Christianity, the Long Palace, and the Crossbow.

 After reading the story of whether it can be a deadly weapon than a bow, I remember a few words. 1. Have you ever fired a bow from Janggung and Sabbath? I only shot Sohae once, and it was a good archery bow. My arms were shaking, my arms were shaking a lot, and my accuracy rate was...OTL. The most powerful bow, Janggung, is said to be 250 meters away from the palace, but... 900 years ago, when Edward I was a king, the long bow race was 400 yards, or 360 meters. I can shoot three or four shots while I'm shooting a rifle, and I can't compete with a rifle in terms of power and accuracy... The problem is that archery is very difficult to learn and master. I can't believe it takes 10 to 12 years to train a veteran who can hit three to four shots in a minute... The only thing I can see is how important archery was in England, the country of the long palace, was to the extent that King Edward I's edict said, "You have to keep the Sabbath, but it's okay to go to the palace competition." In the Middle Ages, when the authority of the church was absolute, on Sunday, that is, the Sabbath, I could only go to the church without doing anything as the Bible said. But I had to practice archery on Sundays, too. 2. A crossbow, which has no continuous shooting power like a crossbow prohibited longbow, is a weapon that even beginners can easily increase the accuracy of a crossbow by pulling a demonstration with a winch and firing a bolt from a bow placed on a frame. This means a lot. Knights such as Robin Hood and Lion King Richard are all professionals who have learned how to practice archery or use horses and knives for a long time, but crossbows are weapons that even non-professionals can use. In other words, the following are weapons that can smash the battlefield. So the knights filed a petition to the church...The 2nd Laterano Council adopted an agenda for crossbow in 1139, which defined crossbow as an anti-Christian weapon, saying, "The use of crossbow is prohibited in war while cursing. However, since the pagans have been allowed to use it............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Crossbow is easy to use even for beginners, but... It took a long time to load. It's taboo to call it an anti-Christian weapon...

The shape of Tsushima from feng shui geography...Tsushima will determine the fate of Korea and Japan.

 In feng shui geography, it is said that Yang is the principle of yangsang yingang, and yin is the same as iron, so it is classified that the state is strong, the state is strong, and the state is weak. Then, what is the shape of Tsushima? Tsushima Island is the most important criterion for distinguishing whether Korea and Japan become yoga or iron. In the relationship between China and Japan, the Ryukyu Islands distinguish between "yo" and "iron." With Japan's occupation of the Ryukyu Islands, it has built a history of being powerful toward China, and while eating Taiwan, Japan enjoyed an unprecedented superiority over China in the early 20th century. However, as China ate Taiwan and effectively blocked Japan's iron (Ryukyu), China's national fortunes have gradually risen, and Japan is no longer comparable to China. Japan has lost the Sakhalin and Kuril Islands and is also inferior in relations with Russia. In Russia-Japan relations, the Sakhalin and Kuril Islands are both good and bad. Looking at the world, it is common for the U.S. to secure iron for Siberia by buying Alaska and gain an advantage over Russia by buying Florida to secure iron for South America and become the captain of the New World. On the same principle, it is a great mistake of the Russians to make Belarus independent in the event of the collapse of the Soviet Union, which becomes a powerful season for Central and Western Europe. If you look at it in Korea, Daemado Island is called Yo and Cheol. As Japan ate Tsushima Island, it gained a firm advantage in the relationship between Korea and Japan. Looking at the map alone, Japan, which occupies Tsushima Island, cannot overcome the situation in which South Korea is too far behind Japan due to the fact that it is stabbing the bottom of the Korean Peninsula. But if Tsushima is Korean territory... The situation is different. Tsushima soon became the season of Korea and weighed down the Japanese archipelago. Therefore, Tsushima Island is much more important than Kando Island - China has a strong iron-man Shandong Peninsula on the Korean Peninsula, so even if you eat Kando Island, the Korean Peninsula will inevitably be subordinated to China. Of course, there is no way to find both liver and hemp. I think it's important to find the northern part of the country before I tell you about it.

America's policy of fostering pro-American journalists.

