The warriors of Goguryeo...Mid- to long-term infantry.

 It is not accurate when mankind, the birth of warriors, began to do something called "war." Even before it was written down, mankind would have done what was called war. Several or dozens of primitive humans would have fought with other humans to protect their hunting grounds or to occupy a good home with stone axes and stone spears in their hands, inevitably selecting experienced and powerful people as their heads and planning them. Knowing that it was more advantageous and less hurt to fight together than to fight separately, he probably went around in groups of several or dozens of people with good eyes or fast feet separately to secretly peek at the other person's village. As the scale of the fight grew, there would have been people under one leader who received the order, delivered it to others, and made people move as the leader wishes. In order to secure a lot of stone axes and stone spears for fighting, women or young children who did not fight may gather, split and cut stones, make them, collect them separately, and take them out and use them when necessary. As science developed over time, he had a metal knife and axe instead of a stone axe, and as he had an iron arrowhead instead of a stone axe and a short window to throw away, mankind became more immersed in the war, rewarded those who fought bravely, and pointed fingers at those who ran cowardly. The rulers, who began to get what they wanted through the war, began to find weapons that could kill the other person better to immerse themselves in the war, while putting a "honor" on those who fought bravely. People collapsed fighting over this invisible illusion of honor in a bloody and terrible battlefield, and the honor began to look even higher and more brilliant over the bodies piled up one after another. Seeing people who were not afraid of death to take this honor, people called them warriors or warriors, and those who could not become warriors went to the battlefield closely with people with the same weapon to avoid being cowardly on their own, and people gathered and went around the battlefield continued until mankind got a new slaughter weapon called machine guns. Perhaps the first military disease mankind had was infantry. Over thousands of years or tens of thousands of years, many diseases appeared in the human army and disappeared while enjoying their heyday, but infantry survived for a long time instead of being in the spotlight, so they still occupy their place proudly, although they are not the main players in the battlefield. The warriors on the ground....They're infantry... 1 - The First Slaughter...The first infantry recorded in the literature of Hoplites and Pecetai should probably be found in Egypt or the Middle East. Armed with leather shields and windows with bronze jaws, Egyptian infantry could not pitch or wear armor, and were assigned to tanks, which were their main weapons at the time. It was from Greece that the first recorded infantry born in the Middle East reached its heyday. The ancient Greek heavy-duty infantry, which created the image of the heavy-duty infantry we commonly think of, was called Corinthian Bronze Pitcher and Round Shield-Hoflon, and this was the etymology of Hoflites, referring to the heavy-duty infantry of Greece-also wearing bronze chest armor and shanks. This was completely different from the fact that warriors of the previous hero era took the one-on-one battle honorably while traveling in tanks. The birth of heavy infantry in Greece is closely related to Greek politics. Although the concept of democratic politics in ancient Greece is very different from today, it was the free people called citizens who supported it, and of course, the subjects of war were also them. As citizens who were not professional warriors and could not afford expensive weapons such as tanks and could not always gather and receive military training appeared as leaders of the battlefield, tactics and arms changed in line with them. Instead of complicated tactics, simple and simple tactics, that is, tactics that collide with the enemy's forces with the spear forward were introduced, and soldiers' defense equipment inevitably began to thicken in order to withstand this situation. When soldiers with shields and spears collided with the enemy camp, the victory and defeat quickly became divided, and as time passed, the spears became longer and the shields and armor became smaller or smaller. Of course, it was to kill the other person better. The large scale created by the Hoplites is called Palanx. The victory or defeat in various wars in ancient Greece was determined by which Palancz lasted longer and collapsed the right side that the other party could not defend with a shield. Therefore, it was considered a disgrace to break down Palancz's greatness, and soldiers standing at the end of the right were able to earn honor as warriors even if they survived or died. In this situation, it was natural that Spartan heavy-duty infantry, who had been educated only as warriors from childhood, had an overwhelming advantage, and the myth that Spartan heavy-duty infantry were invincible continued until Epaminondas of Thebes defeated themselves in Leuktra in 371 BC. Numerous wars broke out over Greek hegemony, but it was Macedonia in the north, which the Greeks treated as barbarians. Macedonia's heavy-duty infantry was called Pecetairo, who consisted of farmers, not ordinary citizens, and had been trained in groups for several years. What makes Pecetai Loi different from the existing Hoplites is that the window has increased in addition to the fact that defense equipment has been lighter and simplified. The five-meter-long jangchang was called Sarisa, and 256 Palangks, consisting of 16 rows of jongdae and traverse, moved faster than Palangx in Greece and were able to handle long windows skillfully. Often, Macedonia's victory was only understood in terms of using cavalry that were not noticed at the time, but Macedonia's cavalry, who were not able to use the ruler at the time, were not guaranteed a complete victory on the battlefield. At that time, the Macedonian army, which had two outstanding commanders, Phillipos and Alexandros, introduced a groundbreaking concept of tactics - hammer and anvil tactics, and the role of Macedonia's strong lieutenant general, who played the role of anvil that shattered the opponent, should never be ignored. 