Read the Manchu war again - Gwanghaegun and Nurhachi, and the Ming Dynasty V.

 Gwanghaegun tried not to stimulate Nurhachi throughout the reign. However, as long as the relationship between Myeong and Geonju was creaking, Joseon could not be free from the conflict between the two.

The first thing that stands out in the foreign policy taken by Gwanghaegun, including countermeasures against Nurhachi, is that he tried to collect information related to the other party.

In August 1608, Joya of the Joseon Dynasty was nervous at the rumor that "Nurhachi is trying to attack Joseon in the future by building a ship."In January 1610 (the 2nd year of Gwanghaegun), rumors circulated in the Hutuala area that Joseon would unite with Ming to conquer Geonju Yeojin, and that Joseon's disease is already waiting along the Yalu River.

● Work hard to collect information.

At a time when Nurhachi attacked the aftershocks, war clouds were circulating, and relations with the great were getting strained, various rumors were rampant around Manchuria.

Joseon and Geonjuyeojin were also caught up in inaccurate information and could lead to a dangerous military confrontation.

In this situation, Gwanghae-gun urged non-vaccine officials to come up with countermeasures, keeping in mind the possibility of Nurhachi's invasion.

What he emphasized most of all was to properly perform the spine and properly utilize spies to collect information related to Nurhachi.

Gwanghae-gun ordered the gods to send smart figures to the Nurhachi camp to grasp their trends. He had a theory that "the traffic of lions should not be stopped even when a war is in full swing between the two countries.In 1611, he offered an apple, a sixth-class position, to Ha Se-guk, who returned after being detained as a prisoner in the Nurhachi camp. It was a paving stone to utilize his aftershock skills and knowledge.

At that time, it was true that Joseon lacked the ability to spy on the other party's trends compared to Japan and aftershocks. Japan was well aware of the importance of information because it experienced the national era in which great masters fought for supremacy for a long time. In particular, he knew clearly about the situation of Joseon through his early Japanese activities and his experience living in Waegwan. It is well known that the Japanese of Tsushima, who spoke Korean well and were familiar with the geography of Joseon during the Japanese Invasion of Korea, served as a local guide leading the invading army.

Nurhachi's construction company also had excellent ability to grasp information from neighboring countries. In particular, the ability to catch the other person off guard by using spies or using anti-gange was excellent.

Even the intellectuals of the Ming Dynasty admitted, "The Geonju Yeojinin is the best at espionage activities, and because of the respondents, they fall with a solid castle sitting down."

It was natural that Joseon's ability to spy on war, which was focused on literature and did not know the war for 200 years since its foundation, was weak. Gwanghae-gun was a person who suffered from the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, so he had an "information mind."

It was no different from other intellectuals at the time that Gwanghae-gun perceived Geonju Yeojin as an " inferior being" and an "orangkae" compared to Joseon. He also referred to Nurhachi and the Yeojin as "Nochu" and "Gyeonyang." Nevertheless, Gwanghaegun's policy on Nurhachi was flexible.

His basic idea was that "it is useless to put humanity and reason on the ignorant and fierce orangae." Instead of calling them useless Hwarang by stimulating them, let's maintain the relationship while adequately satisfying economic needs.

●Use a trick.

Gwanghaegun's policy was close to a trick."Taste" refers to tying a cow or horse's face with a hoop. In the way China dealt with the surrounding people, including the terrible anger, the key is to keep in check but not completely cut off the relationship.

Gwanghaegun tried to avoid adventures while maintaining a relationship with Nurhachi. He also tried to avoid being dragged into the conflict between Ming and Nurhachi with all his might.

This is because they recognized that they had no choice but to fail if they meet the war again in a situation where they suffered disastrous wounds through the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, and the aftereffects were not healed.

Until the middle of Gwanghaegun's reign, such efforts and policies were somewhat successful. This is because the relationship between Ming and Nurhachi has not yet reached its worst, and Gwanghaegun himself led the political scene well.

Moreover, the fact that there were many "veterans" who were active during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, among the gods who were in Bibyeonsa Temple at the time, also had a great influence.

They were Lee Won-ik, Lee Hang-bok, Lee Deok-hyung, Lee Jeong-gu, Yoon Geun-soo, and Hwang Shin. They served as inspectors and military judges during the Japanese Invasion of Korea and carried out wars on the front line, and were experienced figures who faced the command of the Ming army or the Japanese military. Gwanghae-gun was able to meet them frequently and develop knowledge and sense of measures related to the periphery and the international situation.