 It has been confirmed by a broadcaster's discovery of related data that the U.S. government has been operating programs systematically and deliberately for decades to train and manage leaders in Korea as pro-Americanists. According to confidential documents recently discovered by KBS Media Focus in the U.S., the U.S. has continued to operate exchange and training programs for Korean leaders such as journalists, including various Korean policies to carry out its interests. According to the U.S. Information Service's national plan and evaluation report, the U.S. government has been focusing on scholars such as journalists, professors and teachers, student leaders, cultural leaders, and administrators. In addition, the Seoul branch of the U.S. Public Information Service has been continuously monitoring the trend of public opinion in Korea on major issues, and the U.S. Embassy in Seoul has also sent reports on the trend of contact with Korean journalists. This is the first case to officially confirm the existence of a "pro-Americanist fostering program in Korea," which has been talked about both inside and outside the media community. Moreover, the official records of the U.S. government are expected to cause a stir by detailing how the U.S. handled the Korean media and journalists, how the relationship was established in the process, and how the results were shown. KBS Media Focus is scheduled to air a special feature called "Tracking Discovery, The Big Brother of Korean Media" on the 13th. The title "Big Brother America of Korean Media," which follows a line from a report by the United States Information Agency (USIA), an organization dedicated to overseas public relations, shows the U.S. perspective on the relationship between the U.S. and Korean media. The U.S. Information Service, which targets anti-American or radical journalists, has implemented a national plan to secure national interests, focusing most on cultural projects such as "Citizen Education Program," journalist management, and media use." The U.S. conducted program activities to achieve psychological goals along with support for its foreign policy in accordance with the characteristics of each target group. The U.S. Information Service's key management targets were academic and journalist groups. According to the "Korea Plan" in 1967, the first group consisted of 5,000 professors from universities and vocational colleges, education and research experts, and student leaders. Among them, 500 people are attached, saying, "You will receive special treatment." Next, a group of 1,000 journalists referred to as "managers, editors, writers, and programmers" were selected. It is followed by 500 central and local information and education departments, 1,000 from other departments, 500 civilian and cultural leaders, 500 lawmakers and major political figures, and 5,000 middle and high school teachers and administrators. In other words, a total of 13,500 key figures have been subject to U.S. intensive management. The annual report prepared by the Seoul governor of the United States Information Service (USIS) details the real names of personnel from all walks of life who have engaged in activities to help understand the United States in each field. Specifically, the names of professors who attended seminars hosted or sponsored by the U.S., lectures, and activities to utilize the media were also reported. In addition, the list of people who attended the U.S. government's exchange and training programs is packed. The details of journalists who went through the U.S. government's training program in Korea after returning home are also recorded in detail along with their real names. For example, paragraph 4 of the evaluation report "Goal 3" prepared by the Seoul branch of the U.S. Public Information Service on June 4, 1965 mentions the names of certain journalists at a time when public criticism was high for normalizing diplomatic relations between Korea and Japan in 1964. The report said, "More and more U.S.-sponsored speakers and student groups have begun discussing normalizing Korea-Japan relations," adding, "A typical example of this approach is the return beneficiary and the nation's largest newspaper, Dong-A Ilbo editor."

