● Goguryeo, founded by King Jumong, a memorial king of Goguryeo's social characteristics, is a continental power that spans the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, Manchuria, Siberia, and Mongolian grasslands, and gained power as an ancient country. The Dongga River basin in the middle of the Yalu River, where Goguryeo is located, is a major conduit for continental metal culture, but agriculture was not sufficient from the beginning, and it was surrounded by opposing forces such as Buyeo to the north, Eupru to the northeast, and Han Gunhyeon to secure an active path. This appeared as a conquest of other tribes and expansion of territory based on strong force. Goguryeo's territorial expansion project began with the subjugation of Biryuguk from the first King of Remembrance, and merged Haenginguk, Bukokjeo, Seonbi, Gudagook, Nakrangguk, and Taewon during the reign of King Mobon, Taewon, Yanggu, etc. As a result, Goguryeo secured abundant supplies on the east coast, and secured a rear base by removing threats from the back and sides, setting the stage for its advance to Liaodong. In 105 A.D., the 53rd year of King Taejo's reign, Goguryeo attacked Yodong-gun and Hyeondo-gun of Han, took away six prefectures in the Yodong region, and chased Hyeondo-gun, who had been chased from the Yalok River basin to the Sojaha basin, back to the Musun region. When King Taejo tried to advance to Liaodong again in 66th year of King Taejo's reign, Goguryeo's attack on Liaodong continued, killing Daebangryeong and capturing Nakrang Taesu's family by hitting Seoanpyeong at the entrance of the Yalu River. As such, the territorial expansion project, which began from the founding of the country, and the confrontation with the Jungwon Dynasty were the growth process of Goguryeo itself. On the other hand, internally, the governance system was reorganized in conjunction with this territorial expansion, which emerged as reinforcement of royal authority and centralization of the state system. At first, the king of Goguryeo came from the Sonobu, Sonobu, Jeolnobu, Sunnobu, and the Five Tribes, but after the change to Gyerubu, Ko's right to succeed to the throne was established and the royal family was strengthened. In addition, the centralized system was strengthened, with the O tribe, the ruling power of Goguryeo, establishing a council. However, when the people of the western region, symbolized by the Sonobu, surrendered to the Liaodong Tae-su Jeong-gang over the control of eastern forces such as Gyerubu, the late King Kukcheon adopted Eulpaso, the unknown line of the Sonobu, in 1944. Meanwhile, at the time of the rapid expansion of Goguryeo's national power, the Gangjeong clan of Liaodong occupied Nakrang-gun and established a new Daebang-gun in the south while the Jungwon continent was divided and confused into three kingdoms. After that, as the Wei Dynasty in northern China overthrew the power of the Politburo clan and extended national taxes to the east, a battle between Goguryeo and the Wei Dynasty became inevitable over the fluctuations. It was because Liaodong was not only a place where iron was abundantly buried, but also a strategic point that could be said to be the base for China's advance to the East and a shield for the Korean Peninsula. Goguryeo preemptively attacked West Anpyeong in the Liaodong Peninsula in 242 during the reign of King Dongcheon. However, this military action quickly led to a counterattack by Wei, and finally, due to the invasion of Guangugum, Hwandoseong Fortress fell, and King Dongcheon fled to the Okjeo region on the east coast, but soon returned to the capital and recovered national taxes. After that, when the power of Jin who succeeded the above weakened, King Micheon of Goguryeo occupied West Anpyeong and expelled Nakrang-gun and Daebang-gun. As a result, Han Gun-hyeon was completely destroyed, and Goguryeo succeeded in restoring Gojoseon's ancient soil, and in 314 it occupied the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, Manchuria, and Siberia. However, Goguryeo was in crisis again when it reached the late King Gogukwon, and was threatened between Jeonyeon, the Seonbi dynasty in the north, and Baekje in the south. In 342, King Mo Yong-hwang, the king of Jeonyeon, invaded Goguryeo with his own troops, captured the capital Naeseong Fortress and damaged the Tomb of King Micheon, and in 371, King Go Guk-won was attacked by Baekje and killed in Pyongyang. In order to