● come up with a self-help plan.

While collecting information and comforting Nurhachi through taste measures, Gwanghaegun never neglected to prepare military countermeasures for the worst-case scenario.

The most important thing Gwanghaegun emphasized was to develop and secure new weapons such as guns and artillery.

At that time, Nurhachi's horseback riding platform was so powerful that it was called Ironware. It was common sense at the time that it was impossible to confront the "steel-like equestrian stand" on the plain, and it was best to enter the castle and use a cannon to suppress it.

Gwanghae-gun expanded and reorganized the firearm in 1613 (5th year of Gwanghae-gun) to cast various artillery, while also making special efforts to secure salt, a gunpowder ingredient.

It was his attitude toward Japan that drew attention regarding Gwanghaegun's efforts to secure weapons.

He instructed the carrier leaving for Japan to purchase guns and long swords. This was because they recognized the excellence of Japanese weapons even in the situation at the time when Japan was regarded as an "enemy that cannot be together forever." It was in the same context that in 1609 (the 1st year of Gwanghaegun), he had already defeated opposition from the surroundings and resumed diplomatic relations with Japan.

In the reality that tensions in the northwest were rising due to Nurhachi, the judgment that it could not insist on a cold relationship with Japan until some time worked.

Gwanghaegun was a clear realist when it comes to foreign relations.

Gwanghaegun also tried to secure troops and appoint excellent commanders. As a fundamental measure to secure troops, the Hoppae Act was implemented, and military service was frequently held.

After 1622 (Gwanghae-gun 14), all successful applicants of the military department were assigned to the periphery. After the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, Kwak Jae-woo, who was living in seclusion in Hyang-ri, was called up and sacrificed to Bukbyeongsa Temple. Gwanghae-gun also worked hard to reorganize Ganghwado Island by assuming the worst "scenario" in which the city fell due to Nurhachi's invasion. It was regarded as the "last bastion" and was repaired from time to time and stockpiled with troops.

However, it was the work of King Injo to use Ganghwado Island as a refuge.

In 1623, Gwanghae-gun was deposed by Injo Banjeong and exiled to Ganghwado Island.Did he think that "The Last bastion" would be his exile?

Read the Manchu war again - Gwanghaegun, Nurhachi, and the Ming Dynasty IV.

 ● Surprised by Lee Seong-ryang's conspiracy to bomb.

In July 1608, about five months after his inauguration, a secret funeral was flown from the establishment of Dongjisa Temple, which was going to Beijing. Gwangnyeong Chongbyeong Lee Seong-ryang conquered Joseon and established Gunhyeon to make it a direct decree. 었다 was the news that he posted a spell to the emperor. 

It was a bolt out of the blue in the dry sky. I thought I was barely taking a breather after the death of Eom Il-goe, but something unexpected happened. During the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, what Joseon was most afraid of was Myeong's rush to take the direct control of Joseon direct control. However, the rumors heard were unusual.

It is not Lee Seong-ryang's thoughts alone, but the Doorsa Temple was also raised. "We should take advantage of the dispute between brothers in Joseon as an opportunity. 는 has also been told. 

Who is Lee Seong-ryang? He was Lee Yeo-song's father and a powerful warlord in Liaodong. He has been in his current position for such a long time that he has been called Ritaya and had a great influence. Many of the officials in Liaodong and Shandong were from his family or barracks. In addition, even before the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, he was well aware of the internal situation of Joseon. 

Gwanghae-gun asked the newcomers for countermeasures. Byeongjo Panseo Lee Jeong-gu opened his mouth. He diagnosed that Lee Seong-ryang's drooling in Joseon because of the fertile land and the production of ginseng and silver. Lee Jung-gu also said Nurhachi, which is connected to Lee Sung-ryang, is more problematic. 

Lee Sung-ryang's true feelings are unknown, but if he attacks Joseon, he is likely to use Nurhachi's troops. Lee Jung-gu ordered that the defense posture of the Pyeongan-do region, which is connected to the land of Nurhachi, should be improved to prepare for an emergency. 

Fortunately, Lee Seong-ryang's response to Sangju was negative. It has been reported that Song Il-han and Sahak-cheon, who are in the middle of military service, dismissed Lee Seong-ryang's claim. Although Joseon had flaws, Lee Seong-ryang's request was wrong because there was no crime of killing the king like Yeon Gaesomun and the manners of his officials were not violated by serving the Ming Dynasty. 는 was the content. Song Il-han insisted that Lee Sung-ryang be dismissed and summoned. Thanks to Song Il-han and others' refutation, it ended with a "happening", but it was an incident that showed that Gwanghaegun could continue to be hampered by the Ming Dynasty's newcomers because he was the second. The awareness of Nurhachi connected to Lee Seong-ryang also served as an opportunity to increase. 

