jeondeungsan Mountain is also called Samrangseong Fortress, so Dangun ordered three sons to build this castle. These ruins are still handed down with such legends. This shows that the Gyeonggi-do area was the territory of Gojoseon. In the Silla Bongi, Samguksagi, it was said, "In the old days, the people of Joseon lived in the mountains and created six villages, and they became the strong six parts and became the central force of Silla's founding." After the collapse of Gojoseon, the remaining people formed the sixth part of Jinhan and became the central force that founded Silla. In the past, some scholars believed that the central force of the founding of Silla was those who migrated from the north. Since Gojoseon thought it was in the basin of the Daedong River, he thought that the refugee should have migrated from there. However, in Samguksagi, it was described as "the remaining people," but not as "the flowing people." They were the sixth part of Jinui and became the central force of the founding of Silla. Jinhan is the name of the region during the Korean (Samhan) period before Silla was founded. From this, it can be seen that they have been indigenous forces who have lived in the area for a long time with considerable foundation. In this way, it should be considered that the current Gyeongju area where Silla was founded was the territory of Gojoseon. As mentioned earlier, there was a ritual for May and October in Korea (Samhan), such as Buyeo's Yeonggo, Goguryeo's alliance, and Dongye's Mucheon. The rituals and customs performed during that period were almost the same.

This identity of religious customs is formed only by living together in the same country for a long time and sharing it. In Han (Samhan), there was a heavenly army in charge of ancestral rites to God in Guk-eup, and there was a religious holy place called Sodo in the Geoguk (Jehuguk), where large trees were erected, bells and drums were hung and ghosts were served. This is an inheritance of Gojoseon's religion. According to the Dangun myth, there was a religious holy place called Shinshi in Gojoseon, where there were shrines and shrines. Sodo is similar to this. It should be seen that the above various facts indicate that the Han (Samhan) region was also included in the territory of Gojoseon. Han (Samhan) was located in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and occupied the southern coastline. It was said that several countries, including Han (Samhan), inherited the Dangun of Gojoseon during the "King Ungi" Hansa-gun and the Yeolgukgi, but from the various circumstances discussed above, it should be considered that it encompassed the territory. Therefore, it should be considered that the southern border of Gojoseon was the southern coastline of the Korean Peninsula. To sum up what has been considered so far, the border of Gojoseon was formed by the current Nanha and Galseoksan Mountain in the west, Eolgunaha in the north, Heukryonggang River in the northeast, and the southern coastline of the Korean Peninsula in the south. Gojoseon was a large country with the current Korean Peninsula and all Manchuria as its territory. This fact is also supported by archaeological data. Tombs using stone materials such as Jeokseokchong, Seokgakmyo, and Seokgwanmyo, and Bifa-shaped Donggum, a representative weapon of Gojoseon, are found only in Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula in the east, and are not seen in China in the west. This allows us to know that Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula in the east of Nanha belonged to the same cultural area and the same ruling area. However, at the end of the Gojoseon Line, there was a change in the western border. In the 190s before AD, Wimanjoseon was established from the downstream basin of Nanha to the Daerungha basin, and the western border of Gojoseon became the Daerungha basin, and then Hansa-gun was established in the current Yoseo area in 107 AD. ■ The first literature to use the name "Chosun" and "Samguksagi" compiled by Kim Bu-sik and others during the Goryeo Dynasty are the first in Korea. During the reign of King Chungnyeol of Goryeo, Zen master Ilyeon wrote the name Gojoseon in Samguk Yusa. · It is the first time that a book called "Gwanjia" was written by the governor of the Qi Dynasty during the Spring and Autumn Period of China. Since then, records of Joseon have been shown in Sagi and Sangseo. 

Mystery of the Battle of Jupilsan Mountain.