US policy toward Asia and Roh Moo Hyun careful diplomacy

 In addition to frequent visits to North Korea and China, I have a chance to eat dinner with a person who is very bright in the international situation, and I am writing because there are some interesting stories and I was able to confirm my thoughts during the conversation with him. First of all, Rice's tour is generally the same as the general predictors' views in the big picture. 1. Pressure on China's role in the six-party talks 2. Notification of the resumption of the six-party talks (end of June) - Regarding the U.N. referral of the North Korean nuclear issue and the North Korean blockade operation, but these are not the areas I paid attention to. It's weird if you don't predict it. The discord between Korea, the U.S., and Japan over Dokdo is popping up in an unexpected direction...It goes hand in hand with this. In fact, we have been predicting the direction for a long time, but the role of the balancer of Northeast Asia...This is "Neutral Equidistant Diplomacy." The fact that I am surprised myself is that the U.S. response was not so great even though the Korean government said it would "diplomat neutral distance." Of course, the commander of the Eighth U.S. Army is on his own, but this is a vent of anger at the failure of the Korea-U.S.-Japan Triangle Alliance plan. If the U.S. approached Korea's change of attitude from a "betrayal" perspective, as the Chosun Ilbo was excited, and if the Korean government hadn't persuaded the U.S. enough, I think the response would have been destructive. In fact, it can be seen that the change in the attitude of the United States was already seen in Bush and Rice's mention of the situation in Korea after the impeachment. In other words, when the Korean people stopped the impeachment with candles, Bush or Rice commonly uses expressions like "I am deeply impressed by the growth of democracy in Korea." In other words, Korea is now out of the national level that the U.S. will control through "drafts." In other words, it is the same story as the United States lost control. The United States is a self-proclaimed "great power." What I have to admit is that I admit it coolly. In that sense, based on this time, close cooperation between the Grand National Party and the United States is over. As I mentioned in the previous article, the United States was clearly behind the impeachment. It was the same with the military trend at the time, and I think it is impossible without the death of the Democratic Party, which was deeply coordinated with the Grand National Party, behind the crazy unity of politics. In other words, it is unreasonable to assume that they proceeded without consultation with the United States to reject regime change that is close to national rebellion without the consent of the people. However, the United States, which confirmed the "will" of Koreans through impeachment, decided that the Grand National Party did not have the ability to take over, and the Chosun Ilbo's chaotic stance now seems to be due to the lack of such "order" from the United States. In other words, I always move after being instructed, and then I go back and forth because I do it on my own. Let's talk a little bit about the impeachment. As Prime Minister Goh Kun stepped down, one of the few words he left was, "Because I don't trust people that much..."There were some words that said, 'Oh, What this means is very important, but people just saw the degree of discord between the president and the prime minister and took issue with President Roh's leadership. However, as mentioned in the last article, the classic Prime Minister's remarks at Harvard School were exactly the same as the hawk's hard-line arguments, and in retrospect, the hawk who insisted on hard-line opposition during the June 1987 uprising. In other words, this means that there has never been a time when he was a moderate. I've always followed America. Then, how should we interpret that he was seen as a very favorable person to all media, regardless of the ruling and opposition parties? It can be seen as the opposite of what President Roh was seen as unfriendly to all media, regardless of the ruling and opposition parties. In general, I remember that the relationship with the United States was very good for those who maintained favor beyond the boundaries of the ruling and opposition parties. The words went a little sideways, but during the impeachment period, there was a struggle, but through this process, President Roh was able to identify those who acted against the interests of the state and the people. In the early days, since President Roh took office, he has not had his aides around him. It used a lot of DJ personnel according to the situation at the time, and Moon Hee-sang and others are representative. Through this, after receiving a stable takeover of the regime, they are sent out and after the impeachment, they are written around people who have been reliably verified. In other words, in the process of taking over the regime, people linked to the old regime were hired and organized, and since then, many pro-American groups have been appointed for dialogue with the United States, but unfortunately, this has been filtered through impeachment. The people who are now appointed can be seen as those who have been appointed out of necessity to carry out the diplomatic and defense lines of the participatory government. In other words, the actual operation of the state took place after the impeachment. (Let's disconnect and reconnect because the text is getting longer) *The abstracted text is located on the homepage of Yoon Copi-nim at www.funnyone.net. This means that after the impeachment, the United States gave up applying the same kind of "draft" to South Korea, such as Jakgye 5030. Just before the presidential election, you will remember that the United States illegally distributed North Korea's missile carriers and tried to put up a large-scale trick to help candidate Lee, but was humiliated and stepped down. As such, the United States has constantly intervened in the political situation of South Korea and has never given up such influence. Nevertheless, after the impeachment, I became proud of the so-called "democratic state they created." In other words, he admitted defeat. It does not recognize the independent rights of the government to participate in the North Korean nuclear issue, but by decisively abandoning the role of representatives of anti-reformers, including the Joseon Dong-A and the Grand National Party, the old forces on this land are weakening and weakening. Strange changes are being detected now because the Chosun Ilbo, which cannot be unaware of such a situation, also has to find a way to live. However, personally, I don't think it will be possible to expect the Chosun Ilbo to transform itself. From a historical point of view, it is right to fail. So, what happened to Jakgye 5030, which was supposed to be applied to North Korea? I think this is the key point of Rice's tour of Northeast Asia. South Korea is refusing to play the role of the U.S. and Japan in the Korea-U.S.