China is particularly sensitive to minority issues. Some understand that this is because there are 55 ethnic minorities besides the Han Chinese. However, Russia has more ethnic minorities. With a territory of 1707,500 square kilometers and a population of 143.78 million, Russia officially has 131 ethnic minorities. Including very few ethnic groups, there are about 175. Russians make up 82% of the total population. With an area of 325,360 square kilometers and a population of 82.69 million, Vietnam also has 54 ethnic minorities that cannot be compared to China. Vietnamese make up 87 percent of the total population. With a population of 293.03 million, almost all races and ethnicities live in the United States. 83.4% of the population is white, while blacks are 12.4% of the population, 3.3% of Asia-Pacific, and 0.8% of American Indians. According to the 5th census conducted in November 2000, China's total population was 1,265.83 million. The figure excludes 6.78 million people in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and 440,000 in the Macau Special Administrative Region. Among them, ethnic minorities were 164.43 million, 8.41 percent of the total population, and Han Chinese 1.159.4 billion, or 91.59 percent. Compared to countries with nearly 20 percent of ethnic minorities, China is doing rather well. Since the Communist Party of China, which has 96 million members, is dictatorship, it also has strong control over minorities. However, China is allergic to minority issues. "If minority ethnic groups are separated and independent, the whole of China will be divided." "China is sensitive to minority issues because it believes that the People's Republic of China could be disbanded." Some Chinese leaders and scholars even openly say, "The former Soviet Union collapsed because it failed to deal with ethnic minorities properly," according to a Chinese scholar. He said, "China now has a severe income gap between regions. Rich castles on the eastern coast, such as Guangdong and Zhejiang Province, said, "Why are you pouring taxes on us?" and pointed out, "If minority ethnic groups become independent, these regions will also fall apart." Kim Woo-joon, a professor at Yonsei University's East-West Research Institute, said, "In the case of the former Soviet Union, Russians did not dominate the federation, and this eventually triggered separation and independence," adding, "The Chinese government is feeling great anxiety." China's total land area is 9,596,960 square kilometers, consisting of 27 provinces (including five autonomous districts) and four cities under direct control. It is 43.45 times the area of the Korean Peninsula and 96.66 times the area of South Korea. However, the concentrated residential area of ethnic minorities, which accounts for only 8% of the total population, is 6,117,300 square kilometers, accounting for 63.72% of the entire country. Currently, China has five autonomous districts, 30 autonomous states, 120 autonomous prefectures, and 1256 ethnic autonomous districts. When minorities separate, the word "power China" disappears without a trace. A total of 11 ethnic minorities account for more than 10 percent of the population of each province. Of the total population of 23.76 million, 4.93 million or 20.76% are minorities, Liaoning Province (16.02% of 42.38 million), Hunan Province (10.21% of 64.4 million), Guangxi Autonomous Region (17.29% of 44.89 million), Guizhou Province (37.85% of 34.88 million), Yunnan Province (33.41% of 42.82 million), Tibet (26.82 million). Except for Hunan and Guizhou provinces, they are all border areas. China's inland border is 22,117 kilometers, and 14 countries, including North Korea (3,605 kilometers northeast, 40 kilometers northwest), Vietnam and Mongolia, are directly facing each other. Professor Kim Woo-joon explained, "About 19,000km of China's total border is a concentrated minority residential area," adding, "More than half of the 22 million people living on the border are ethnic minorities." Since its founding in 1949, China has had border disputes with India in 1959 and 1962, and armed conflicts with the former Soviet Union over territorial issues in 1969. In 1979, it fought a war with Vietnam and is still in dispute over the Spratly Islands. If ethnic minorities lean toward other countries, China's border stability will collapse. In addition, the areas inhabited by minorities are repositories of underground resources such as oil, gas, and coal. According to statistics from China's National Bureau of Statistics, ethnic minorities are concentrated in 75% of China's total grassland area, 42.2% of forest area, 51.8% of forest resources, and 66% of hydropower resources.
