Western Greatness Series 8, Democracy

 Glittering and disappearing in Athens, ancient Greece, in the 5th century B.C.E. Afterwards...... Dudung... It was revived after the American Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the French Revolution in 1789. In England, the king's authority was limited after the honorary revolution in the 17th century. Later, France developed through the July 1830 Revolution and the February 1848 Revolution. The defeat of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 and the occupation of Paris by the Reds in the commune, all overcame and developed the Third Republic. Britain and France gave voting rights to all adult men, including the poor, in the 1880s. After World War I in 1918, democratic republics were established in Germany and Eastern Europe, but all economic depressions in the 30s were fascinated. Japan mimicked the same thing in the 20s, but the same is true. In other words, the middle class, which is essential for democracy... ... money! In 1936, Leon Blume's left-wing regime appeared in France, shaking off the status of democracy, but this is an opportunity for Hitler. chaos in France However, in World War II, Germany, Italy, and Japan, all of them became developed democracies under the U.S. subordination. The Anglo-American countries, France, and Northern Europe have been around since the 19th century. However, in the Third World and the Soviet Communist bloc, there are many fascists and reds... ...the products of the Cold War. Even southern European countries such as Spain and Greece had a fascist military dictatorship until the 1970s. However, after Franco's death, democracy and accession to the European Union were achieved, and democracy was hoped in the third world such as the Philippines, South Korea and Chile. In 1986, Marcos Imelda, famous in the Philippines, was driven out by the popular revolution. A great deal of corruption (Imelda is the first lady and 30,000 pairs of shoes)? I've been a queen for more than 20 years. At this time, Gong 5 put up placards saying, "We are different from the Philippines...Mini West Germany..." What do you mean different? Is economic development different? In any case, Chun Doo-hwan of the 5th Communist Party also tried to hold office for a long time, but handed over power to his friend Roh Tae-woo in June 1987, and then progressed democratization......... to Roho Prefecture...... Chile stepped down in 1990 after Pinochet tried to develop the military economy. These Third World dictatorships were supported by the United States to prevent the Reds. But... ...Romania's Chausescu was shot dead after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989... democratization in the Eastern bloc With the end of the Cold War, the U.S. is forced to take risks... ...and as a result, the collapse of the dictatorship in Zaire, Africa in 1997, and the collapse of the Suharto regime in Indonesia the following year... ...or rather, these little Hitlers. As a result, in the 1990s, there were only the United States, Japan, and Western Europe before, including Russia, a super-large new democracy. Including our South Korea. On top of that, the resistance... ...is China, the largest dictatorship. However, even China is experiencing significant changes in its political system following the death of Deng Xiaoping in 1997. Single-person dictatorship => Collective dictatorship. Taiwan is also a democratic country with the lifting of martial law in 1988 and the change of government in 1996, as 21-year-old Francis Fukuyama said, "The End of History?" Just as this Japanese-American scholar predicted just before the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the system of advanced countries in Japan and the United States is in its final stages in this book! It's close to utopia!............................................................................................................................................ The ancestor of today's young friends, another great democratic nation, is the Republic of India, which was founded in 1948. Surprisingly, without a single coup, without a break in the constitution... ...it is a miserable democracy in poor, miserable democracy. This is a rough summary of the history of democracy. I'm out of breath. ============================================================== Peron. Democracy in which everyone participates in political decisions can also be found in primitive societies. In clan society and tribal society, there were not a few examples of members of society participating in the political decision-making process. In the political tradition of Western society, the concept of democracy originated in Greece, as the word 'democratos' came from the ancient Greek city-state. Democracy developed in the city-state of ancient Greece was only direct democracy. All citizens became 'legislators' and participated directly. Women at this time did not have the right to vote, and slave system existed. Of course, the principle of equality was respected in the democratic system of ancient society, but the idea of equality among all based on universality did not exist. In addition, in ancient society, it was a democracy practiced in a small urban country with a population of about 10,000, so all citizens could participate directly, and thus, a representative system or something was not developed. Greek democracy flourished greatly around the 5th century BC, but Greek democracy began to fade in the early 5th century BC when Athens, a democratic country, lost the war against Sparta, an oligarchic country. And in the middle of the 2nd century BC, Greece was conquered by Rome, an oligarchic country, and the withering democracy disappeared. Since then, democracy has been buried in human history for more than 2,000 years. However, from the late 17th century, democratic ideas began to rise again and revived in the 18th century. The leading democratic thinker is British J. Locke. In the Civil Government Theory of 1690, he argued that the government was organized under a social