●'Original dispute' Hurry up and put yourself to sleep

Gwanghae-gun hurried to officially obtain a book peak from Myeongjeong, while strengthening its inspection of fluctuations in the wake of the Lee Seong-ryang incident. Although Im Hae-gun passed away, he desperately needed a title book to block disputes over his legitimacy and serve as king properly. 

Even until March 1609, more than a year after his inauguration, Myeong did not proclaim Gwanghaegun as King of Joseon. In the diplomatic document sent to Joseon, the name "Gwanghae-gun, State Preceptor Kwon Seo-guk of Joseon" was used. National Preceptor Kwonseo means a person in charge of national affairs temporarily. 

Soon after, in June 1609, a bookkeeper under the name arrived in Seoul. The usefulness of the sense of compassion was him. Taesam refers to an eunuch. There were many names that called the eunuch, Chodang, Chosi, and Eomin. In the early Joseon Dynasty, the name of the speaker was also used a lot. 

The memories of the Ming Dynasty's inns that went to Joseon in the 15th century were not good. This is because there were so many demands and bribes. Moreover, many of them were from Joseon. However, it was more powerful against the backdrop of the Ming emperor's favor. Yoon Bong during the reign of King Sejong and Jeongdong during the reign of King Seongjong were representative figures. 

However, Yoo Yong was a more powerful figure. He was the second-largest figure in the Ming Dynasty among thousands of visitors. Why on earth did he come to Joseon? Gwanghaegun was on high alert until he arrived in Uiju and came up to Seoul. 

Yoo Yong was openly talked about even before crossing the Yalu River. "If you step into the Joseon border, you will surely get 100,000 nyang of silver." After arriving in Uiju, he said to entertain him only with silver. He said he didn't need a meal or tea ceremony if he gave him silver. When silver was scarce, it did not move. It wasn't just that. Among his entourage, many merchants entered Joseon to find a foundation. They also put out a lot of ready-made items and forced them to buy them. 

In the end, Yoo Yong came to deliver the emperor's directive to preach Gwanghaegun and took 60,000 nyang of silver. The royal court's official language shouted not to comply with the request of usefulness. However, Gwanghae-gun ordered him to be given preferential treatment. This is because it was urgent to officially finish the bookkeeping somehow.

● accepts the greedy customs of the name.

"It was expensive to come, and when you go back, you have to pay here and there." ´ This is the story of Yoo Yong-yi, who ripped out 60,000 nyang. After Eom Il-goe and Man Ae-min grabbed a stream in Joseon, the officials of Myeongyeong tried to come out to Joseon. 

The wind blowing in the name of the first half of the 17th century was enormous. In the background, the distribution of silver was located. At that time, Spanish and Portuguese merchants packed silver and flocked to the Ming Dynasty to purchase Chinese raw silk and ceramics. The silver was usually mined in the New World South America and Japan. Hundreds of thousands of kilograms of silver poured in every year were distributed to every corner of the Ming Dynasty. It was also sprayed on the land of Manchuria, where Nurhachi took place, as a purchase price for ginseng or fur. 

Silver was convenient to transport, so bribery was enough. In fact, Yunbong and Jeongdong, who came from the 15th century, also took a huge bribe, but it was usually indigenous. It was bulky and heavy, such as animal leather such as leopard skin and textiles such as triangles, horse saddle, and copper products. It took a huge number of scoops to carry them. The people's eyes could not have been good looking at the procession carrying bribery. Compared to that, it was too easy to carry silver. 

In 1610, a noun came to proclaim the son of Gwanghaegun as the crown prince. He was also a character named Yeomdeung and was also a hall. His goal was to rip off more than the amount Yoo Yong received. When the bridge of the Imjin River was lost due to a flood when entering Seoul from Kaesong, he received 1,000 nyangs of silver under the pretext of delay in his journey. 

The behavior that appeared after arriving in Seoul was spectacular. I asked him to make a silver ladder. It was to take a ride called Cheongyo and cross Namdaemun to perform a book bongrye. He eventually took tens of thousands of nyang. Woo Eui-jeong Shim Hee-soo said that Yeomdeung is not a person. 

Gwanghae-gun just moved on again this time. He didn't want to repeat his footsteps, which had been a crown prince for as long as 17 years but had not been approved by his name. 