▲The palace was built in Shenyang, Liaoning Province before the Qing Dynasty occupied the midfield. Only 3 million Manchurians ruled the Han tribe with a population of 150 million for 260 years. About half of China's history has been dominated by ethnic minorities. ⓒ2004 OH MY NEWS Kim Tae-kyung "China has been a unified multi-ethnic country since thousands of years ago." China boasts its own minority policy. The Constitution states, "All ethnic groups in the People's Republic of China are equal. The state guarantees the legitimate rights and interests of minorities, and maintains and develops equality, unity, and commercial relationships among ethnic groups. And it prohibits contempt and pressure on any nation." "China has been a solid and unified multi-ethnic country since the Qin Dynasty unified China in 221 B.C.," he said. "There were cases of division, but this was brief and unification was the mainstream of Chinese historical development." A white paper titled "China's Minority Policy and Its Practice" released by the Chinese government in 2000 praised the remarkable development in politics, economy and culture, with industrial production in minority areas growing 100 times from 540 million yuan in 1952 to 531.3 billion yuan in 1998. "Previously, minorities suffered from the bondage of feudal serfdom or slave society," the white paper said. "Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China, minorities have become masters of the new society by participating in national and local affairs." China allowed ethnic minorities to have autonomous areas and, unlike the Han Chinese, gave birth to two children. However, the reality is harsh. The Tibetan government in exile has been campaigning for independence in Dalsala, India for decades. In the case of the Shinzhang Uighur Autonomous Region, the movement to seek independence as "East Turkistan" is fierce. They are also considering solidarity with Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Sulturistan, which includes southern Kazakhstan. Several Chinese people I met during the interview said, "Who knows that it is not introduced to the media due to press control and that there are so many attacks on government offices in the Shinjyang area," adding, "We provide many benefits, but we are afraid of public officials." Some people said, "A friend who was serving in the Sinjyang area almost died while suppressing the protests of Uighurs." The Uighurs also formed the East Turkistan Asylum Government, the United Nations Revolutionary Front (UNRF), and the East Turkistan Islamic Party. In the United States, an organization called the Uighur American Association (www.uyghuramerican.org) is also active. The Mongolian unification movement is also strong, and the Mongolian people are strongly moving to create a unified Mongolian state by combining the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the Mongolian Republic, and the Buriyat Republic, which is now Russia. Dr. Park Won-gil, an expert in Mongolian history, said, "Mongolians in the Neimenggu Autonomous Region never bring up national unification in front of the Han," adding, "But in private, we talk about separation from China and integration with Mongolians in other regions." The same is true of Koreans living in China who the Chinese call Korean-Chinese. The concentrated residential area of the Korean-Chinese is the territory of Goguryeo in the past and the land of Gando. As the 1909 Gando Convention is invalid, a territorial dispute between South Korea and China could arise at any time. The Chinese government believes that if the dispute over the sovereignty of Gando begins in earnest, Koreans in China will join the Korean people. Therefore, since last year, the Korean-Chinese have been given "three-way education." The term "three halls" refers to the view of the country, the view of the people, and the view of history. It is to inject the content, "The Korean-Chinese are a Chinese people, and the history of the Korean-Chinese is a part of Chinese history." The only ethnic minorities who received such education were Koreans living in China. Taiwan's independence is also at stake. Taiwan's independent forces said, "No other government on the mainland ruled Taiwan until the Qing Dynasty suppressed the successful Qing Dynasty in 1683, and Qing Dynasty was established by the Manchurians, and it was before China was born." Therefore, Taiwan cannot be a territory of China." In other words, China is surrounded by forces that will always seek separation and independence in all directions.
▲ On September 8, Chinese people hold a memorial service at Yonghegung Palace, a Tibetan Buddhist temple in Beijing. ⓒThe Chinese Communist Party overturned Oh My News's 2004 commitment to the federal system, and China's various minority policies have resulted in such results for various reasons. First of all, ethnic minorities in mainland China have not entered their current territory. It was just left when the Qing Dynasty, founded by the Manchurians, collapsed. Dr. Park Won-gil said, "Minority peoples are trapped in Chinese territory." The "Constitutional outline of the Chinese Soviet Republic," created by the Communist Party of China at the 1931 National Congress of the Chinese Soviet Union, stipulates that "all ethnic groups living throughout China, including Mongolian, Hui, Zhang, Myo, Ryeo, and Goryeo people, have full self-determination." However, since 1947, the Communist Party of China has not mentioned the right to secede from ethnic minorities and the right to self-determination, only referring to autonomous districts and autonomy. The 1954 Constitution stipulated that "China is a single multi-ethnic country, and the National Autonomous Region is an inalienable territory of China." The position has changed. The administrative officer of the autonomous minority region is a minority in the region, but the Han Chinese have the real power such as personnel and finance. In