2 - Back to being a citizen...Rome, which was located on seven hills in the early days of the Roman Civil Corps and started as a weak force, gradually began to grow as it conquered the surrounding peoples. In the early days, the Romans, who fought mainly with the Etruscans, inherited the Greek tradition and formed an corps of free people, and were essentially different from Greek and Carthage mercenaries who were paid to move. The Roman army, which did not show much difference from other ethnic groups in the early days, formed a small group called Manipulus (finger in Latin) in a universal battle formation centered on the existing three greats after the battle against the Samnium, a mountain tribe. This was a groundbreaking formation at the time, unlike the entire collapse of one heat when the existing large collapsed, the collapse of one Manipulus caused damage only to the manipulus, and at that time, more complex and faster manipulation was possible. In contrast to the growing window of heavy infantry in the succession war following the sudden death of Alexander the Great, the Romans abandon the long window and introduce a short, thin window called the Filum. Roman legion soldiers, who collided with Greek heavy-duty infantry after the Carthage War, but slaughtered heavy-duty infantry armed with long spears and heavy armor using short filums and Gladius. Instead of a long spear, a short spear and a short knife became the main players of the battlefield again. What could the Romans overcome the absolutely disadvantageous length difference? Josephus, a Jewish historian, wrote this article after seeing the training scene of the Roman legion. "For Romans, training is a blood-free battle and battle is a blood-leeding training." It is well known that the Romans who lived in the Mediterranean Sea are smaller than the Galliana Germanic. Nevertheless, it is believed that the above article shows how the Romans were able to conquer Gallia and block the Germans for a long time. Even in the Greek era, breaking away from the great was a disgrace, and the same was true of the Roman era. Referring to the last stories about mid- to long-term soldiers, he said that the soldiers needed in the army to win the battle were not brave ones, but soldiers who knew how to fulfill their responsibilities. The intangible shackles, called "responsibility" or "honor," could only be made in the military and were only used in the military. In "Skill and Civilization," written by Victor David Henson, the author emphasized - discipline and obedience - as important conditions for distinguishing between warriors and soldiers. If there is a battle with the gang members who have been trafficking drugs and shooting several times from an early age and the cadets of the Virginia Military School who have no combat experience but understood with discipline and obedience, the gang members can never beat the cadets of the military school and mentioned two above. I don't know what will happen if the battle actually takes place, but what I can say personally is that when it comes to unfavorable circumstances, cadets will act according to orders, but gang members only act for themselves. Rome transformed those who decided to become legion soldiers into the most efficient and powerful slaughter machines in the Mediterranean as well as Europe at the time with weeks of training and education. Of course, what was put into practice was the harsh discipline and obedience that made the soldiers feel in their hearts and move until their hearts stopped, according to the greatness and orders that never collapsed. This was the real weapon of the soldiers who defeated and slaughtered the warriors who had a large physique and a long spear with small and short spears.

3 - Before talking about Goguryeo's heavy-duty infantry, what should be mentioned first is whether there were heavy-duty infantry in Goguryeo. There is no clear definition of heavy and long infantry, but I think heavy and long infantry should be subject to the premise that they should wear sufficient protective armor and pitches and use dense dustproofing using shields, spears or spears as their main tactics. Did there really exist heavy and long infantry in Goguryeo? Iron Changchok accounts for the largest amount of relics excavated from the ruins of Goguryeo Boru excavated from Achasan Mountain. In addition, windows are often seen on battle maps and procession maps in Goguryeo's ancient tombs. The specific appearance of the lieutenant general infantry is shown in the matrix diagram of Anhak No. 3. In the matrix map here, there have been many discussions mainly on the appearance of mid- to long-term soldiers, but in this mural, you can also see the appearance of heavy and long-term infantry. Goguryeo infantry in the painting are wearing feathers. The pitch is lined vertically, which is personally presumed to indicate that the pitch is connected by overlapping rectangular iron plates. The armor worn on the body is also drawn so that it can be seen as tight as the armor of mid- to long-term soldiers. I don't know if it was sticky with deer leather like armor in the early Joseon Dynasty, but it would not be too much to say that at least a certain size of iron plate was attached to the leather. The biggest difference from mid- to long-term armor is that the armor of the mid- to long-term soldiers completely