To prepare tens of thousands of nyang of silver, I had to squeeze out a lot of blood. It was so difficult to deal with the people after the Imjin War. But it wasn't just people. Now there was a much more daunting task of putting both ends between the name and Nurhachi.

Read the Manchu war again - Gwanghaegun and Nurhachi, and the Ming Dynasty III.

 It wasn't just that. The attitude of King Bu's ancestors toward Gwanghaegun was also changing.This was especially the case from around 1600 (33rd year of King Seonjo's reign).

● Seonjo and Gwanghaegun's morning door are cold.

At that time, King Seonjo lived in Jeongneung-dong Haenggung-Today's Deoksugung Palace. Gwanghaegun went to greet his ancestors every morning, but King Seonjo rarely brought him to his room and refused to meet him.

The Annals of Seonjo on March 30, 1600 states that King Gwanghae would stay at the outer gate of the temple and return whenever he visited. It was natural for Gwanghaegun to be anxious about the cold attitude of the ancestors.According to the 1601 record, Gwanghae-gun visited in the morning and lunch. It would have been an action that reflected the anxiety arising from the cold attitude of the ancestors, and the anxiety of wanting to be recognized more.

In 1600, when Jungjeon Park passed away, the situation became more difficult. In October of the following year, Yejo suggested to his ancestors to remarry, citing that the site of the Jungjeon Hall has been vacant for a long time. King Seonjo accepts it without much hesitation.

● Prince's refusal to rebuild the bar and exclusion from argument.

In April 1602, the court's officials suggested that the Ming Dynasty send a chief envoy to request the Crown Prince's bookkeeping again. King Seonjo rejects it underground.The reason was that "Humankind stands right away only when you first recommend the book of the Middle Kingdom to make the position of the national mother right, and then request the prince'servings of the Crown Prince."

It was not the "senior" who offered to step down from the throne 15 times during the Imjin War.In 1603, when there was a rice paddy-faceted practice in which people who tried to overcome the national crisis were condemned as meritorious retainers during the Japanese Invasion of Korea, Shinryo suggested that Gwanghae-gun should also be included as meritorious retainers. It was argued that the achievements of the dispute activities should be recognized.

King Seonjo refused to do that either.

The attitude of ancestors was clearly a check against Gwanghaegun. During the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, there was a flaw in the authority of the earth, and I did not know that the resentment that was sold by the command of Myeonggun as an incompetent king and an object to be deposed was directed at Gwanghaegun. Power certainly could not be shared even among the rich.

In February 1602, King Seonjo welcomed the daughter of Lee Jo Jeong-rang and Kim Je-nam as a new queen. Queen Inmok, who had a bad relationship with Gwanghae-gun that could not be the same as Hwadong. Four years later, a son was born in Queen Inmok's body.

The road ahead of Prince Gwanghaegun was literally in the midst of mountains.When King Seonjo showed a lukewarm attitude toward requesting "Prince's Bookbong," some Shinryo judged that his mind had already left Gwanghaegun.

When Prince Yeongchang was born, Shinryo appeared in front of Prince Yeongchang. Yeonguijeong Yoo Young-kyung was a representative figure.Since March 1607, King Seonjo has been recovering from a minor illness, and in October, he collapsed and lay down in a sickbed.On October 11, King Seonjo said he would give Gwanghaegun a front-line position by lowering a memorandum from the sickbed. If it is not possible, he ordered to leave the regent at least.

Yoo Young-kyung and others desperately hung on to their ancestors lying on the sickbed.He appealed, "You can be in charge of affairs in this state, so take the order of the frontiers or regents." In the meantime, he attempted to hide the contents of the monument given by his ancestors.

Gwanghae-gun also stayed in the palace after King Seonjo collapsed and entered Sijil-Byeongguwan. Time was flowing in tension.

In January 1608, Jeong In-hong, a former chief judge, appealed to his ancestors and suggested that Gwanghaegun should hand over the throne and devote himself to taking care of himself. He also urged Yoo Young-kyung to punish him because she interfered with the legitimate potential. It was another unexpected situation. King Seonjo was furious at the contents of Jeong In-hong's appeal. He lowered his guard again and said, "If you do not get approval from the name, you may take issue with the name later." Immediately after he collapsed, he said he would immediately challenge, but after hearing Jeong In-hong's appeal, his mind shook again.

Prince ● 16 years... To overcome domestic and international checks and ascended the throne.

Gwanghaegun was lying down close.