-Japan Triangle Military Alliance while establishing political and diplomatic confrontations with Japan through the Dokdo issue. In other words, South Korea is openly rejecting military cooperation because it strengthens the Korea-U.S. alliance, but it is not an alliance with Japan. If the Korea-U.S.-Japan triangular military alliance is shaken out of fear of U.S. pressure, the Korean Peninsula will eventually play a role in the Taiwan-China conflict, which is likely to break out before 2008. In other words, it will attract both the U.S. and Japanese troops and turn the Korean Peninsula into a battlefield. After all, it's a repeat of the end of the year. Therefore, President Roh Moo Hyun is desperately trying to get out of the Korea-U.S.-Japan Triangle Military Alliance, and this is not a matter of the nature of the leisurely Korea-U.S. conflict. This is because the existence of the nation and the state is at stake. If any media, group, or individual is wrapped in that way, it reveals that they are the forces against the national interest. When I argued before the Dokdo issue arose, I said that the Korea-U.S.-Japan Triangle Alliance should not be included, but that the Korea-U.S. Alliance should be strengthened. It is inevitable. Neutral equidistant diplomacy presupposes a friendly relationship with both sides. In order for Korea to achieve a balance between China and the United States, it must first be trusted by both sides. Then, how does the U.S. view South Korea's "Northeast Asian Balancer Theory"? You have to make it a compliment. Of course, critical words are popping up in the U.S. media and military, wondering if Korea is trying to escape from U.S. influence, but the U.S. has no choice but to admit its role due to U.S. economic and military interests. Some people were worried that the national economy would face a crisis like the 1997 IMF crisis if they didn't listen to the United States, which is just a coincidence. At that time, we improved our economic structure and now we have a lot of foreign exchange reserves, but on the contrary, Japan is facing a time when bonds issued at the time of IMF return to their 10-year maturity through incomprehensible behavior of issuing bonds and filling the deficit again. In other words, it means that the economic condition is not so dangerous. This is one of the reasons why Japan sincerely wishes for a war to break out in Northeast Asia. Rather than waiting for the collapse from the inside, they want to find a breakthrough from the outside. In this situation, if the U.S. tries to intervene in Asia through the financial market again, the first to collapse is not Korea or China, but Japan. Currently, the Japanese government's response to the Korean Peninsula, such as the Dokdo issue and the textbook issue, is based on this psychological anxiety. The Japanese people may not be able to dream, but there is a widespread perception among Japanese leaders that it is difficult to find a breakthrough other than war. Then, how is the participating government trying to create the role of a Northeast Asian balancer by drawing cooperation with the United States? The keyword for this is self-defense. The commander of the U.S. Eighth Army responded by saying that he would dispose of all stockpiles of ammunition in response to the reduction in the amount of defense support for the U.S. forces in Korea, which is actually a good procedure. This is because the amount of ammunition currently held by our military is far short of the amount available in wartime. About eight days are in our hands, and the rest are all owned by the U.S. military. I'm going to buy this for 1 trillion won. In addition, it is said that Air Force Chief of Staff Lee Han-ho expressed his intention to purchase a considerable amount of additional U.S. F15K during his visit to the U.S. in late March through various channels such as the U.S. Navy. It hasn't been officially announced yet...This is also a positive signal. (There is a theory that there are 80 units) The F15K is actually a fighter jet. It's not a fighter. This small fighter has a bomb loading capacity of more than 6.5 tons, compared to the B-29, which was famous as a bomber in World War II. In fact, having an F15K means operating a large number of fighter jets with a range of more than 1,800 kilometers of activity, including Tokyo and Beijing. In fact, military experts have argued that bringing in about half of the latest F16 aircraft, such as the F16 Block 60, in the purchase of secondary fighter jets is more economical and reasonable for existing military strategies. Of course, the F15K that I ordered 40 units needs to be brought in a little more so that there is no problem with the operation (don't talk about Rafale or Eurofighter). The fact that the participating government tried to buy the F15K to Boeing through Air Force Chief of Staff Lee Han-ho means that South Korea was trying to secure independent operational capabilities on the Korean Peninsula. In other words, for the munitions industry, which has the greatest influence on the U.S. government, Korea's purchase can appear as an exercise of pressure to maintain solid relations with Korea. In other words, if Korea-U.S. relations become unstable, it will be the U.S. military industry that suffers the most. Looking at these points, it is easy to understand that it is difficult for the United States to unilaterally undermine the alliance against South Korea's "Northeast Asia Balancer Theory." In conclusion, Japan may be able to participate in the triangular alliance between Taiwan and the United States, but it will be difficult to intervene on the Korean Peninsula. On the other hand, for China, this movement of Korea is bound to be very encouraging. They can also send diplomatic trust because Korea confides in a buffer zone at a time when U.S. pressure on China intensifies. In the end, equidistant diplomacy is maintained only when friendly relations are maintained with both sides through this process. However, one misunderstanding is that there are people and the media who criticize such neutral diplomacy as nonsense, saying that the participating government operates policies with permanent time in mind as if it were Switzerland. I think this is an incident that comes out because it is dark in the current situation in Northeast Asia. The Korean Peninsula cannot or cannot be a permanent neutral zone. In other words, the participatory government's neutral equidistant diplomacy is a temporary strategy for achieving several objectives. First, the intention to avoid war on the Korean Peninsula by being drawn into the Korea-U.S.