1. Introduction - Anyone interested in history would have wanted to compare the power of Goguryeo, which had the greatest military power of our people, with the power of Rome, which was the strongest in Western ancient history. I've always wondered if I'm interested in warriors in Bonhae-do, but when I see them argue from time to time, I wrote with short skills to correct unicellular and blind thoughts, not fragmentary, such as "Koguryo has strong cavalry and Rome doesn't have any cavalry. Of course, in conclusion, the history should be a field of thorough objectivity and reason that excludes emotions, although we appreciated Goguryeo's military power more. Based on this thorough data, we only analyzed it coldly and discussed whether it is superior or not. However, what I want to say in the article below is not to determine the victory or defeat in the war between Goguryeo and Rome. War is a comprehensive art that requires all factors to be considered, including weapons, strategy, geography, politics, and production capacity, war is meaningless and impossible because it includes numerous unpredictable variables, including total strategy, military power, political power, economic power, social infrastructure, and even ethnicity. If so, is it to determine the victory or defeat of a one-off battle? This is not it either. The most important thing in the battle is also the tactical capabilities of the General (like the Battle of Zama, if Hannibal had defeated and won the Roman army despite the inferiority of cavalry forces, he would have become the best general of the time, as he said. Hannibal's words prove that the most important thing in battle is the commander's ability) What he wants to say as a whole is the difference in the level of each ancient civilization in the East and the West. The nation's all-out power is concentrated in the army, which carries fate on its shoulders at the forefront of the country. Soldiers and officers teach the most efficient and sophisticated strategies and tactics of the civilization of the time, and armament and other equipment reflect the state-of-the-art science and technology of the civilization of the time. Therefore, the overall power of each army is the same as a measure of its civilization level. (Except for modern and nomadic peoples) We want to show the level of civilization between the two civilizations by comparing them. If it is still unacceptable, why don't we compare contemporary Byzantine and Goguryeo troops? And we are not discussing civilization in terms of culture.) 2. Main point (1) Comparing the total forces of the two armies. 2. Goguryeo - Goguryeo - Goguryeo's total forces is not known exactly, so we have no choice but to estimate it. Later, when King Balhae Mu ordered his younger brother Daemunye to play Heuksumalgal, Daemunye refused the order and said, "[Strategy] When Goryeo was in full swing, it was recorded in [Sindangseo] "Balhaejeon", so many people estimate Goguryeo's total force to be about 300,000. However, at the time of Tang Tae-jong's mother's reign, when the Tang army captured Yodongseong Fortress and marched to Ansiseong Fortress, Yeon Gaesomun dispatched 150,000 troops recruited from the southern and northern parts of Goguryeo. Since 40% to 150,000 of the entire country, a simple arithmetic calculation results in a total number of 375,000.150,000 are left because the defense forces must remain in the north.It cannot be said that the entire northern army was mobilized, so it is believed that the total number of troops, including Goguryeo's interceptors and standing forces, will be more than 400,000. (Of course, this is only possible in the late Goguryeo period, and there is no record of all troops before that, so it is impossible to estimate). There are some fragmentary records of how many troops were deployed in an operation, but it's not enough to estimate the total number of troops.). Rome - Rome traditionally did not have regular troops and recruited troops as needed. According to [Romasa], there were about 750,000 men of military service age in the 3rd century BC.In the first century, the number of troops increased to about 500,000 in total, but it was only a temporary army and could not be financially borne, so Octavian actually reduced the number of troops after the civil war and permanent soldiers. From then to Oh Hyeon-je, about 25-30 legions, about 300,000-400,000 troops, are divided into