Climate and civilization.

 Climate and civilization. The differentiation of races and the beginning of civilization It is not known exactly when all existing races were differentiated, but it is believed that differentiation has already entered the completion stage at least in the stage of collection and hunting. This is because, after that, as they entered agricultural life, they were bound to the land and repeated their internal souls, and the identity of the group became more solid. In 1974, Dyer shows the trend of large forms of racial classification and large mobility as shown in Figure 1-2, with the interpretation of the gene frequency of biochemical traits. And the start of the movement is estimated to be about 150,000 to 50,000 years ago. 150,000 years ago and 500,000 years ago, far before that, are considered to be the times when people's lifestyles have changed considerably, so we must consider the problem of adaptation in consideration of this.  Figure 1-2 Model of race formation and movement (Dyer, 1974) For example, 400,000 years ago, there are traces of fire use in China (Beijing) or Hungary, so it may be thought that fire was used in all regions, but dating back 500,000 years ago, it cannot be said that fire was used in all regions. However, it would not be wrong to think that everyone was using fire when it comes down to 150,000 years ago.   In the end, the older the times, the more directly influenced by nature, and as time passed, the influence must have gradually eased and turned into indirect. Therefore, in the old days when race separation took place, direct relations with the natural environment would have been a problem, and the more you think about the new era, the more you need to think about the cultural environment. Since the modern civilization took place in Europe, the number of mixed races has increased with the advancement of white people, and the natural distribution of old races has been lost. Therefore, it is necessary to refer to Figure 1-3, which shows the distribution of races around the world in the 15th century just before Columbus discovered America.  Figure 1-3 divides the birthplace of ancient civilization and weather zones on the four major ethnic distributions around the 15th century, and Supan divides tropical and temperate into isotherms with an average annual temperature of 20 degrees. In Figure 1-3, along with this isothermal line, the thermal degree (where the annual average temperature is the highest) is shown as a dotted line. It is believed that the reason why cold-resistant Mongoloids spread around the world is that although humans originally have tropical characteristics physiologically, they were trained in cold climates and excellent in climate adaptability.   Humans have been distributed in a fairly wide range on Earth for hundreds of thousands of years, starting from tropical forests and repeating differentiation and adaptation. Compared to the long history so far, the fact that this human society blossomed all at once in a very short time from 10,000 to 5,000 years ago suggests that there was some momentum rather than coincidence.   Moreover, not all races have walked the same path of civilization. It is thought that humans who blossomed civilization were able to enjoy a relatively beneficial environment. One thing they have in common is that they settled from hunting to agricultural life very early. Egyptian civilization, Tigris, in the basin of the Nile River, which was the four ancient times.Mesopotamian civilization in the Euphrates River basin, Indus civilization in India, and the Yellow River civilization in China all sprouted from fertile land in the large river basin. In addition, Central and South America had Maya, Aztec civilizations, and Inca civilizations. If you look at the birthplace of these civilizations in Figure 1-3, most of them are located in tropical areas close to temperate areas.   Markham, who studied Eastern civilization, saw that all of these remains of ancient civilization were located near the isothermal line of 21 degrees. It can be said that the climate 5,000 years ago was very different from the current climate, but the current annual average temperature in the Yellow River basin of China and the Inca civilization of Peru is about 15 degrees Celsius, so the error is too great to accept the 21 degrees civilization idea. However, according to archaeology, from 7,500 years ago to 4,500 years ago, the African continent changed from dryer to wet season, and the Sahara desert and surrounding savannah climate zones were covered in thick forests. However, it is said that from about 4,000 years ago, the climate became dry again and the current Sahara Desert was formed. It can be assumed that this transition also took place in Arabia, which borders Mesopotamia. It should be considered natural that the position of the isotherm has changed significantly due to such considerable climate change. If you look at the found ruins and records from 4,000 BC, social structures were already being formed in Mesopotamia and Egypt, but they have not yet reached that level in India or China. In areas where it is warm and suitable for plant growth, and crops grow well, civilization grew relatively quickly because there was time or energy to devote to the creation of civilization as it could stay comfortable only with physiological adaptability. On the contrary, it is difficult to live in cool or cold areas, so it is believed that civilization society can only be achieved after the formation of civilization is delayed and means such as food, clothing, and shelter are developed. Eventually, the spread of civilization toward the low temperature zone near the 21 degree isothermal line was actively carried out. However, the entry into the high temperature zone has become more restricted. The biggest constraint is that the tropical climate has made conditions suitable for the reproduction of insects and bacteria along with plants, threatening human life with