I.In a modern society where the preface world has entered a competitive system, the question of whether we become a great power or not is not just a matter of rich and poor, but of survival. Our ancestors mainly used history as a mirror to find the right way to govern. Unlike the West, in the East, history has lasted for thousands of years under the basic premise that the nature of man and society remains unchanged as a governing science, not just a humanities science or a romance of the rich. I think the concern about how to become a powerful country is a concern that young people who want to become leaders of this land should have. We are proud to have achieved our present national wealth through high education enthusiasm despite our narrow land and scarce resources. However, in light of its long history, countries that do not have strong markets and factors of production could easily be seen to collapse if they build barriers to their resources and markets, even if they can become strong countries through short-term rapid growth. Therefore, in the West, the European Union has already been created and each country has built regional barriers, exclusively sharing markets and production factors. However, our reality is very hopeless because we have not even formed an inter-regional consultative body yet. In order to become a superpower as soon as possible, we must not lag behind the trend of this era.
II. Causes of the Decline of Strong Countries
1. Among the premise countries are production factors such as natural resources and labor, and market factors such as population and purchasing power, namely countries rich in hinterland and those not. Traditional powers such as the United States and China and alliances between countries such as the European Union are examples of the former, while general countries such as Korea, Japan and Germany and city-states such as Singapore and Monaco are examples of the latter. In this article, the former will be referred to as a strong country, the latter as a strong country. However, according to the times, the size of the area that a capital can have is also expanded with the development of transportation, so there are countries that were located in a powerful country in the early period, unlike general practices today, in this article. France was a powerful country at the time of competition with Venice, but France as today's individual country competing with the United States is defined in this article as part of a strong country.
2. Lack of hinterland (1) - Urban countries dependent on brokerage trade are basically hard to have a population of more than a million. By the 16th century, when France had a population of 16 million and Germany reached 10 million, Venice, the most populous city-state, also had a population of only 1.45 million, including the territories. The story of the city of the sea, Shiono Nanami Hangilsa 2002, which conclusively boils down to the fact that it did not have a market to consume goods produced in the city-state. In addition, unlike territorial states, urban countries have limited the scope of the country to cities, and resources have to be procured from abroad except in extremely exceptional cases. Stronger countries, not urban countries, also have differences in degree. Except for Japan, which has a population of more than 100 million, there are no countries that can neglect exports and operate the economy, and even in this case, all strong countries have to import resources and a lot of labor from other countries. In the early stages of economic development after excessive consumptive actions, including war, strong countries achieve industrial advancement through faster growth than powerful countries and influence among countries as advanced countries. The growth factor of most of the strong countries is that they exist in areas away from the axis of confrontation between countries or in areas where they are buffered. Large amounts of capital and high-quality labor are initially introduced into these small countries to avoid pressure through non-economic factors such as powerful emperors and monarchs' wars. Strong countries develop in stability between the confrontations of powerful countries and essentially succeed in acquiring strong economic power by developing high-end industries through comparative advantages based on free trade and low-end industries against large countries. However, if the powers become interested in national wealth, such a niche strategy will lose its place. Large countries are increasingly trying to use their resources and labor to their industries, increasing the price competitiveness of their goods in the form of direct trade with foreign markets without going through intermediary zones, and using all methods, including force, to attract high industrial technology. In the 17th century, ships from England and the Netherlands traveled directly to Sicily, Naples, Sardinia, and Catalonia with goods carried by Genoa. In 1464, King Louis XI ordered French bankers to move from Genoa to Lyon. Economic powerhouse Charles p Golden Burger Magpie 105p The British castigated the Dutch's intermediary role in boosting their industries through navigation laws, three wars of English war, France's tariff war, and the Dutch invasion. Charles p. Golden Burger Magpie 166ㅔ
3. Lack of hinterland (2) - Too much obsession with land. Small countries often suffer from chronic land shortages and population density. The Netherlands, a territorial country, not to mention an urban country, has a population density of 313 people per square kilometer, which is by far the best country in Europe. Under these circumstances, movable assets such as goods and stocks continue to increase as the country grows, but real estate cannot increase except in very exceptional situations such as territorial expansion wars and reclamation. Therefore, real estate always becomes a high-income product with rising prices. Venetian merchants also became obsessed with land rather than trade and speculation occurred in the latter stages. The rise and fall of the economic power Charles P. Golden Burger Magpie 98p During the Napoleonic Wars, Venice easily surrendered in its natural fortress, including the possession of the river's outer estates of agricultural aristocrats, which became the absolute majority of the Venetian oligarchs. In the case of the Netherlands, the story of the Sea City, Shiono Nanami Hankilsa, the oligarchs neglected to lose their maritime rights by taking their income from housing, land and securities instead of taking risks at sea. In the case of Japan, the country next to the economic powerhouse Charles P. Golden Burger Magpie 167, it is well known that the famous bubble economy was due to the overheating of the real estate market. Although there were certain limitations in the economic role of real estate, the continuous rise in real estate prices regardless of economic factors is a major cause of weakening the country's competitiveness.