overcome this difficulty, it was necessary to reorganize the national system and strengthen internal solidarity. The king who appeared on such a mission of the times was King So Soo-rim. In the early days of Goguryeo, which was in the stage of a tribal federation centered on the Five Tribes, there were losers or boulevard under the king, and housewives, Utae, monks, lions, and Jo Ui-in. Like the king, the chiefs of each department, each had family members such as lions, condolences, and ancestors, so the political real power was on the masters rather than the king. During Goguryeo's reign as an ancient state, the descendants of the five tribes' chiefs formed an aristocratic class. In the early days, they were called Daein, but after the formation of the ancient state, they were called Daein, and among them, red pepper was given the best honorific name to Gyerubu, Jeolnobu, and Sonobu, and they had their own Jongmyo and Yeongseongjiksa Temple. Therefore, they were able to enjoy the honor of being the highest status while retaining their own tribal traditions. Goguryeo became a bureaucratic organization as an ancient country during the reign of King Sosurim, where Yulryeong politics began, and it was further reorganized after the capital of Pyongyang. The bureaucratic grade of Goguryeo was generally divided and developed into 12 grades, and the grade was further increased to 14 grades. At that time, the relationship between bureaucrats and government posts was not yet differentiated. The bureaucratic system was gradually established in the process of subordination of the Daeso chiefs to the former king's authority and maintenance of the receiving system. The bureaucratic system of Goguryeo originally consisted of a combination of the family of "hyung," which means the chief's power, and the family of "lion," which means the direct translation of collection of study. In addition, as the original tribal chief's family body system, such as Lion and Jo Ui-in, was differentiated, it was absorbed into the central bureaucracy system such as losers, boulevard, housewives, and U-tae, and was organized as a unified ruling system. It is not clear what kind of status system was formed according to the differentiation and maintenance of officialdom, but it seems that aristocratic officials, who generally ranked 5th, discussed and supervised important national affairs in the center. The highest-ranking battalions were not appointed by the King Won, but were appointed by the election of the Central Guizhou and replaced every three years. In local administrative districts, the capital and spleen were divided into eastern, western, southern, northern, and inner Obu, respectively, and an officer named Yoksal and an administrator named Cheoryoegeunji, or Dosa, were dispatched to the local Obu. They led several castles in each province. Originally, the castle was integrated into the military and administrative units of the kingdom, and troops were deployed under the command of Seongju, and governance of local residents, such as taxation, was supposed to be carried out. The military organization was organized by the king himself as the supreme commander and had several grades of ministers. Goguryeo moved its capital four times to Hwanin, Naeseong, Hwandoseong, and Pyeongyangseong Fortress, but implemented a three-economy that took the domestic fortress (Tonggu), Hanseong (Jaeryeong), and Pyeongyangseong Fortress as political and military points. Meanwhile, Goguryeo's land system and receiving system were reorganized centrally in accordance with the establishment of the hereditary succession of kingship and the implementation of Yulryeong politics. All land in the kingdom was established and disposed of based on the principle of land nationality in the sense of royal soil. In addition to the direct royal decree, there were also dictionaries and restaurants, which became the source of large land ownership for the nobles. The dictionary was recognized for hereditary inheritance, but Sik-eup could not be inherited, and the domination of these lands was in the receipt of taxes, studies, and reversals. The process of land ownership by the nobles was first developed around the chief, and the privatization of land became common due to the expansion of the territory by the conquest war. Prisoners of war were distributed as slaves to military personnel with specialties, and these nobles expanded their land by their sensitivity or