tropical diseases. The temperature of 21℃, which has such a special meaning, is a temperature that humans can stay comfortably in a little clothing, as shown earlier. As will be mentioned later, it is a very interesting coincidence to adopt 21°C as an environmental temperature that sets the standard for the value of Clo. B. It is meaningful to investigate the current status of population distribution in what temperature range the world's population is distributed in. It is very difficult to respond common data to administrative and weather classifications across the world. However, in order to know what kind of temperature range the world's population is distributed, we will respond to cities with relatively well-organized data. There are about 150 cities with a population of more than 1 million worldwide, and 420 million people, or about l0 percent of the world's total population, live in these cities. Table 1-2 shows the population, latitude, and annual average temperature for 33 cities with a population of 3 million or more. Consisting of a population of 220 million cities, this data is thought to be sufficient to get a glimpse into the trends of today's civilized society. Table 1-2 The distribution and temperature omission of major urban areas are concepts that are not limited by administrative or regional divisions, and the question of how far to be recognized as an urban area varies slightly from country to country, so published data cannot be used as it is. Therefore, here, the urban area refers to a solidarity city that is organically involved in the functions of cities and cities, for example, a kind of commuting right.   The temperature of cities with a population of 3 million or more is 15.4°C when painted on a simple average, but the weighted average by the population is 15.0℃. Here, the weighted average temperature of the urban population of 7 million or more is 14.2℃, 15.5℃ for the population of 4 to 7 million, and 17.3℃ for the population of 3 to 4 million. This difference means that a huge city is formed in the low temperature zone.   Table 1-3 is a summary of the population composition by temperature using the data in Table 1-2. The largest population is urban areas centered on 15℃, 37~, followed by urban areas centered on 10℃, accounting for 32%, and these two urban areas alone account for 2/3 of the two urban areas alone. The number of urban areas itself is also concentrated near 10°C and 15°C. This table shows that the current population distribution center has shifted to a low temperature zone of 6℃ or higher than the location of the birthplace of ancient civilization. Table 1-3 The urban area and its population distribution by temperature are omitted. Distribution of civilization The indicators of civilization should comprehensively judge not only the population, but also the population dynamics, that is, infant mortality, major causes, mortality by death rate, and levels of health, health, medical care, and economic activities, gross national expenditure, and trade. However, it is true that all of the above have a great correlation with climate, especially temperature. In his book Civilization and Climate, Huntington sees a climate desirable for human activity as a climate in which the average monthly temperature changes in the range of 4 to 18 degrees, humidity is less than 70%, and low pressure passes about 20 times a year. Figure 1-4 shows the distribution of global climatic activity based on this climate, considering that this climate's stimulus to mental activity is the driving force behind the improvement of civilization.  Lim 1-4 Distribution of Climate Activity (Huntington) Humans need to continue to be stimulated by the environment in order to maximize their ability. However, if the degree of stimulation exceeds the appropriate degree and is too severe, both time and energy will be spent responding to it.   It has already been reviewed earlier that civilization gradually moved to a high degree after blooming according to the first 21℃ isotherm, and 15℃ is the center. Moreover, the average annual temperature of the world's most advanced countries is 6-16.5℃, and its center is 10℃. This phenomenon can be interpreted as a result of responding to cool and cold climate stimuli and developing cultural adaptability. The average annual temperature of Seoul, the center of Korea, is 11.1℃, slightly above 10℃, and the climate is cool and cold?It is a run and has four distinct seasons, so the amplitude of summer and winter is large and there are typhoons. It may be considered that this climate acts as a kind of stimulating climate for living things.   It can also be predicted that Canada, Siberia, and the Scandinavian Peninsula will become the center of civilization if human civilization continues to move toward low temperatures. However, it is still questionable whether people will move in groups to settle there in favor of the northern country, which is a cold civilization.

To quantify civilization, Huntington calculated the civilization index on a scale of 12 items, including corporate power, outbreak power, philosophical composition, large business power, dominance, educational organization, hygiene, morality, generation power, life stability, industrial and aesthetic sense, literary appreciation, and natural appreciation, and divided them into five stages.  Figure 1-5 Distribution of Civilizations (Huntington, 1976) had a very large impact on the environment, especially the climate-conditioned human civilization history. It is true that at least in extremely cold areas and extremely hot areas, high civilization has never occurred. The region, which is always spring over the four seasons, is definitely a paradise on the ground, and depending on the conditions, it can be used as a candidate for climate therapy to be mentioned later, and it will also be suitable as a tourist destination. However, it is clear from history that no leading civilization or culture has been achieved in such a region.