4. Lack of hinterland (3) - The most decisive external factor in reversing the position between a great and a small nation in the absence of a powerful army is war. Until the wars of the Middle Ages, wars were dominated mainly by knights and mercenaries, and countries with more financial power became countries with more war sustenance and war mobilization capacity. By the end of the Middle Ages, battles between high-value mercenaries were formalized like horse racing. My friend Machiavelli Ciono Nanami Hankilsa broke this trend in France after the Hundred Years' War with Britain. France was centralized through the Hundred Years' War, and in the War of the Confederacy, 30,000 troops were mobilized to defeat Venetian troops and march to Rome. Charles P. Golden Burger Magpie 99p, the economic powerhouse, stopped France not by Italian mercenaries, but by conscripts from Habsburg. The Turks, which were more modern than Europe at the time, mobilized hundreds of thousands of troops to rob Venetian maritime colonies such as Crete Cyprus and fulfilled their requirements. The climax of this trend was in France during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, where the French lost most of their officers due to the departure of the aristocracy, but through endless conscription, they merged Prussia, Austria, Italy, and Germany. It is the best example that monetary wealth does not play a big role in the face of conscripted powerful force.
5. Failure to divide roles - Countries that are competitors but have not become cooperators can think of a coalition of strong countries as a way to overcome these problems. However, in history, the small powers never thought of a coalition, although they competed with each other. According to the relationship between Genoa and Florence Venice, Florence and other Italian city-states may have grown into the biggest power since the Renaissance by breaking away from the continuous attacks of France and Habsburg if they had formed an alliance with the Mediterranean and the Black Sea through sailing ships. The Hanseatic League of Northern Europe maintained its primitive trade practices beyond the use of bills, and the economic powerhouse Charles P. Golden Burger Magpie 138p Germany was forced to be thoroughly swayed by the interests of neighboring powers until the Frankfurt Conference in 1840 failed due to be unified by Prussia. In the modern society of Martin Kitchen, the German construction company, Cambridge, the barriers between countries seem to be gradually lowered, but it is still difficult to continue cooperation when national interests differ. Charles P. Golden Burger Magpie 360p, an economic powerhouse, suggests the EU's problems, which once seemed to be the axis against the United States.
III. Attempting to Escape from a Strong Country
1. Colonization and imperialism Many powerful countries tried to secure markets and supply production factors through colonization. In the past, even countries that were powerful countries tried to gradually move away from their home countries and develop production activities in larger areas with the development of transportation and the expansion of capital. Domestic industries protected through mercantilism gradually turned to liberalism to get out of the country's territory, and in this process, Britain continued to reduce and eliminate tariffs, becoming the biggest beneficiary of the economic power, Charles p Golden Burger Magpie 218. In 1890, even attempts were made to reduce or abolish the government tax on imports from colonial or autonomous territories. The economic power rise and fall Charles Golden Burger magpie 219p The imperial colonial rule cost a lot of money to defend the empire, and paying for it became a mid-class taxpayer, and the benefits of George III, who demanded the sharing of defense costs, led to the American Revolution. Unlike the economic powerhouse Charles p Golden Burger Magpie 221p, colonies that invaded and annexed other peoples for exploitation increased defense costs due to continued resistance and eventually were liquidated after the end of World War II and the widespread spread of national self-determination. It can be said that attempts to escape a small country through colonialism and imperialism are no longer possible today, when wars for territorial expansion and invasion are illegal.