-Japan alliance. Second, regardless of the aspect of the conflict between the U.S. and China, the intention is to maintain influence over North Korea by maintaining friendly relations. In other words, it is the best strategy for unification in a large framework, and in a small way, it is a gesture to prevent war within the Korean Peninsula.  Now, I'll give you information about North Korea, and the United States is trying to spread... Let's take a look at Rice's final strategy. I had the opportunity to hear from people from third countries who recently visited North Korea, who traveled freely throughout Pyongyang and contacted North Koreans. One interesting fact may be limited to Pyongyang, but these Pyongyang residents were aware of the political situation in South Korea. He even witnessed South Korean news being aired on TV without restrictions for a few minutes a day. What he felt in his conversation with Pyongyang residents is that they know very much, and this communication is that the North Korean system is more loose than we know. In addition, what I heard through a foreign diplomat stationed in Pyongyang was that if China decides to do so, it can remove the Kim Jong Il regime at any time, and that the North Korean military seems to have a very different view from Kim Jong Il. There are even rumors inside China that they are fully prepared to take over the North Korean regime (in the nuance of the general-level remarks). This is not a very new story given that China has long protected those who have resistance to the North Korean regime as a result of North Korea's neutral diplomacy after the border dispute between China and the Soviet Union. However, what I am paying attention to is how Rice established a government that would faithfully follow her strategy on the Korean Peninsula, that is, the Korea-U.S.-Japan Triangle Military Alliance, and revised the strategy of mobilizing force to organize North Korea and press China sequentially. He said he would not rule out the option to use force, but it seems certain that he left it out of the first place, and I don't think the strategy the United States chose is to pressure North Korea to refer to the United Nations and block the sea. This is because it will actually be an inefficient tactic in the presence of open channels such as China, Russia, and South Korea. In other words, it is an incidental card, and what if Rice had a way to settle the Korean Peninsula before the 2008 Beijing Olympics conflict between Taiwan and China? It was probably a way to support North Korea's internal coup in accordance with Operation 5030, and it is very likely that the United States is not directly intervening, but instigating through China. In other words, the collapse of the North Korean regime is consistent with both U.S. and China's interests, and the U.S. can be seen as a way to remove the North Korean regime and acquire nuclear weapons without military intervention. However, this is only an American "candy game," as I will tell you in advance. In other words, after giving candy to a child and making him run errands, he takes the candy back after the errand is over...That kind of game. Here, the United States is aiming for one more advantage. In other words, if North Korea collapses internally, it is obvious that South Korea will have no choice but to intervene deeply in the North Korean issue even if the U.S. does not intervene thereafter, and that it will conflict with China in the process. If Rice had focused on this, the removal of the North Korean regime through China could have been more attractive. In other words, it can be a card that kills two birds with one stone, which has no choice but to go to military and diplomatic conflict with China without urging South Korea. However, this is a card that only the U.S. and China can or should not know. I insist that these cards are in progress because there are not many other ways for the United States to deal with the North Korean nuclear issue relatively wisely. In addition, it is very worrisome that the international situation that I feel with my skin and those with an international perspective who know North Korea and China a lot are in agreement. In a way, it would be better for the government to establish active countermeasures against the "refugee" problem that the U.S. has in its operation plan. The inevitable reaction that will take place after the collapse of the North Korean regime is the collapse of the ceasefire line at once and a large number of refugees come over. On the contrary, if this does not happen, it should be considered that North Korea is completely under the influence of China. Therefore, more active government preparation is needed. What I'm talking about may be just one scenario surrounding the Korean Peninsula, but this scenario is the result of a compression of long-term claims. Predictions that deviate significantly from this point will not come out for me in the future. The six-party talks are now just a meaningless dance floor for all six parties involved in the talks. The Korean government is the only one that has not given up hope for the six-party talks. No, perhaps only the parties to the two Koreas. The strategic choice between the U.S. and Rice is believed to have crossed the six-party talks and entered the secret room. One interesting thing is that I feel strongly that President Roh Moo Hyun has been preparing for this situation step by step. In other words, the statement that we would no longer talk about the past at the Jeju Island talks was quite criticized at the time, but now it is recognized as an example of great concessions and generosity in Korea-Japan relations. Nevertheless, Japan is deteriorating Korea-Japan relations without reflecting on the past. It seems to be in the same vein as being cursed by supporters by sending national troops to the Iraq war. At that time, there were a few voices saying that such a choice could be used urgently later in national strategy. Obviously, it is one card that the United States has no choice but to falter in dealing with Korea. And these procedures, that is, yielding one step first, preparing, and punishing the other person's mistakes...I think this kind of diplomatic strategy should be praised by President Roh, who has never seen it in Korean diplomatic history. It is right to postpone the evaluation of the Northeast Asian Balancer theory. Because this is a plan that hasn't even started yet. And if you open your eyes to the independence and meaning of these arguments, you should be thrilled. This is because it is a shout of self-reliance that resonates in the process of Korea becoming independent.