"I was in a position that I couldn't handle, but I couldn't die because they suddenly told me to do Jeonseob." Yoo Young-kyung's dissuasion of Jeon Seop is not different from what I meant, but I just want to die because Jeong In-hong has made an unspeakable remark."

Gwanghaegun was at a crossroads in a situation where he did not know what would be said from the mouth of his furious ancestors.

On February 1, 1608, King Seonjo passed away. Gwanghaegun was crowned. It was the first time in 16 years that he became a crown prince.

Soon after, on February 6, he sent Lee Ho-min, the Yeonneung Buwon-gun, to Beijing as the Gobucheongsi Seungseupsa. It was a mission to inform the Ming court of the ascension of the ancestors and ask them to give him a posthumous title, and to get approval for the throne of Gwanghaegun.

The adjustment of the name was by no means formidable.

On April 12, when Lee Ho-min and his party posted a main copy asking for the approval of Gwanghaegun's ascension, the honorary department kicked it again and fell down. Still, his second son, Gwanghae-gun, could not approve it.

Confused, Lee Ho-min said, "Imhae-gun was unable to handle the crown prince's position due to stroke." Then, Yebunangjung of the name demanded to bring back the main copy proving that Imhae-gun refused the throne. It wasn't just that. Myeongjeong ordered Yodongdosa Temple in Liaoyang to enter Joseon and understand the situation directly.

It was the source of trouble that sounded like a "middle wind."

On June 15, Vice Minister Myung Eom Il-goe and Man Ae-min entered Seoul. They insisted on meeting Im Hae-gun in person. At that time, Imhae-gun was exiled to Gyo-dong, Ganghwa-do, accused of being a reverse mother.

● Silver, untie the crisis

It was a difficult task. I didn't know what Lim Hae-gun would say to them. In some ways, he was likely to catch another decisive weakness in his command.

In that case, how hard and boring will it be to have a scuffle?

Gwanghae-gun and the Joseon Dynasty solved silver in this passage. He gave tens of thousands of nyangs of silver to Eom Il-goong and Man Ae-min.After being treated as a "chuksa," they interviewed Im Hae-gun and told the Joseon gods.

"Tell the king not to be merciless by protecting Imhae-gun well." Then, he took a silver gwak and went home.

In no time, Gwanghae-gun became the "king."

Gwanghaegun was forced to use silver as a bribe to overcome political difficulties, but it set a bad precedent. After Eom Il-goong and Man Ae-min visited, officials from the Ming Dynasty in Liao-dong warmed their mouths. This is because I heard that Eom Il-goe and others caught a big catch in Joseon.

Since then, celebrities who come to Joseon have opened their hands without exception.

After the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, Joseon faced not only the military threats of Nurhachi but also the "economic threats" of celebrities.

Read the Manchu war again - Gwanghaegun and Nurhachi, and the Ming Dynasty II.

 Immediately after losing the Battle of Byeokje in January 1593, Byeongsangseo Seokseong, the chief officer of Myeonggun, sent Shim Yu-kyung to the Japanese military camp in Seoul. Shim Yu-kyung reached an agreement with Yukinaga Konishi that the Japanese troops would withdraw to the south after negotiations.

● The true intentions of the title revealed in the strengthening negotiations. 

The requirements that the two sides put forward in the four more years of strengthening negotiations were complicated. Konishi said, "Only when the emperor of the Ming Dynasty is given as the concubine of the emperor, 4 degrees of Joseon territory is removed, trade is allowed, and Joseon's prince is sent hostage to Japan can he withdraw from Joseon." Shim Yu-kyung said, "Only when the Japanese military completely withdraws from Joseon will Hideyoshi Toyotomi be proclaimed as the king of Japan." It was a difference in conditions in which an agreement could not be reached.

However, the Myeonggun command needed tangible results, saying, "Japanese troops withdrew from Seoul," to alleviate internal dissatisfaction with the increasing war expenses burden and defeat of the Byeokje Battle. The Japanese military was also determined to step back to the southern coast and watch the attitude of the title while taking a breath. The withdrawal of the Japanese military from Seoul was a "temporary achievement" in which both interests matched. Soon after, on April 20, 1593, something amazing happened along the Han River.

In order to "protect" the Japanese troops withdrawing to the south, the soldiers of the Ming army were blocking the Joseon army. The command of the Ming army grabbed Byeon Yang-jun, a Joseon general who was chasing the Japanese army, tied his neck with a chain, and hit it hard. Kwon Yul of the Jeolla auditor, who defeated the Japanese army at Haengjusanseong Fortress and led the chase, was summoned by Lee Yeo-song. It was a crime to attack or chase the Japanese army in violation of the guidelines of the Ming military command.