exploitation of wasteland using slaves. The general farmers cultivated their own small-scale cultivated land, but they lost the cultivated land due to various exploitation and frequent maintenance of the state and fell into farming. Goguryeo's decrees were closely related to the maintenance of the receiving system as well as control. As a human head tax, five grains or five islands of grain were collected from each person every year, and small cells were jointly paid once every three years to the farmers who did not have a vigilante, and taxes were collected by household by dividing Minho into three grades. The basis of wealth tax on farmers was more dependent on reverse labor than on land, and such reverse obligations were given to men over the age of 15 and requisitioned. In Goguryeo, land, houses, slaves, and horses were free to trade. As a remedy for the poor, the Chindae Act was also implemented to lend grain during the Spring Palace period and pay it back after harvesting it.
● Goguryeo's religion and culture The freshness of Dangun Joseon was handed down to Goguryeo through Buyeo, and Buddhism was first introduced to Goguryeo in 372 A.D., the second year of King So Soo-rim's reign, after King Jingun's King Bu-gyeon sent a Buddha statue to Sun-do. Two years later, Ado came in, and King Sousurim built Chomunsa Temple and Ibulansa Temple to have them do their best. However, Buddhism was introduced to the south earlier. In other words, Buddhism was first introduced to Gaya by Jangyuhwasang and Empress Heo in 48 AD. Buddhism was welcomed by the royal family in the course of the growth of the ancient kingdom because it not only coincided with the demand for ideological unification of the people, but also the patriotic nature of Buddhism was greatly pandered to the royal family. The idea that the state or royal family was protected through Buddhist faith was an important reason for the royal family to protect Buddhism nationally. Buddhism, in conjunction with conventional folk beliefs, not only saved individuals from diseases and disasters, but also took on the nature of the present world that protects the country. Buddhism was introduced with Daeseung Buddhism and Soseung Buddhism at the time of its introduction, but Daeseung Buddhism, especially Samronjong, developed greatly in Goguryeo, greatly influencing the development of Buddhism in Japan and China. Some of the famous monks who were active during the Goguryeo period include Seungrang and Hyerang, Damsi, who brought dozens of Gyeongryul books to King Gwanggaeto's reign, Hyeja, who was a teacher of Prince Shotoku of Japan, and Hyejong, who painted Geumdang mural. Goguryeo people loved to offer sacrifices to spirits, ghosts, and shrines, and served as a heavenly ritual in the sky, inheriting the freshness of Dangun Joseon and Buyeo, and as ancestors, God Ko and Lady Yu Hua, the mother of King Dongmyeongseong, were enshrined as goddesses. In the second year of King Daemusin, the tomb of King Dongmyeongseong, an ancestor shrine, was established in Zolbon, and afterwards, kings of the past visited the shrine and held a memorial service at Sijo Shrine. In addition, it is said that the religious ceremony of the October National Convention, the Thanksgiving Festival, was called an alliance, and the people enjoyed dancing and singing while holding a thank-you ceremony. The alliance is written in the same name in the Western Goguryeo exhibition, so it must have been referring to the founder Dongmyeongje. Goguryeo also produced many ancestors who trained in Sinseondo, and Goguryeo's Chancellor Eulpaso compiled the war account, a scripture of Sinseondo, and trained Jo Ui-in in black robes as a sample of Sinseondo. Eulpaso selected a compliant and clever young man, called Seonindorang, called the curator of education a war, and called the person who supervises martial arts and takes the initiative a person who is the predecessor of Jo. Myeongrim Dabbu was also a national statue from Jo Ui-in, and Yeon Gaesomun, who was selected as Jo Ui-in at the age of 9, also practiced the Taoism of Seonggi, Liberty, Gaemul, and Equality, and encouraged the Taoism of China when King Bojo was reversely imported. In the literature of the 8th year of King Dongcheon of Goguryeo, Samguk Sagi, there is a record that the soul of the late King Gogukcheon was descended through Muja. With the influx of study abroad in China, a national university, Taehak, was established in 372, and