each defense line. The main force of the Roman Legio was literally Legion, a lieutenant general infantry, and cavalry became the main force of the military after the 3rd century AD to prepare for the invasion of German cavalry. In addition, as Karakala grants citizenship to the residents, the distinction between legions and assistants (Auxiliaris) disappears, and the number of troops increases significantly to about 400,000 to 500,000 as they respond to German invasion through the era of the military emperor. c. Comprehensive and Remarks - Goguryeo and Rome overlap in times, but it is very difficult to simply compare them to the same time. The 1st and 2nd centuries AD were so-called Pax Romana, and Goguryeo was only in the early days of its founding, and Rome was long destroyed during Goguryeo's reign of King Yeongyang, the heyday of Goguryeo's population and overall national power. Therefore, we have no choice but to compare each heyday. As described above, Goguryeo also had 300,000 to 400,000 troops, and Rome had a total of 180,000 corps soldiers and 350,000 assistants in total during the reign of Emperor Trajan, which had active conquest projects such as conquering Dhakia. Therefore, Goguryeo seems to be ahead, but it is not an accurate figure, so it can be said to be almost the same. Here we can see that Rome's national power has been greatly exaggerated. Roman citizens alone had a population of more than 50 million, and the central government built a well-organized administrative network across the country, built 150,000 kilometers of roads, and stabilized trade routes across the Mediterranean Sea. Why can the level of the country or civilization be measured with the total force? This is because the total force does not simply mean military power, but represents the overall national level, such as the state's economic and technological power, the level of administrative network, and the central government's control. This is because if the central government's local control disappears and the administrative network collapses like the end of Silla, it will be difficult for the military to operate 1,000 people even if the population reaches hundreds of millions. (Of course, the formula of 'military level civilization level' and 'total force level state level' does not apply to modern countries or nomadic peoples.) Western civilization remained at a terrifying and childish level until the Middle Ages before Rome's fall, indicating that Rome's civilization and national power were exaggerated. Goguryeo also had international trade and relay trade rights connecting the northern people, China, and the Korean Peninsula, and since the reign of King Jangsu, the war with the continent has disappeared, peace and economic power have been greatly prosperous, and the unique fresco technique shown in Grain's construction and murals. Based on the contents of War and History - The Three Kingdoms, I will add and describe the contents of this year. (The opinions on whether this is an honor guard or an actual army are divided, but if this is ignored, there is no data at all.) For reference, the tomb No. 3 of Anak is presumed to be the tomb of Dongsu, which was built in the 4th to 5th centuries.) For reference, most of the knives used by Goguryeo army were Jikdo Island, Hwandudaedo Island. a. Heavy Armored Infantry 1 - He wore a helmet on his head, slanted armor with short sleeves only on his upper body, wore a hook spear on his shoulder, a knife on his waist, and a thin and elongated shield. I think it's a lieutenant general infantry force that creates a dense formation with a thin and elongated shield to stop the enemy from charging cavalry and drag the knight from the horse with a hook window. b. Heavy Armored Infantry 2 - It is the same as the Heavy Armored Infantry written on top, but it is different that the shield is round and wider. Therefore, the formation of this infantry would have been more convenient for white soldiers wielding swords because it was wider than the formation of the above infantry, so it would have been composed of great infantry like Greece with circular shields or Rome with oval shields. c. Police infantry - Police infantry used Dobusu (Monthly Wed), which uses axes, but they are rarely armed with armor or other weapons. Since he couldn't even wear armor, his social status would have been very low and his combat ability would not have been very strong.