covers the lower part, that is, the armor of the mid- to long-term infantry covers only the upper body slightly below the waist. Also, if you look at the mid- to long-term infantry at the top, unlike mid- to long-term soldiers whose armor came down to the elbow, only their shoulders are covered with armor. In other words, unlike the mid- to long-term disease, except for the lower part of the face and elbow, the mid- to long-term infantry can be seen as covering only the body. This takes into account the characteristics of infantry, which, unlike mid- to long-term soldiers traveling on horseback, must be mainly moved on foot, and can be said to be a common form of ancient heavy and long-term infantry. What I personally find very interesting is their shields, which are very narrow, pointed up and down, and vertically drawn in the middle, so it seems to have a shape that goes slightly into both sides based on the center, not a flat. Scutium, a large rectangular shield carried by Roman legion soldiers, is not flat, but has a concave shape with both sides inward from the top. Perhaps it seems to be intended to slide the blade of the enemy's spear when the enemy's spear hits a shield, but the books or scholars have yet to confirm it. In other words, it would be interesting to compare modern tanks with slanted gloves to give them a tilt angle. Then, why were the shields they carried pointed up and down? I don't know about the top, but if the bottom is not flat, it can be very inconvenient because the shield cannot be erected on the ground. Also, to put in personal assumptions, it weighs on the possibility that it is a means to attack the enemy. Scutium, which was used by the Roman army, also has a large protrusion made of iron in the middle, which can cause considerable damage even if it pushes the opponent away or hits the enemy with iron. I don't know if this strange-looking shield of Goguryeo was also made to stab the other person with a pointed end. Shields of this shape can be found in other ancient tombs in addition to Anhak No. 3. Of course, some argue that the army in the murals of Anhak No. 3 or other tombs is not an army for combat purposes, but considering that modern honor guards use firearms used by ordinary soldiers except for their costumes, I don't think their weapons or armor are much different from ordinary troops. Finally, let's look at the window. The windows on the murals are very short. Unlike the cavalry's windows that are larger than the cavalry's height, the heavy infantry' windows are tilted and placed over their shoulders, making it impossible to accurately compare, but they do not look longer than the cavalry's windows. Did the Goguryeo people not use or recognize the existence of the intestines? Looking at the Huhanseo-dongyiyeoljeon, he left the following records while explaining Yejok. "I'm good at war on foot. The length of the window is 3 sheets ( – – 1 sheet refers to about 3 meters) and is used together by many people…Hereinafter, the Huryak Yiye tribe refers to the Dongye tribe who lived in today's Gangwon-do and Hwanghae-do regions, and was subjugated to Goguryeo. And a small needle is attached to the window carried by the heavy infantry from the ancient tomb. Although it looks like an S-shape and a curved shape, all of the heavy and long infantry windows were slanted, and the cavalry's windows were already invisible, so it can be seen that they were attached only to the infantry's windows. This small thread attached to the spear of the heavy commander infantry probably played a role in pulling the joint of the opponent's cavalry, that is, the leather strap connecting the collar. In fact, among the relics excavated from Baekje and Silla regions, irons with only hook windows or small hooks were excavated, and of course, they have been recognized as weapons for atmospheric use. Fortunately, there is a record of how these weapons were used. In August of King Jinpyeong's 19th year of King Geonbok's reign (the 24th year of King Jinpyeong's reign: 602), Baekje raised a great army and wrote Amakseong Fortress <Mak> as Mo.When > was surrounded, the king had the general Pajingan Geonpum, Murigul, Iribul, Sangean Mueun, and Biriya with military service, and Gwisan Mountain and Chuhang also went to the front to Gamsimjik. Baekje was defeated and retreated to the pond of Cheonsan Mountain and was waiting to hide its troops. When our soldiers advanced and led them back, Mueun became a subordinate and stood at the back of the army, and the ambush suddenly rose and pulled Mueun down with a hook. It can be said that the weapons used in the war among the Three Kingdoms History's thermoelectric Gwisan episodes basically fall into the category of "technology. It can be said that the weapon used by the other party in the war zone is basically a problem that can be accepted as much as possible if only utility is recognized. Therefore, it is considered quite dangerous not to recognize its existence just because it is not recorded in the librarian's record. Goguryeo was basically a settled agricultural nation. Although he worked hard on farming in China's librarian to Goguryeo, there have been several records that he always lacked food due to the barren land. Although the customs of nomadic peoples such as the criminal intake system remained and cavalry were valued, I don't think the existence or role of infantry can be ignored or ignored. It is believed that the infantry, especially the heavy infantry, played an important role, whether Goguryeo's tactics in the field completely destroyed the opponent, such as the Macedonian hammer and anvil tactics, or the siege pressure tactics widely used by nomadic peoples in the East. In addition, the Cheongyasu Water Technology, which Goguryeo used against China's large-scale invasion forces, would have been an important support in the defense of the fortress, which was the most important.