The Japanese army, which safely escaped Seoul under Myeonggun's "escort," did not intend to withdraw while staying on the southern coast. Myeonggun also tried to keep the Japanese army in check by deploying troops at the main point of Samnam, but did not show any fighting spirit.

The war was twisting strangely.

● Gwanghaegun, lead the armed forces to understand the public's feelings

It was also a quagmire for the command of the Ming army, including Seokseong. For the emperor, thanks to Shim Yu-kyung's performance, the Japanese army was guaranteed to step down soon and improve after the war, but the Japanese army remained motionless. In addition, the commanders of the Myeonggun stationed in Samnam shouted that the military and military supplies were insufficient.

In the meantime, it was the Korean people who died. The inconvenience of Myeonggun, who simply entered a long-term presence without willingness to fight, was severe. Looting and rape were carried out by military generals who were released from military service everywhere. On the one hand, he suffered from the Japanese army, and on the other hand, he had to suffer from the Ming army.The betrayal I felt from Myeong-gun, who was considered "our side," was great. Among the people, lamented, "Myeonggun is Chambit and the Japanese is Irlebit." The public sentiment in the Myeonggun area became uneasy.

When the Myeonggun stationed in the provinces said that Joseon's support was insufficient, the Myeonggun command began to peck at the ancestors and the Joseon Dynasty.In October 1593, the Myeonggun command asked Gwanghaegun to go down to Samnam and oversee hospitality for Myeonggun. In the background of the request, there was distrust that 'the incompetent ancestors were incredible.'In November 1593, Gwanghae-gun went south again.

Until returning to Seoul in August 1594, he led an organization called Mugunsa and traveled around Chungcheong-do and Jeolla-do. In particular, in December 1593, we were able to hear more about the war situation and public sentiment in Jeolla-do from Park Kwang-jeon, a master during his prince days in Jeonju.

Park Kwang-jeon informed Gwanghae-gun of the reality of Jeolla-do in crisis. Although the Japanese military is stationed in Geoje Island, if it enters the Seomjingang River through Jinhae and Goseong, the safety of Jeolla-do cannot be guaranteed. What Park Kwang-jeon particularly emphasized was "to deal with public sentiment."

He announced the reality that most of the supplies needed to carry out the war were being requisitioned in Jeolla-do at the time, and the situation in which a number of people were fleeing due to various taxes and labor, and urged them to punish violent local officials to console local public sentiment. Although it was pushed by the command of the Ming army, it was a valuable experience for Gwanghaegun to see the horrors of the mint chocolate groaning in the pain of the war. It was certainly from such an experience that he tried to avoid being caught up in the war between Ming and Nurhachi after ascension.

● Myeong, shake Gwanghaegun.

Gwanghaegun's status as a crown prince seemed to have been solidified through military activities. But it wasn't.

This is because the adjustment of the reputation has been hampered. From 1594, Joseon requested the Ming Dynasty to appoint Gwanghae-gun as the crown prince.

Gwanghae-gun contributed to overcoming the war, citing the justification that the whole people were praising him.

Myeongjeong refused Joseon's request. Since Gwanghae-gun is not the eldest, but the second, he gave the reason that if he is condemned, the "order of Jangyu" will collapse.

Then King Seonjo appealed for approval of Gwanghaegun, citing the circumstances that "the eldest son, Lim Hae-gun, has ordinary qualities and is difficult to act as a king due to surprise symptoms after being captured by the Japanese military."

Myungeun refused again.A total of five times by 1604, the chief government official went to Beijing, but it remained the same.

In a reply to Joseon, Honorary Ministry said, "Gwanghae-gun is wise." He urged Gwanghaegun to step down from the crown prince position, saying, "A wise man does not do anything that goes beyond his turn." Of course, there was a quick situation that Myeongjeong refused Gwanghaegun. At that time, it was connected to the situation in which Shin Jong-in delayed the appointment of his eldest son, Ju Sang-rak, as the crown prince with Ju Sang-soon in mind between Jeong Gwibi. The Ministry of Fame was concerned that if Gwanghaegun was approved hastily, it might give a justification for the new species to push out its eldest son and label Ju Sang-soon as the crown prince.

The attitude of the title was also "intended" to shake Joseon. In 1418, when King Taejong pushed out his eldest son, Prince Yangnyeong, and replaced the crown prince with his third son, Prince Chungnyeong (the latter King Sejong), Jin had approved it without hesitation. Given the precedent of Prince Chungnyeong, the attitude of the title was clearly dual.