Rather than bumping into enemies on the first line, it would have been used as a ministry unit, such as attacking enemies who fell off horses or fell on the second line and fell behind allies, or attacking enemies like Roman soldiers. Still, considering that axes were found in the military sites of Goguryeo, including Achasan Mountain, it was a must-have unit. d. Gungbyeong - A powerful maekgung with a length of 120 to 127cm, wearing sloped armor with no sleeves at all, and no pitching, which is believed to be due to securing visibility. In addition, during the reign of King Sansang of Goguryeo, archery soldiers in Goguryeo could not have been armed with archery because the manufacturing method was complicated and the unit price was very high, but some elite units, officers, and warriors would have been armed with archery. e. Heavy and long-term cavalry - The only areas exposed to the air were faces and hands, Goguryeo's unique 5.4m long and 6-9kg weight, and a knife on its waist (China or nomadic people used about 4m long yarn) and Goguryeo owned a rich iron mine. In fact, King Dongcheon mobilized 20,000 troops when he fought against the official sword forces, of which ironware accounted for as much as 5,000, accounting for a quarter of all troops, so it would not have been too much to occupy the main power of all troops. (There is a controversy over whether King Dongcheon's ironware is simply elite cavalry or mid- to long-term disease, but it is considered a mid- to long-term disease based on the record that 5,000 irons were at the forefront.) f. Gyeonggi-do-Anak Tomb murals are armed with no armor at all, making it difficult to know the exact substance. However, what is certain is that the economic soldiers were operated in contrast to the mid- to long-term cavalry, and they would have carried out a maneuver to cover the charge of the mid- to long-term cavalry and disrupt the enemy. b. Rome: 3~4 kinds of a. Heavy Armored Infantry (Legion) - Originally held an oval shield of 1.2m wide and 1.5m long, but later changed to a rectangular shield. The two to three-meter-long Pillum was carried one heavy (3kg) and one light (1.5kg) each, and it was more used for pitching purposes than for spears, and it was okay to carry only one Triari in the third row. And originally, a single-edged sword was used, but Scipio Africanus accepted Spain's double-edged dagger and carried the famous Gladius, which became the etymology of Gladiator. b. Alarm soldiers (Velites) - almost without armor and armed with knives, catchers, and circular shields, consisting of the poorest four to five classes of citizens. Of the 10,000 soldiers in one corps, 1,200 were in charge of the first neck-and-neck battle, but after the Marius reform, they disappeared from the organization and used foreign allies such as Mallorca dialysis as allies. After the Augustus military reform, it loses its independence and disappears, consists of residents, and is organized in Auxiliaris, a mixture of various diseases such as cavalry and infantry. In addition, there is no record of how Rome operated the archer, but everyone only speculates that there is no organized record like the lieutenant general infantry or the alarm, but only what is known to have been used, so the above-described alarm replaced the role of the archer or included the archer in the alarm. Auxiliaris, newly organized after Augustus' military reform, is not particularly a new disease due to the extension of the previous Roman Velites. c. Cavalry - There were only sports troops, and he rarely wore armor and did not use a bow. The armed forces were also poor, so there were only catchers, knives, and circular shields, and there was no back, so even with only a spear, it was impossible to carry out a shocking operation to break down the camp, and it was only to approach and throw. In Rome, cavalry mobility and breakthrough were not properly recognized, so they did not value cavalry power, so they did not know how to use cavalry mobility only for battles between cavalry and right-handed tactics, and only used mobility to chase defeated enemies. After Hannibal and Scipio, so-called "genius masters," cavalry detour tactics were used, but as mentioned above, due to the weak armament, they could not exert more power than infantry. After Marius and Augustus' reform, cavalry of Roman citizens almost disappeared, Galia, and Numidia were used as allies. c. Comprehensive and Remark- First of all, Goguryeo is twice as many as Rome in the number of warships, so it can be said that the range of tactics that can be said to be organic. In addition, Goguryeo's heavy and medium-sized cavalry, archer, and airborne infantry are powerful, especially Goguryeo's heavy and Persian cavalry were different from Rome's Parthian and Persian cavalry, and archer learned Parthian rhetoric 360 degrees forward. You can think of the Mongolian archer soldiers) and most Goguryeo troops overwhelm the Roman army in terms of the quality of each disease. Above all, Roman cavalry could not carry out a shocking operation because they had no back and only swords and spears, and even the cavalry could not be a rival to Goguryeo's mid- to long-term cavalry or archer. In addition, Goguryeo archers were armed with powerful and powerful Macgung Palace and Gakgung Palace to form an independent organization, so their existence is unclear and cannot be compared to Roman archers armed with crude dangung. In addition, the Roman army itself was weak against the royal army, perhaps because it did not put meaning on the history of the royal army and did not use it much. For example, you can see from the battle of Karay, where all troops below Krasus were completely wiped out, except for Casius' 500 cavalry, who fled to Parthia's second-class army and few archers. However, it is unknown because there is no record of Goguryeo's heavy general infantry's proficiency, social position, and military system, but the largest number of soldiers could not be composed of nobles or professional warriors.
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