the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture alone, the chief administrative officer is a Korean-Chinese, but the actual power is held by a Communist Party secretary from the Han ethnic group. The Han Chinese control armed forces such as the People's Liberation Army and the Public Security Agency. Therefore, the form is the autonomy of minorities, but the content is that the Han Chinese use the administrative organization of the autonomous region to effectively rule over minorities. In fact, it has become the "Indian Reserve" level in the United States. The Chinese government has steadily introduced Han ethnic groups in the name of developing ethnic minorities. It was to continue to lower their population ratio in minority autonomous areas. There were many nomadic tribes in the western part of the country. However, the Han Chinese who moved to the country turned the grasslands upside down while farming, and the living base of minorities was gradually. According to the 2000 Population Census, out of the total population of 19.25 million in the Shinzhangur Autonomous Region, the Uighur population was 11.43 million, or 59.39% of the total. In 1949, 76 percent of the total population was Uighur. In the case of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the Han Chinese population out of the total population is 18,823,900, accounting for 79.24%. The number of Mongolians is 4,029,200, accounting for only 16.96%. Before 1949, the Mongolian population was 70%. Of the 44,893,700 people in the Gwangjang Autonomous Region, the Han Chinese accounted for 61.66%. Yunnan Province, which was famous for its large minority population, has 28.206 million Han Chinese out of 42.359 million people, accounting for 66.59%. The Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region has only 1.94 million ethnic minorities out of a total population of 5.62 million. Tibetans account for 92.2 percent of the total population of 2,616,300, with 2,411,100 Tibetans accounting for 5.9 percent of the total population. In the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture alone, when it was established on September 3, 1952, the population of Koreans living in China was 74%. However, in 1957, only 2% of Koreans living in China were included in the autonomous state. Four hundred thousand Han Chinese also migrated. Currently, the proportion of Koreans living in China, or 39.7 percent, is only 854,000 out of 2.2 million people. The largest ethnic group in Yanbian is the Han Chinese, accounting for 57.4 percent. "There are rumors that autonomous districts will be abolished if the number of ethnic minorities is less than 25% of the total," said a Korean resident in China who met in Yeongil. "If it goes wrong, the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture may disappear."
▲ The island in front of the photo is Yuhwado Island, where Lee Seong-gye fought for the conquest of Liaodong and then returned the army. It is as close as holding hands as seen from Dandong, China, across from Sinuiju, North Korea. ⓒKim Tae-kyung of Ohmynews 2004 "Reduce the territory when establishing autonomous districts" In the case of the Shinzhang Uighur Autonomous Region, when Chinese troops entered in 1949, locals asked to call Shinzhang East Turkistan or Uighurstan. The name Shinjyang itself means "new territory." It is a land acquired by Qianlong Emperor of Qing Dynasty in 1755, and has a strong imperial smell. However, these demands were rejected. Tibetans now claim that the Shijang Autonomous Region is less than half of its original territory. In other words, Tibet's territory is 2.5 million square kilometers of China, including the Xizhang Autonomous Region, the southern part of Qinghai Province, the western part of Sichuan Province, and the western part of Yunnan Province. Uighurs also claim that their original territory spans Kansu and Qinghai provinces. Mongolians now think that the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region cut one quarter of its original territory. The Chinese government allows minorities to learn their language and culture. However, learning history and geography is prohibited. In the case of Koreans living in China, learning about Joseon history and geography has been banned since the 1957 National Political Movement. August 15 is not Liberation Day in Yanbian. It's an old man's day. As Korean-Chinese were not allowed to gather to celebrate Liberation Day, they created the Senior Citizens' Day by expedient method. A Korean resident in his 30s said, "Therefore, young Koreans often do not even know the names Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla," adding, "In historical time, we only teach independence movements such as the activities of General Hong Beom-do." The Chinese government has continued to change the names of ethnic minorities into Chinese. The original name of Tsufeng in Neimenggu, famous for its Hongsan culture, was Soodalmaeng, a Mongolian language. However, it was changed to Tsufeng as if it were originally the land of the Han Chinese. Cheoli Mokmaeng in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was renamed Tongliao City in the late 1990s. Even in the Shinzhang Uighur autonomous region, Kumul was changed to Hami, Kashgar to Kasum, and Gulja or Iri to Ining. It is the same as changing Goguryeo's Baekamseong Fortress to Yeonjuseong Fortress and Ogolseong Fortress to Bonghwangseong Fortress, making it impossible to know at all that it was originally Goguryeo fortress. #Personally, I think it would be better for the Chinese minority to become independent... I don't think it's right to look back on the past Japanese colonial era when minorities want to become independent. Of course, seeing what they do these days, I hope they will be more divided in national sentiment... It is true that the history of the past has always been divided and integrated...
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