In the issue of Crown Prince Chaekbong, which was customary to comply with Joseon's request, it was also intended to pose as a "upper country."

The intention was to continue to reject the request for approval and melt Gwanghaegun's sorrowful soy sauce to the point of melting it, and then to show off by allowing it to be a bookkeeping as if giving it a big favor.

The intention was to "rescue" Joseon by sending troops and to tame Joseon by emphasizing their "grace" of acknowledging Gwanghaegun, who was not even qualified.

It was the prelude to predict that after the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, Ming would become a much more burdensome being to Joseon than in the past. In fact, as Nurhachi's challenge intensified, the temptation to use the "tamed" Joseon also grew.

Phoenicians who dominated the sea.

 People of Semitic descent settled on the coasts of Lebanon, Syria, and Israel around 3000 BC and built many cities. They are the Phoenicians. The cities they created include Viblos, Tyrus, Sidon, Baalbek, and Ugarit. It is a city created by the Phoenicians of Carthago, who later fought three Punic wars with Rome.

  Phoenician was an important maritime country in the Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean Sea, which means "the sea in the middle of the ground," spans Europe and Asia. The Phoenicians sailed around the Mediterranean Sea by boat from an early age, and through trade, they gained great power. That's why the western part of the Mediterranean Sea was also called the Lake of Phoenician.

  The adventurous Phoenicians sailed over the Strait of Gibraltar by boat to the Atlantic Ocean. It is said that they even went to the ports of Northern Europe and the coast of Africa to do business. The Phoenicians exported gold, silver, ivory, glass crafts, cedar, wine, and olive oil. In particular, Tyrus was the center of purple dye production named Tyrian Purple. The name "Penikia" also comes from the Greek word for purple.The Phoenicians were able to dominate the sea thanks to the technology of building excellent ships. Phoenician ships were made very strong, and ships, including about 60 rowing slaves, sailed full, and ships carried by soldiers guarded them for safety.

  The Phoenicians also played a role in conveying culture because they traveled around the world for business. It was thanks to Phoenician merchants that Orient's culture was able to be passed down to Europe.

  Phoenician merchants told not only alphabets but also other countries how to make glass bowls. As for the first person to make glass, there are theories that he is Egyptian and that he is a Phoenician merchant, but it is not clear.

  The cities established by the Phoenicians were not unified into one country, but were each independent form. There was a king in the city, but the authority was weak, and influential merchants united to rule the city with the king. Phoenician interacted with Egypt from around 2900 BC, and Phoenician, which did not have a state system, was ruled by Egypt and Hittite in the 15th and 13th centuries BC. However, with the fall of the Hitite, it has enjoyed its heyday for more than 250 years since then. However, Phoenician was once again ruled by Asyria and Persian, and in the first century BC, it was finally included in the Roman Empire.

Characteristics of Egyptian civilization

 1. Benefits of the Nile River.

Ancient prawns were all civilizations, but Egypt is special. In short, without the Nile, there is no Egypt. The "green belt," which is glued to both sides of the Nile, is Egyptian, and a little out of the narrow green area unfolds a barren desert area where humans cannot survive. In addition, both sides form a sheer cliff, so they do not flood as much as other prawns. Regular flooding of the Nile River is mysteriously moderate and regular.

Like other civilized prawns, there is no way to cause a great flood, sweeping away people, livestock, and rice fields, or causing a great famine with a drought so intense that irrigation is impossible. Rather, regular and moderate flooding carries fertile corrosion soil from upstream to downstream every year. That's why they didn't have to put much effort into the measurements, and they only had to enjoy the benefits of Nile through irrigation. In addition, Nail brought numerous fish families and birds to the Egyptians. Paintings and sculptures after the ancient kingdom period depict the hunting of these abundant fish and birds.

 

2. Closedness due to the natural environment.

In Egypt, if the Nile mainly affected economically, the overall natural conditions determined its character throughout the culture. Surrounded by barren deserts in the east and west, seas in the north, and jungles in Nubia in the south, Egypt was not invaded by outside. The grace of the Nile and the Sun was guaranteed forever, and there was no nation or culture comparable to Egypt around it. So they despised their country as a "country of black soil" and other lands other than Egypt as a "country of red soil." Therefore, it was only natural for the Egyptians to have a sense of national superiority at the beginning of history. This can be said to be the best neutralization idea of mankind. It is natural that Egypt, which has lived peacefully in isolated areas for a long time and had already reached the highest level in the early days, passed on its early cultural typical to future generations, so even those without archaeological knowledge have Egyptian characteristics.