For justice, betray the people.

 When the Nazi's came to power in 33 years, households in Norway... ...when the Nazi German army came into Norway, Swedish households were anti-Nazis in Sweden... ...and came back only after defeat. The Allies want to, but the Germans are a little... ...disgusting at heartily. Even if Hitler was the only one, I was the only imperialist Anglo-French at the time, but during the war, he was attached to the enemy. This kind of person even became the prime minister... ...and became the model for Kim Dae Jung by promoting Eastern policy for the first time. I went to Poland, kneeling in a Jewish cemetery, and I cried my eyes and cried my eyes out. But I'm sorry for Paddle, but Roh Tae-woo was the first to do our northern policy. But abandoning Poland's territory or signing a nuclear non-proliferation treaty seems too long... ...when China also became a nuclear power in 1960 and formed the five nuclear clubs, Germany at the time... ...but eventually gave up voluntarily. the limits of a defeated country Instead, West Germany, along with Japan, emerged as the largest economic power at that time. A long price to pay for the Allies and Jews. Roh Tae-woo and Kim Il-sung also agreed to denuclearize the Korean Peninsula in 1992. a quick violation of the rules We also need Manchuria in the face of economic panic... ...if we invade, Bonhae immediately goes to exile, China, and then comes back to be suspicious after defeat... ...will we be beaten to death by ethnic fascists? In Germany, the defeated countries, the responsibility of crime, and the countries that touched it are too much... ...I feel that nationalism has been too severely denied for the reason. Of course, the Germans are to blame. In the nineteenth century, I should have been more careful, but I didn't know where I was. Of course, Brandt and other German socialists are to blame for the right conscience. We have such a conscience... ...for example, if a person like Rhyu Si-min says, "Pashoun, the national anthem of the Korean national flag... ...it's a stone baptism right now... ...do we still need a nationalist craze because it's much worse than Germany?" But I don't want to... I don't want to! Either way, it's fun to go overboard. ========================================================Pumpel Billy Brandt won West Germany (1913-1992). Born Karl Herbert Graham in 1913 and died in Unkel in 1992. prime minister who promoted Eastern policy Since 1970, she has lived a life stained by frequent scandals involving women, along with criticism that she is a "traitor of her country" in the process of promoting Eastern policy. It is also well known that he was born as a illegitimate child. But now, along with Prime Minister Adenauer, he is in the front row of the names of politicians that the Germans respect the most. When the Nazi's took power, he fled to Norway to escape arrest when he was targeted by the Gestapo due to his activities as a youth member of the Social Democratic Party. The name that came to be used at this time was Billy Brandt. He went to Norway to earn a living as a journalist. When the Germans occupied Norway, they fled to Sweden again and stayed there until the end of World War II. After the war, he returned to Germany as a Norwegian citizen and served as a public relations officer at the Norwegian legation in Berlin for a while. To return to politics, he re-acquired German citizenship and served as Berlin representative of the Social Democratic Executive Committee for a while before being elected to the Federal Assembly in 1949. Eight years later, he became mayor of West Berlin (1957-66) and gained worldwide fame. He showed great moral courage when the Soviet Union demanded that West Berlin be demilitarized free time (1958) and especially when the Berlin Wall was built in 1961. In 1964, he succeeded Erich Olenhauer as chairman of the SPD, and challenged the position of prime minister three times in 1961, 1965 and 1969. When the grand coalition governments of the Christian Democratic Party and the Social Democratic Party were established in 1966, Brandt became foreign minister and deputy prime minister. His party succeeded in gaining more seats in the 1969 federal election, establishing a coalition government with the minor Liberal Democratic Party and pushing the Christian Democratic Party to its first opposition position. His first major decision was to revalue the German mark, and the second major decision was to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The following year when he was elected prime minister, Brandt devoted himself to foreign affairs, particularly by formalizing a policy known as the Ostpolitician, to improve relations with East Germany, other communist countries in Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union. As a result of his efforts, he signed a treaty with the Soviet Union in August 1970 to renounce mutual force and recognize Europe's current border, a German-Polish non-aggression treaty to recognize the Oder-Naisse line as Poland's western border, and a four-nation agreement on Berlin's status in September 1971. His treaty with Poland sparked controversy, with critics claiming it meant the loss of German territory occupied after World War II, while supporters praised Germany for reunifying and stabilizing relations with Eastern Europe. Brandt, a staunch supporter of European integration, had an influence on expanding the European Economic Community (EEC) by defeating French opposition. He was more enthusiastic than any other leader in bringing Britain and other countries into the EEC. However, he resigned as prime minister in May 1974 due to the East German espionage case within his government. Brandt is known to have played a major role behind the scenes in German reunification in 1990, and expressed deep interest in the issue of the Korean Peninsula, where the state was divided in a similar form to Germany. Brandt was named the Nobel Peace Prize winner in 1971 in recognition of his steady efforts to reconcile East and West.