2.Unlike the EU-style acquisition of state-led federation-type hinterland, a realistic alternative is a comparative advantage strategy through federation between countries, which obtains resources and markets. The union type can be divided into a state-led coalition type and a federal-led coalition type depending on whether the leading force is the union itself or an individual state. The most democratic and realistic way is in the form of a state-led coalition. A case in point is the European Union. In a broad sense, economic partners such as ASEAN and NAFTA can also be seen as the same object as the European Union in the current field, which focuses on the economy. The European Union has once emerged as another pillar against the United States. It is said that the European Union will go through a gradual phase and eventually move to a federal-led state union phase. However, recently, the EU Constitution was rejected in France. In addition, the conflict of interest between leading and latecomers within the EU is a very serious situation. In relation to Germany and France, which are the two pillars of the EU, the majority of Germany's agricultural press money will be received by France, the same leading country, not by the latecomer, is one of the contents that intensifies the conflict. In the end, according to selfishness between countries, the form of state-led coalition always poses a risk of being broken. In the case of OPEC, they try to gain profits by controlling oil, but as the suspect's dilemma theory, if the interests of each country do not match, they are showing an attitude of breaking the agreement without hesitation. The failure of the European Union is still difficult to confirm early, but it is likely to end up as an ideal solution if it does not benefit from clearly surpassing the U.S. or if the threat from the U.S. is not amplified so much that it feels realistic.
3. Federal-led federation of Germany The federal-led federation form is a federation form that is still difficult to realize in the international community where the state is the main body. However, although the axis of the Comekon centered on the Soviet Union and the free camp centered on the United States during the Cold War are similar, it may be considered that they realized a federally-led coalition form in modern times. In addition, considering that the United States is not a single country, but the United States of each state, the United States is also a very successful example as a federal country. The question is whether individual countries will give up their vested interests and follow federal control. Of course, the German federally-led coalition is also problematic. In Germany, forced integration failed to reconcile interests among interest groups, causing confusion in the economic power upstart Charles p Golden Burger Magpie 243 and expressing this hostility outside the country was a major cause of World War I. In the United States, the conflict of views between the southern part of the liberal preference and the northern part of the protectionist preference caused the Civil War. However, Germany (256P), which was once said to be 100 years behind Britain, was able to catch up with Britain because it quickly caught up with the rigid British industry through centralization and organization. Charles p Golden Burger Magpie 257p
IV. Our Choice
1. Realistic threat I think the path we should take is probably the path of a Northeast Asian federal system that entrusts the federation with economic, defense, and foreign affairs that are impossible to withdraw from. Currently, there are two major threats in Northeast Asia. It is China, which is rapidly emerging economically, and Japan, which is turning right. China is already attracting resources and capital from the global market to the point where it is said to be a black hole in the global economy. Our resources and capital can also be absorbed by China's rapid growth. In the case of Taiwan, it is said that investment in Taiwan itself has stagnated due to investment in China and is experiencing a recession. If our capital continues to flow into China, a just-activated venture market, there is no guarantee that we will not experience this phenomenon. Japan's rightward shift is also likely to add to the instability factor for our security, increasing the expendable cost of arms competition with Japan. Korea, Japan, and Taiwan, except for China, which is a major powerhouse, will take measures to overcome this situation.It is a cooperation and division of labor between strong and small countries such as ASEAN. In reality, however, Korea and Japan have a similar industrial structure, making it difficult to cooperate, and ASEAN is cautious because the national economy may be absorbed by large capital such as Japan. In particular, it is very difficult for us to form a collective economic community with these countries at a time when even an FTA between countries is difficult due to strong resistance from internal stabilizers. However, the only way to protect our sovereignty without being subjugated by the Chinese economy is to form a federally-led economic cooperation between powerful countries in Northeast Asia.
2. Countermeasures In the short term, it is necessary to select and concentrate strategies based on comparative advantages between countries. However, this may lead to backlash from latecomers, making it impossible to form an economic union itself. There is a great concern in that the EU-style subsidy system can be distorted as much as possible and increase mutual distrust. In particular, due to the nature of Asia, which has a stronger nationalist tendency than the West, these problems may have more serious consequences. Therefore, in the long run, there is a need for a strong federal government that can quickly adjust economic problems to problems at the federal level, not national ones. In order for each country to overcome exclusive selfishness, it is necessary to raise a sense of kind and strengthen cooperation. However, it is also an important issue to prevent this from flowing into a radical and radical nationalist orientation, as was the case in Germany, and causing problems externally.
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