The Suez Canal in France (later England) in 1869 and the Panama Canal in the United States in 1914.

 ===================== Egypt's Suez Canal ===================== The first canal was planned in 2100 BC, where Neko began connecting with the Mediterranean Sea, causing numerous casualties, and then Darius I succeeded in connecting it to the Nile River Bubastis via the Red Sea and Great Bitter Lakes around 500 BC. This waterway became an important transportation route for Arab merchants in the 7th century to transport Egyptian agricultural products, and was used for more than a hundred years before the transport of grain using the waterway was stopped due to the Muslim infighting. In 1798, Napoleon began the construction of the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, but due to a miscalculation by the chief engineer, the company was reopened in 1859 by Ferdinand, consul of Cairo's French Republic, and a total length of 161 km was opened in November 1869. In July 1956, the Suez Canal Company was nationalized by President Abdel Nasser, who took power through the 1952 military revolution, and the conflict continued, with Britain and France, which lost its vested interests, mobilizing troops to take advantage of it. The canal was then closed due to the Six-Day War in 1967, and with President Sadat's recapture of the Sinai Peninsula in 1973, it was reopened in 1975, eight years after the Egyptian government's closure. An average of 100 ships use it a day, and 14% of the world's traffic passes through the canal, and it takes about 15 hours to pass. The canal is 200 meters wide and the average depth is 20 meters, and as traffic increases, dredging continues to expand steadily, and the canal is now 173 kilometers long. The connection point across the canal to the Sinai Peninsula is four ferry stations and one undersea tunnel, which has a total length of 4 kilometers, including an access road. The canal's harbor is Suez on the Red Sea and Portside on the Mediterranean Sea. ============================= Panama Canal of Panama =========================== During the colonial period of Espanya, the Isthmus of Panama was called the "Kingdom Road" as a route for transporting silver produced by Peru's father's decree to his home country. The Spanish planned to build a canal on the Isthmus from the 16th century, but the gold rush occurred in California in the mid-19th century, raising the need for easy access from the east coast of the United States to the west coast. In response, a U.S. private company began construction of the Trans-Panamanian Railway in 1850 and completed it in 55. When the transcontinental railroad of the United States was not completed, it played an important role as a transportation route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It was a French private company that first undertook the construction of the canal in 1881 under the direction of F.M. Lesseps, who acquired the right to build the canal from the Colombian government. However, the company went bankrupt in 1989 and the canal construction was halted due to unimaginable difficulties, running out of funds, and threats of malaria and yellow fever. After a French private company failed to build a canal, it was completed by the U.S. government in the early 20th century. At that time, the United States began to advance into Asia and the Pacific region by acquiring the Philippines and Guam in 1998 due to the war with Espanya and merging Hawaii. To make this entry easier, the need for a route from the eastern coast of the United States to cross the Central American Strait to the Pacific Ocean has increased. The 67-day voyage of the Oregon warship from San Francisco to Florida via Cape Horn at the southern tip of the Americas during the war against Spain inspired American politicians and the public to realize the need for canal construction. After the war, the U.S. government began negotiations to revise the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, which banned the U.S. and British governments from exclusively building canals in Central America. In 1901, the Second Hay-Ponsport Treaty recognized the right of the United States to build a canal and fortify the canal area on its own. At that time, Nicaragua and Panama were expected to be candidates for canal construction in the Central American Strait. The United States decided to take the Panama route, negotiated with the Colombian government, and in January 1903, signed a treaty that recognized the U.S. government's construction and control of the canal in the Isthmus of Panama. However, the threat posed by the U.S. government of T. Roosevelt over the ratification led to a backlash from the Colombian parliament, which eventually refused to ratify the treaty. Meanwhile, the people of Panama, which had been increasingly separated from Colombia, were disappointed by the Colombian parliament's refusal to ratify the treaty and campaigned for independence. On November 3 of that year, they achieved independence from Colombia in the hope of support from the U.S. government. The independence was successful with the help of a U.S. warship, and the U.S. government approved the Republic of Panama on November 6. The United States soon signed a treaty on the canal with P. Vinovarya, the French ambassador to Panama. The treaty was far more favorable to the United States than it had previously signed with Colombia, and the U.S. government decided to pay the Panama government $10 million immediately and $250,000 annually nine years later to "own" the 16-kilometer-wide Panama Canal. Later, disputes continued between the two countries over which side of the treaty was the sovereignty of the canal zone, but it was in favor of the United States. When the canal was opened due to construction between 1904 and 14, it became easier for the United States to enter the Asia, Pacific, and South American Pacific regions. The Panama Canal and the Caribbean region at its mouth have increased strategic importance to the United States. Meanwhile, Panama was semi-colonial and the huge toll from the canal was taken by the United States, so it was stagnant without utilizing the country's biggest resource of transportation. In this way, Panama's economic disadvantages and discrimination against Panamanians in the canal area increased, triggering a conflict over the flag-raising of Panama in the canal area in 1964. In this case, the U.S. government began negotiations for a new canal treaty. But Panama's pressure to return the canal zone to sovereignty grew even higher under the leadership of nationalist General O. Torrijos, a coup d'état in October 1968. The canal has a huge U.S. military base and the Southern Command, which governs U.S. operations in Latin America, which is important to the U.S. military, while on the Panamanian side is at risk of becoming involved in war. Here, as several Latin American countries supported Panama's demands, the United States made concessions, signed a new canal treaty with the Panama government in September 77 and ratified it in April of the following year. The new canal treaty stipulated that the ownership and operation of the canal would be transferred to Panama at the end of 1999, a significant increase in annual payments to Panama, and Panamanians would be involved in the operation of the canal. However, due to the disadvantage that the current canal is old and it takes time for ships to pass, and ships of more than 65,000 tons cannot pass due to its narrow width, the construction of the second Panama Canal is under consideration, with three countries launching the Panama Canal Alternative Investigation Preparation Committee in 1982. For the next 85 years, U.S. control of Panama was transferred to Panama on December 31, 1999.