Astec's Humanity and Cannibalism

 The Aztec civilization is the most representative country that existed in Mesoamerica where human sacrifice customs were practiced. Montesuma and its predecessors used sacrifices as essential elements as ceremonies to worship numerous gods. Astec has been at constant war with its surrounding tribes. The goal of this continuous war was to capture the living prisoners used in the offering. The flower war between the Astec and the Tlaxcala tribes was caused by the common goal of the need for a living human being to be used for future sacrifices.    Astec worshipped Uichilopotsley, the god of war who said that the sun would float. The Aztecs believed that in order for the sun to rise every day, it was necessary to supply the human heart to God without rest through sacrifices. They thought that the sun and land had been destroyed four times in the past, that they lived in the era of the fifth sun, and that the era of the end would come soon. The act of sacrificing humans to slow down this terrible fate has become an important factor in Astec society and life.

The most common sacrificial rites were performed on the top of a giant pyramid. Human sacrifices are tied with their backs bent back while their limbs are bloomed on a round rock. The priest cuts the ribs with a black urostone knife and removes the heart. This method is used to serve the sun god Uichilopotsley. When serving each god, different sacrifices are made. When serving Sipetotek, the god of abundance, he tied people to pillars and fired arrows. The blood shed by the sacrifice symbolizes the cool spring rain. When serving the god of fire, a married couple was used as sacrifices. The couple were burned down at the altar of God, then pulled out again at the last minute, and pulled out their heart as a second ritual. The ritual of serving Teteoinan, the goddess of the earth, was particularly important. During the harvest season, a ritual is held to remove the leather of a woman's offering and transfer the leather to one of the temples. The priest of the ritual, symbolizing the goddess of the earth, wore a woman's skin.   Human sacrifice rituals have been held in many Latin American cultures, such as Olmeka, Maya, and Moche.

