(2-1) In India, the Indus civilization (3000-2000 B.C.), two large rivers run through the continent. The Ganges, originating in the Himalayas, flows into eastern India and into the Bay of Bengal, and the Indus River flows westward (now Pakistan territory) into the Arabian Sea. The Indus civilization, one of the world's four largest civilizations, refers to an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin for about 500 years from around 3,000 to 2,500 BC. The Indus civilization has left ruins in Mohenjodaro and Harappa, and the level of civilization seen through the ruins is believed to have been a sophisticated culture comparable to Mesopotamia and Sumeria. Mohenjodaro and Harappa were ancient cities that were planned in an orderly manner, and were cities where brick houses, roads, and sewage facilities were developed. The Indus civilization was a highly developed stage of the late Bronze Age civilization, religion was polytheism, and the political system was a republican system centered on priests. The first inhabitant of the Indus River basin was a protoastraloid (Burma, Malay race), a medium-sized race with black skin and a flat nose. The race that started Mohenjodaro and Harappa civilization in the Indus River basin was Dravidaim. They migrated from Greece and Asia Minor (2-2) Aryan culture (2000-1000 B.C.) Most of the Indian culture originated from the invasion and settlement of the Indian continent. The Aryans were nomads living in Central Asia, but moved to Mesopotamia 5,000 B.C. and settled for centuries before moving back to each region. The Aryans who migrated to India were the tribes that settled in Persia and were called Indo-Iranians. They invaded the Indus River basin around 2000-1500 B.C. and conquered the Dravidian. The Aryans who invaded India initially settled in Punjab, then gradually moved east along the Ganges River basin to Bengal in 800 B.C., forming the upper part of the caste as a conquering people. The Indian hierarchy is largely (1) Brahman, a monk and priest, and (2) a warrior.It is divided into the ruling class Kshatriya, (3) the merchant class Baisha, (4) the slave class Sudra, and (5) the untouchable people. This has been a traditional custom since it was stipulated in the Manu Code, and has become a bad habit that restricts modernization of India to this day. The characteristic of Aryan culture is that the consciousness of praising God and worshiping God has developed in a society that is consistent with the enactment. In particular, a Vedic culture was formed during this period, in which rituals and praise for God were gathered around Brahman, a priest class in charge of rituals for gods. Vedas include Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atarbaveda, but the most important of them is Rigvedaim. While the rest of the Vedas are mainly about the form of rituals, the Rigveda is not only a hymn to God, but also the first literary temple in mankind that encompasses philosophical thoughts about the action of humanity, the creation of the world. Following the Vedic Period (1500-600 B.C.), Hinduism based on scriptures such as Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Purana occurred. (2-3) The Aryans who entered the Ganges River basin from the Punjab region gradually formed an urban state, and by the 7th century B.C., city states with considerable power had already emerged. The state form at this time took the intermediate form between the tribal federation and the dictatorship. Almost all countries had essentially the nature of tribal federations, so they had no choice but to maintain a primitive republican political system, and the king was nothing but a symbol. At that time, most of the famous countries were concentrated in the eastern part of the Ganges River, especially Kosala, Videha, Kasi, Magada, Anga and Avanti. In the 7th century B.C., Kosala in northern India, Magada in central India, and Bideha in southern India emerged as central forces, and they competed with each other. The emergence of city-states inevitably led to a conquest war, and the weak-kneed war lasted until the 4th century B.C. The most prominent person in this conquest war was Bimbisara (582–554) of the Magada Kingdom, who gradually merged the surrounding small countries and consolidated the internal governance to lay the foundation for a great empire. His son, Azata Satru, succeeded his father in conquering Kashi, Kosala, and Bideha one after another, emerging as a powerful Indian continent in name and reality. The Magada Kingdom maintained the strongest power in India with the Nanda Dynasty until Alexander's invasion. Around 500 BC, Buddhism and Jainism began (2-4 BC), and in 321 BC Chandra Gupta, a member of the Kshatriya tribe of Magada, the Mauryan Empire, destroyed the Nanda Dynasty and established the first unified kingdom in Indian history, reaching Afghanistan to the west and the Bay of Bengal. The third king, King Asoka (272-23 BC), expanded his control and unified all India except the Tamil region in the southwest. One of King Asoka's achievements is that he contributed greatly to the promotion of Buddhism, especially collecting and organizing Buddhist temples disappearing after the death of Sakyamuni, spreading Buddhist culture to the people, as well as sending missionaries to Syria, Egypt, Greece, and Macedonia to the southeast. In addition, by sending a prince to Sri Lanka to preach, it not only became the center of southern Buddhism but also created an opportunity to develop Buddhism into a world-class religion. In 185 B.C., the military commander of the Mauryan Dynasty, Pushamitra destroyed the Mauryan Dynasty and founded the Sunga Dynasty in 70 B.C. (2-5) A.D. 78 AD. King Kanishka of the Kushan in Bactria formed a large empire in Iran to the west, China to the east, and 226 south to the center of the Indian continent. Since then, India has been divided into many small countries, but later unified again by the Gupta Dynasty in the East. Around 100 AD, Mahayana Buddhism took place. (2-6) The Gupta Dynasty (AD 380-606) was founded by Chandra Gupta I. The era of Chandra Gupta II (380-413) was a golden age and enjoyed a cultural renaissance. Buddhism flourished in the early and heyday of the Gupta Dynasty, and Hinduism and Jainism began to revive in the late period. From the time of Chandra Gupta II, the invasion of nomadic Huns in Central Asia began. The Gupta Dynasty was destroyed by the Huns in 606. Central Asians, including the Huns, established Hindu and Jainic kingdoms in the territory of the Gupta Dynasty (2-7) Mughal Empire (1526-1858), which was established in 1526 by Timur's fifth-generation Barber as Islam invaded India after the 12th century. When he reached his grandson Akbar University, a large empire was built that encompasses most of India and Afghanistan except Decan. He continued his heyday for 150 years after Akbar. In particular, Islam flourished in the days of Shah Jahan (1627-1658) and his son Aurangzeb (1658-1707) and left many Islamic-related relics such as the Taj Mahal today. In the early 16th century, Guru Nanak compromised Hinduism and Islam and founded the monotheistic Sikhism. The Mughal Empire was incorporated into the British territory in 1858 with the dissolution of the East India Company after the invasion of Muslims in Iran, the Battle of Plash against Britain in 1757, and the revolt of Cells in 1857.
댓글 없음:
댓글 쓰기