 In 645 AD, Tang Tae-jong personally led the army and invaded Goguryeo.During the Sui Dynasty, he captured Liaodongseong Fortress, which was not captured, and defeated Goguryeo troops several times in the field, but eventually lost the Ansiseong Battle and stepped down.It was the first or last failure of Tang Tae-jong Lee Se-min, who made the greatest contribution to unifying the world with masters like Giraseong when his father Lee Yeon was ill, and eventually left his will to the Goguryeo expedition in 649. The problem is that the records of the war between the Tang and Goguryeo during this period have too many problems, and as I have already said several times, I dare to affirm that it is very, very foolish to believe the records of the Goguryeo War recorded by this period. In particular, the Battle of Jupilsan Mountain, which can be said to be the highlight of the war at this time, has too many problems to believe as it is. First of all, the records about the Battle of Jupilsan Mountain in the History of the Three Kingdoms.Of course, I understand that the History of the Three Kingdoms also referred to the records of Chinese history such as the Old Book of Goryeo. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- When the emperor reached Ansi Castle and sent soldiers to attack, Go Yeon-soo in the north and Go Hye-jin in the south saved Ansi Castle with 150,000 soldiers to go to our military and horses. The emperor said to the guards. "Now [Go] Yeonsu will have three strategies. If we lead the military directly and connect Ansi Castle to make it a bastion, eat grain in the castle and take away our cows and horses, we will not be able to suddenly fall even if we attack, and if we try to go back, it will be blocked by mud and make our troops tired. It is a heavy responsibility to draw soldiers in the castle and run away at night together. It is a disgrace to come out and fight against us without counting one's wisdom and abilities. Look at you guys. They will surely come out as a disgrace, so it is before my eyes that captivates them." At that time, Go Jeong-ui, who was old enough to know the work well, told Yeonsu. "Since King Jin removed several heroes inside and subjugated Orangkae outside to become an independent emperor, this person is an outstanding talent in the world. Now that [he] has brought the world's best group, we can't confront. As my plan, it is better to organize the military and spend time without fighting, and to endure for a long time and share surprise troops to cut off the military route. If the food runs out, we can't fight, and even if we try to go back, there is no way, so we can win." [Go] Without listening to the training, we led the military and went straight to 40 ri away from Ansi-seong. Afraid that he would come hesitating, the emperor ordered the general Asanasai, and took 1,000 soldiers of the sudden palace, lured them, and falsely fled the first battle. [Go] Yeonsu fought, saying, "It's easy to deal with," and beat them, and reached the 8-ri southeast of Ansiseong Fortress and camped against the mountain. When the emperor gathered all the generals and asked for a trick, the Jangson weapon replied. "God hears, 'When you want to fight against the enemy, you must first look at the minds of your graduates.' God was passing by various military camps, and when he heard that Goguryeo (military) had come, he saw all the graduates pulling out swords and hanging flags, showing a pleasant light on their faces. These are the soldiers who will definitely win. His Majesty personally went to the military camp before the age of 20 and won by surprise, so [it] was all planned by the emperor above and several generals followed the plan. Today's work is led by His Majesty." The emperor smiled and said, "Since you refuse like this, I will think about it for you," and looked up high with hundreds of cavalry following [long-handed] weapons, and looked at where the mountain god could hide and enter the military. Our army camped together with Malgal and the military, and since it was 40 lis long, there was a light that the emperor looked at and worried about it. King Dojong of the River said. "The defense of Pyongyang will surely be weak as Goguryeo is blocking the troops of heaven with the power of the whole country." Please give God 5,000 elite soldiers. If you turn that root upside down, you can surrender hundreds of thousands of troops without fighting." The emperor did not listen and sent the envoy to Yeonsu. "I came to ask for sin because the powerful servant of your country killed the king, but it is not my true intention to reach the battle. When you enter your border, you have taken away several castles because of the lack of appearance and food. If your country has the example of a servant, it will surely return what it has lost." [Go] Yeon-su believed this and did not defend himself again. The emperor called in a civil service officer at night to plan work, ordered Lee Se-jeok to camp at the western pass with 15,000 infantry and cavalry, and Jangson weapons and Woo Jin-dal took 11,000 elite soldiers as surprise soldiers to come out to the canyon from the north of the mountain and attack them. The emperor himself had 4,000 infantry and cavalry, laid down the flag with drums and flute, and climbed the mountain. The emperor ordered several troops to come out at once and attack them when they heard the sound of drums and flute, and ordered the official in charge to set up a tent next to the shrine to receive surrender. That night, a shooting star fell into the camp of [high] Yeonsu. The next day, Yeonsu and others saw that there were few soldiers of the enemy and tried to lead the army to fight. When the emperor saw the army of weapons raising dust, he hit the drum, blew the flute, and ordered to lift the flag, and several troops came out in unison, drumming and screaming. [Go] Yeonsu and others tried to divide the military and prevent it, but the military camp was already dizzy. There was thunder and lightning, and when Seol In-gwi, a Yongmun person, wore strange clothes and shouted loudly and captured the military camp, there was no one to confront where he was headed, and our soldiers collapsed. When the large army attacked, our soldiers collapsed greatly, and there were about 30,000 people who died. The emperor looked at [Seol] Ingui and appointed him as a guerrilla general. [Go] Yeonsu and others relied on the rest of the group to protect themselves, but the emperor ordered several troops to surround them, and all the long-handed weapons demolished the bridge and cut off their return home. [Go] Yeonsu and [Go] Hyejin had 36,800 people in a group and asked for surrender, entered the military gate, bowed, and prayed for their lives. The emperor removed 3,500 ministers under the curse and let them go to the inner area to return to Pyongyang, caught 3,300 horsemen, buried them all, and captured 50,000 horses, 50,000 cows, and 10,000 Myeonggwanggae. The other machines were this much. The name of the mountain [the emperor] went to was renamed Jupilsan Mountain. Ko Yeon-soo was used as Hongnyeogyeong and Ko Hye-jin as a private farm. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In short, it's as follows. 1. When the party army led by Tang Tae-jong reached Ansi Castle, Goguryeo led the Northern Abuse Ko Yeon-soo and the Southern Abuse Ko Hye-jin to lead the 150,000 troops and save Ansi Castle. 2. Dangtaejong conducts camouflage peace negotiations and manned operations to attack Goguryeo forces that will come out quickly. 3. The Goguryeo army, which fell into the ship, is killed 30,000 people, 36,800 people are captured, and Ko Yeon-soo and Ko Hye-jin also surrender to Dang Tae-jong. 4. Dangtaejong gives Ko Yeon-soo and Ko Hye-jin the government posts of Hongnyeogyeong and Sanonggyeong, and the 3,300 Malgals captured as prisoners lead 3,500 of Goguryeo's troops, and all the rest are released. First of all, let's move on to whether Goguryeo troops were able to mobilize 150,000 people at the time, and the mystery of the Battle of Jupilsan Mountain, which is viewed in a small way, is as follows. 1. Ko Yeon-soo and Ko Hye-jin's positions are too low. In the Samguksagi, only the position of the northern and southern curses appears, but in "Bookbu Wongui", Ko Yeon-soo is recorded as "Widudae-type Daebu-Hubu monarch" and Ko Hye-jin as "a large-scale monarch of Jeonbu." At that time, the position of Yoksal was considered valid based on the records from the Goja tombstone (the records of ancestors' official positions and government offices - the third class of the Goja tombstone also refer to the western center, the Western Yoksal) But it is wrong to see Ko Hye-jin's record as a large-scale government official. The problem is that their offices and offices are too low to command the unprecedented 150,000 troops. Of course, the above two battalions also won the fifth official light - requisitioning soldiers, offering government posts and plotting secrets, but it was too low to command nearly half of the Goguryeo army's total troops at the time. Furthermore, considering that this period was only four years after Yeon Gaesomun caused the bloody Coup, I think Yeon Gaesomun himself or a person who had a higher official rank should have led it. Of course, there are scholars who use both of them as royal surnames, and because it was a period of aristocratic coalition regime that valued the family of origin more than the government officials, but I personally don't think so.