contract, so it was obligated to guarantee citizens' property, life, and freedom. It is said that society has the right to resist if a ruler invades the rights of citizens, and that the way to prevent abuse of power by the government is to separate the two powers of the executive and legislative branches. Montesquieu of France then emphasized the need for the separation of powers by adding the third judicial independence to the second volume of administration and legislation in the Spirit of Law in 1748. After that, in 1762, J.J. Rousseau of Geneva argued for national sovereignty through the Social Contract Theory. He argued that all laws cannot be recognized for their legality unless they represent the consensus of the people, and that the people cannot fulfill their social responsibilities unless they participate in the process of forming consensus. It emphasizes the rights and responsibilities of democratic citizens. The democratic ideas of Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau became the spiritual pillars of the American Revolution, the enactment of the Constitution, and the French Revolution. The United States, once a British colony, opposed the taxes imposed by its home country. The logic was that Americans could not pay taxes unilaterally imposed by the UK when U.S. representatives were not present, that is, "no taxation without representatives." The Declaration of Independence of the United States, adopted on July 4, 1776, documented the basics of human freedom and emphasized that "all humans were created equal, given certain unalienable rights by the Creator, and born with the right to pursue life, freedom, and happiness." In addition, the Declaration of Independence declared that all power should come from the consent of the people, should be newly organized when the government loses its legitimacy, and that the government should promote the safety and happiness of the people most effectively. The U.S. Constitution, enacted in 1787, stipulated the separation of powers for the first time in mankind and codified the liberal democratic system. It brought about the beginning of the modern democratic political system. However, slaves flourished in the United States at that time, and women's suffrage was not recognized. Women's suffrage only began to be raised in the United States in 1848, and it was completed in 1920, and slave system was abolished only in 1863 when A. Lincoln declared the Emancipation Decree. The French Revolution of 1789 was intended to break down the feudal system and build on the spirit of freedom, equality, and philanthropy. The Declaration of Human and Civil Rights, declared in August of the same year, is the first human rights declaration in Europe. It was revealed that humans have the right to freedom and equality from birth, sovereignty belongs to the people, and that the people are not sued, arrested, or detained unless stipulated by law. For 15 years after the French Revolution, Napoleon ascended to the throne in 1804, France moved from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy and then to a democracy, and then retreated back to the emperor's dictatorship. The French Revolution succeeded in spreading the idea that the people were the masters of the country, but failed to establish a political system based on democratic principles. However, the French Revolution inspired the concept of equality based on the philosophy of Enlightenment, the idea of sovereignty, and the sense of participation of all citizens in the political process throughout Europe. The establishment of a liberal democratic government in the United States and the French Revolution have brought about a democratic reform in Europe. Britain has long developed a democracy based on parliamentary systems. In 1215, British nobles and clergy made the king sign the Great Charter Magna Carta to check the king's tyranny. Magna Carta prevented the king from imposing heavy taxes on the lord and the people, recognized the power of the aristocracy and the subjects, and stipulated that imprisonment and deportation must be tried. Magna Carta was intended to protect the privileges of the clergy and nobles and to check the royal authority, not to be a modern democratic measure for the freedom of the people, but to form the basis of the British parliamentary system. When Henry III ignored Magnacarta and illegally collected taxes, in 1272, priests and nobles gathered even the subjects and held another meeting to discuss the issues. This is the origin of the British parliamentary system. In the UK, the "Petition of Right" was also adopted in 1628, making it impossible to tax the people without the consent of parliament and force them to stay in private housing. In addition, personal imprisonment should not be conducted without national law, and martial law should not be enforced in peacetime. In addition, the Tory Party, which is set in the background of the noble landlord, and the Whig Party, which is based on emerging businessmen, appeared in the 17th century, and the two-party system developed early on. The responsible cabinet system was also introduced, but it was only for the aristocratic-centered ruling class. Britain was under oligarchy until the end of the 18th century, when the Revolution broke out in the United States and the Revolution broke out in France.

However, in 1832, the 'Reform Bill' was passed in England, which granted suffrage to the middle class. It was in 1929 that a completely common election system for gender equality was implemented. The reform law was influenced by the utilitarian ideas of J. Bentham and J. Mill. However, British democratization based on gradual reform developed into a constitutional monarchy that recognized the existence of kings, and Britain's constitutional monarchy influenced many European countries. In addition, democracy in the United States and Europe has become a model for democratic development in other underdeveloped regions. Democracy appeared in a unique form against the background of each region's unique politics and culture.