Gyeongdang, a private school, was established. The compilation of national history was also carried out, and 100 volumes of Yuji were earlier compiled, which were later converted into five new books by Lee Mun-jin. King Jangsu, who moved to Pyongyang, built the Yeongrak Gi Gongbi Monument, which recorded the achievements of King Gwanggaeto Ho Tae, the father of King Gwanggaeto, in 414, the second year of Geonheung, and it has been passed down so far and has become an important historical source. The inscription contains about 1,800 Chinese characters. Among the literary works that have been handed down since the Goguryeo Dynasty are the tales of the emperor, who was recited by King Yuri Myeong, while watching the two pairs playing, and Ondal, one of the most beautiful love stories in Korean history, and Princess Pyeonggang. Goguryeo people liked music, especially Wang San-ak made geomungo and wrote about 100 songs, but these songs do not exist. The Goguryeo people also blossomed a brilliant culture in terms of architecture and art. First of all, there are various fortresses left by the Goguryeo people, and according to the records of the Three Kingdoms, there were 176 fortresses at the end of Goguryeo. Hwandosanseong Fortress in the house, Onyeosanseong Fortress in Hwanin, Jangsusanseong Fortress in Nampyeong, Sinwon-gun, Hwanghae-do, Hwangnyongsanseong Fortress in Okdo-ri, Yonggang-gun, Pyeongannam-do, and Ondaesanseong Fortress in Seungan-gun, Pyeongannam-do are representative buildings. In addition, 52 buildings in 380,000 square meters are located based on the Oriental Palace, Daedongmun Gate, the south gate of Pyongyang, Anguksa Temple, Geumgangsa Temple, and Jeongneungsa Temple, which are famous as North Korea's national treasures. The roof tiles of Goguryeo are characterized by their encouragement and robustness. Goguryeo Buddhas include stone Buddha found in Daeseongsan Mountain in Pyongyang, seated Geumdojjang Bodhisattva, Geumgeun Gwaneum Bodhisattva, Geumdonginwangsang found in Pyeongcheon area, Geumdong Mireukbansang, and Soil Buddha found in Wono-ri, Pyeongnam-gun. There are two types of tombs in Goguryeo: Seokchong and Totchong, 750 including 715 stone guns in Hwanin, where Goguryeo first occurred, 12,358 including 4,973 stone guns in Tonggu, Hwandoseong Fortress and Korea, and 100 tombs near Daeseongsan Mountain in Pyongyang. Representative stone guns include Gwanggaeto Hotewangneung and Janggunchong Tomb, which reveal Goguryeo's Ungji and piled up stones up to seven stories in a huge pyramid style, and the oldest is Dongmyeongseongwangneung in Mujin-ri, Chinese-gun, Pyeongnam. It is said that Janggunchong was an Altai material culture that worshipped the sun and the earth, including the large pyramids of Egypt, the Ziggurat of Sumer, the ancient tombs of Japan, the Aztecs of the Mongols who migrated to the New World, the Mayan Sun Temple, and the Sumisan Grand Temple of India. Ssangyeongchong Tomb is a representative example of the earthen gun that built a large stone mountain where the coffin was placed and covered with the burial mound on top of it. In Goguryeo tombs, murals, which can be called the golden pagoda of oriental painting, remain, giving a glimpse of the artistic skills of Goguryeo people. The decorative murals of the ceiling of Ssangyeongchong Tomb, the main character statue of Anak No. 3 Ancient Tombs (Dongsuseol for Anak No. 3 Ancient Tombs), and the late Royal Tombs of Gogukwon, Deokheung-ri Ancient Tombs, Masanggungsul Contest Pond, Jangho-do Pond, 12th Ancient Tombsuldo, so far. The mural paintings of Goguryeo tombs were mainly composed of Buddhist elements such as lotus guns, but many also expressed the idea of Sinseondo Island. The center of the mural was changed from Sinseondo Island to the Four Gods, which is related to the character wind speed, Seungjisa-sang, Fengshui-ri, and Yinyang-Oh event-sang. It is a tomb with four gods. Samsilchongchong, Yonggang Ssangyeongchongchongchong, Daean-ri 1.2, Ancient Tombsindeokpo-ri. ● Goguryeo, which was hit hard by King Gwanggaeto Ho Tae and King Jangsu's foreign policy, and the invasion of Baekje, gained momentum with the appearance of King So Soo-rim. King Soorim established a friendly relationship with Jeon Jin, accepted Buddhism and established Taehak through Sundo sent by King Bu-Gyeon of Jeonjin, and distributed Yulryeong in 373. The acceptance of Buddhism was for the spiritual unification of the state, and the