On June 1, 1521, Cortes led the Spanish-Indian coalition to invade Tenochtitlan, the capital of Astec. At the end of June, Emperor Cuautemok realized that Astec's tactics were useless, and fundamentally modified his defense and moved most of Tenochtitlan's surviving population to the northern neighboring island of Tlateloloko.  This was a wise move. The Espanyas did not know that the enemy's defensive tactics had changed, and believed that the Aztecs had fled. Moreover, the Spaniards did not know that Tlaterolco was much more populous, and that it was more suitable for city warfare than the vast streets of Tenochtitlan, which was almost destroyed. The battlefield was expanded to Tlatelolco, and the Tlatelolcoes joined the Astecs to attack the Spaniards in winding and cramped streets and block the way to the mainland. Cortes fell from his horse, and he was seized and almost dragged away. Christobal de Olea and an unknown soldier of Tlaxcala rushed at the furious Astecs, cut off their hands, and managed to save Coudillo. Sixty-two Conquistador prisoners were captured, and Cortes and other survivors were helplessly forced to watch their colleagues sacrifice at one of the great Pyramid temples from afar. Bernal Diaz del Castillo described the sacrifice as follows.

"When the melancholy drumming of Uicilobos was heard again, musical instruments similar to the goth, horn, and trumpet began to be played at the same time. The sound was really terrible, and we saw our captivated colleagues being taken to the high Pyramid Temple to be sacrificed. The Aztecs drew their companions to the vacant lot in front of the altar where the idols were standing, put feathers on their heads, held something like a fan in their hands, and made them dance in front of the Uichilobos. After the dance, the Astec priests tied their colleagues down to the rock where they offered sacrifices, cut their chests, pulled out their throbbing hearts, and dedicated them to their idols.    Then the Aztecs kicked the body and rolled it down the stairs, and the Indian butchers, who were waiting below, cut off the arms and legs of the body, skinned its face, and made it look like gloves with beards, and used it to hold a drunken festival. Then they ate the flesh of the corpse with the sauce made of pepper and tomatoes."

Westerners Testify Joseon's Living Standards

 How did Westerners see the standard of living reflecting various conditions such as the natural environment, ethnicity, educational enthusiasm, and industrial conditions? Some pointed out that all citizens except the privileged are in an amazing level of poverty, but Westerners generally agreed that the lives of Koreans are stable. What drew attention as an impressive sight of the relative stability of life was that there were few poor people like beggars. This was commonly pointed out by Westerners with extensive Joseon experience, including Mrs. Carls, Gale, McKinsey, and Mrs. Underwood. According to Gale, there were no beggars in Joseon, and the only places where beggars were located were around foreign settlements. Mrs. Underwood says that compared to the poorest in London and New York, there is no one in Seoul who is naked or hungry. According to McKinsey's observation while traveling in Chungcheong Province after the righteous army, the lives of rural people were more bereaved than those of Seoul. While the people of Seoul were lazy, rural farmers were diligent and faithful, so there is no problem in cultivating their own land and making a living unless there is a famine. In his view, the living conditions of Koreans outside of Seoul were better than those of British people outside London. To borrow Carls' expression, "People were poor, but they didn't seem to be in need at all." The stability of life is said to be seen in the practice of being stingy and favorable to hospitality. In Joseon, it is said that hospitality is considered a sacred duty of everyone. Whether you know it or not, it is not only a shame to refuse to feed those who come at dinner, but it is also considered a great mistake, and it also provides bed for travelers who come at night. Therefore, it is said that a person who is not suspicious can travel from end to end of the Korean Peninsula while being treated kindly without any money. The stability of life was found to be the stability of order. Bishop read Joseon's public sentiment from his experience of staying in a small alley in Gaesong. She seemed so moved by the fact that she was able to lie with her arms stretched out without anxiety in a room with no doors locked and no locks on it was a fragile woman alone. Order was maintained not only in the city but also in the countryside. According to a Russian military officer, he was staying in a very remote village with no government office, but order has never been destroyed anywhere. Peace and tranquility dominated everywhere. <<The Korean Pavilion of Westerners in the late 19th century and early 20th century>> Jeong Yeon-tae (an associate professor of humanities at Catholic University) ;; read and upload the article by Haet. I guess the people were starving like North Korea these days at the end of the Joseon Dynasty. Although Joseon's commerce and industry are lagging behind, the overall standard of living of the people is said to be good. Although Joseon later collapsed due to the power politics, it managed to endure 500 years because it did not starve the people at least. There is a travel report that a news agency that traveled to Japan said that Japan has a large population and lacks food compared to land, so they eat a little rice and side dishes.