First of all, it was true that both were royal family members, but there were cases where high-ranking officials or high-ranking officials were given royal duties, and during this period, they were generally inherited (Yeon Gaesomun was also inherited after his father's death, and he was also appointed as a high-ranking official). 2. Why are there two commanders? This was not something that scholars had much question about, but why were the two general commanders and the two who had the same government posts in the same office? Organizations called ancient or modern or military are not organizations that can be maintained or moved without clarifying the establishment and establishment of command rights.

Therefore, in the ancient East, a ceremony was held to hand over Boowol, a symbol of command to a participating general, and even in modern times, commanders and staff were strictly distinguished. There were similar cases in ancient Rome, but at that time, the problem was solved by changing the duties of the commander once a day.Even in that case, one of the commanders was in charge of the Roman army in the Battle of Canne. Goguryeo fought numerous wars and organized your troops to go on expeditions or defend themselves, but this is the first and last time that two commanders with the same government posts and positions conducted at once. Of course, it can be said that Yeon Gaesomun shared the command because he did not trust these two people, but if so, the question of whether he should have divided the army into two should have followed immediately. 3. What are the exact casualties of Goguryeo soldiers? As you can see from the records of the Three Kingdoms fraud, Goguryeo soldiers and prisoners in the Battle of Jupilsan Mountain are often confused or inconsistent. First of all, out of 150,000 troops, the number is confirmed to be 30,000 dead and 36,800 captured.Aside from the dead, there are too many questions about how to deal with prisoners. It was said that the Malgal people were buried in a trial case, and that 3,500 of the remaining prisoners were dragged to the Tang Dynasty, and the rest were all "released"... War is not a joke. They are not joking.Of course, there must have been a shortage of food or difficulties in management, but the release of not one or two but 30,000 soldiers is a decisive cause of making librarians in the midfield laugh along with the record that the damage to the party was only 2,000 during the 645 Goguryeo expedition. In addition, except for 36,800 prisoners in 30,000 dead, there is no mention of the remaining 80,000 troops.You clearly recorded that the number of Goguryeo troops was 150,000. In places such as Samguksagi and Gudangseo, there were only 30,000 troops mobilized by the party at this time, including 4,000 troops led by Lee Se-min, 15,000 by Lee Se-jeok, 11,000 by Jangson weapons and Woo Jin-dal.Of course, we can defeat 150,000 people with 30,000 people, but we can't siege them.No, even if the siege is possible, we can't stop breaking through. Even if they believed in the records of librarians in the midfield, about a third of the 150,000 Goguryeo and Malgal Allied Forces suffered from 30,000 dead, 3,300 Malgals buried alive, and 3,500 Goguryeo soldiers who were captured and taken away.It's true that I lost, but it wasn't damage enough to say that I was devastated or devastated.In addition, as mentioned at the subsequent operational meeting, there were 100,000 Goguryeo troops in Sinseong and Geonanseong, and a considerable number of troops were stationed in Ogolseong Fortress, which was originally intended to attack, so as mentioned in the conclusion, some of the soldiers - probably defeated Ko Yeon-soo and Ko Hye-jing. Next, I will talk about the size of Goguryeo expedition of the party in 645, which is still controversial. I hope you have a great weekend.