establishment of Taechak was aimed at fostering management for a new bureaucratic system. In addition, the decree was to reorganize the state organization. Therefore, during the reign of King Sosurim, the centralized system of Goguryeo was completed, and the curtain of its heyday was raised. King Gwanggaeto Ho-tae, who succeeded King Ko Guk-yang as the nephew of King So Soo-rim at the young age of 18, greatly expanded Goguryeo's territory by developing a large-scale conquest war in Manchuria and the southern part of the Korean Peninsula with strong military power. King Gwanggaeto Ho Tae completely dominated the Liaodong region, which had long fought with the Han people to the west, subjugated Sukshin in the northeast, and conquered Baekje to the south, taking over 10 castles, including Seokhyeonseong Fortress, and other fortresses in the Hangang River basin. King Gwanggaeto Ho Tae also personally led a massive offensive against Baekje in the spring of 396, captured the 700 villages of 58 castles, surrendered by King Asin, and wiped out the Japanese army invading Silla along with Gaya. In 402, Shinseong and Namsoseong, which were occupied by Huyeon, were recaptured and Pyeongju, a key military hub of Huyeon, was captured. Thanks to King Gwanggaeto's bold and active foreign expedition, Goguryeo's national power was greatly enhanced, and a grand empire spanning the Heukryong River to the north, the Han River to the south, Primorsky to the east, Inner Mongolia to the west, and Northeast China was built. King Gwanggaeto Ho Tae's great achievement was established by his son King Jangsu in the second year of Geonheung, and the Yeongrak Gigongbi Monument in Tonggu, Manchuria, is well known.
King Jangsu, who succeeded King Gwanggaeto Ho Tae, had the best heyday of Goguryeo, inheriting the achievements of his father and taking the Namjin policy during the 79th year of his reign. King Jangsu, a rare Hogul monarch, developed Goguryeo into the best power in Northeast Asia by establishing diplomatic relations with China's Northern Wei and Dongjin, keeping a deep eye on the situation in Northeast Asia at the time. In 427, he moved the capital from the national fortress of a barren mountain valley to Pyeongyangseong Fortress, located on a fertile plain, and established Anhakgung Palace to reorganize a centralized political organization. Goguryeo's visit to Pyongyang was politically motivated, but it was due to Goguryeo's policy to advance south, and it was also a way to resolve the resentment of King Gogukwon, the predecessor who died in the battle against Baekje troops. In response, Baekje felt a great threat and formed an alliance with Silla, which regarded Goguryeo's growth as an unstable situation, to counter the forces of Goguryeo. King Gaero of Baekje, who was forced to avoid the pressure of Goguryeo, sent a messenger to the North to request military support. Using this as an excuse, King Jangsu of Goguryeo captured and executed Hanseong, the capital of Baekje, with 30,000 soldiers in 475. Baekje, which was defeated in the war against Goguryeo, moved its capital to Ungjinseong Fortress in the south, and Goguryeo's landscape spread to most of Manchuria and the line from Asanman Bay to Jukryeong on the Korean Peninsula. In the late years of King Jangsu's reign, Goguryeo's proportion in East Asia became strong as it competed with the Jungwon Dynasty by forming a huge kingdom of vast territory spanning Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula. This can be seen from the fact that Silla was not only referred to as "Dong-i" during the 5th century, but also given clothing to the Silla kings and middle-class people, as shown in the Jungwon Goguryeo Monument in Chungbuk. King Munmyeong, who succeeded King Jangsu, also did not ease the pressure on Baekje and Silla. However, after King Munmyeong's death, disputes between various forces over the succession of the throne continued, making the political situation unstable and the royal authority weakened. This instability was not resolved during the reign of King Anjangtae, King Anwontae, and King Yangwontae, and eventually lost the territory of the Han River due to the attack of the Baekje and Silla allies. Source; Korea Foundation for the Promotion of Education (KEF) ' Explanation of 'Glory of the History of the Half-Year-Old Continent - Korean History as One'; Professor Ko Jun-hwan of Kyonggi University
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