However, to some point in history, these things worked positively, but later they acted as negative factors. As Toynbee said, the conditions for civilization development are to respond to challenges. This unique "water composition" of the 3,000 years of Egyptian civilization also indicates in a sense that there is no flexibility in civilization's development. Because of this, Egypt was the fastest in the ancient Orient world to bloom and achieve a high degree of civilization, but its power was much lower than that of Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia has always introduced heterogeneous cultures and ethnicities, so other ethnic groups were able to accept the culture and form and develop it into an independent culture that was not bound by a "frame."

 

3. Pyramid.

The pyramid was developed from Mastaba during the early dynasty and continued until the royal tomb took the form of a rock cave at the beginning of the 18th dynasty. Choi Seong-gi is the 3rd to 5th dynasties and is called the Pyramid Age. The best pyramid was designed by the re-appointing Im Hotelf as the Stairway Pyramid of King Josher, the second king of the third dynasty in Sakara. At first, it is a rectangular stone mastava with a side of 63m, and a 28m deep blood transfusion was dug in the center and a burial room was built under it. However, the expansion work began, and eventually, a staircase pyramid with a base of 109×126m and a height of 62m in the shape of a six-stage stack of mastaba was completed. Religiously, this is the result of the worship of the sun god, which has existed since ancient times, centered on Heliopolis, linked to Pian's faith, and the stairs can be thought to be for the dead king to climb into the sky.

The connection with the sun god became more intimate with the emergence of the orthodox pyramid later. The pyramid itself is a facility to protect the king's mummy. However, there was also a need for a place where rituals were held by displaying food and various items. So, Jangjejeon Hall was built in the north of the pyramid, and Sinjeon Hall, Sosinjeon Hall, and Jungjeong Pavilion were built in the east, and Daejungjeong Pavilion with altars in the south, and they were surrounded by Saga-shaped main walls of 10m high, 277m east-west, and 545m north-south. These are called 'pyramid complexes'.

 

4. Mummy.

It is a body treated so that it can be enjoyed or stored for a long time in other ways according to the ancient Egyptians' treatment of bodies.The Egyptians were afraid because of the idea that one day their world would disappear. They believed in the power of magic and created a funeral ceremony that seemed to promise eternal life in their eyes. The body is preserved in this ritual. Mummy makers first take the bodies to their workshop, the House of Beauty. They cut the left part of the body with a stone knife, took out the liver and lungs, and dried them and stored them in a special bowl called Canopus Complex. The brain was also removed, but the heart was left intact, allowing it to weigh the heart in the after-life, and then the body was covered with natron (soda stone) crystals to prevent rotting, and dry materials such as leaves and sawdust were filled in the body, and the amapo was wound around it.In Egypt, the processing process varied from time to time, but only the method of removing the intestines and applying resin to the body and wrapping it with Mapo was always constant.In addition to Egypt, tribes living on the coast of the Torus Strait between the Canary Islands' Guan chain, New Guinea, and Australia, and Incas in South America also made mummies.Egyptian mummies were generally considered effective as they were treated as counter-corrospMummy is a word from the Arabic word mumiyah, which means reverse hearing in Portuguese. In the Middle Ages, breaking mummies into powder became a very important medicinal ingredient. However, people of this era did not recognize that the medicinal effects of mummies were in Yeokcheong, and made fake mummies from the bodies of felons or suicide people.In Europe, mummies were bought and sold as goods until the 18th century.

The Origin of Egyptian Civilization

 1. Birth of civilization.

The first civilization took place in a large river basin. The first places where civilization took place were the Tigris Euphrates basin and the Nile basin in West Asia. Later than this, civilization also took place in the Indus River basin in northwest India, and civilization began in the Yellow River basin in Northeast Asia. The reason civilization occurred in the four major river basins is that there is a subtropical climate that is advantageous for human life, and because it is along a large river, fishing life is possible, and transportation is convenient, making it a good place for people to live. Regular river flooding carried fertile soil downstream from the upper stream, providing great benefits to ancient agriculture dominated by natural conditions. River flooding was a great ordeal for humans, but this rather fostered human wisdom and ability to overcome nature, laying the foundation for common life and city-states to create civilization.

 

 

2. Changes in civilization.

Ham established about 40 city-states (Nomos) (around 4000 B.C.) and then merged into the upper and lower kingdoms around 3500 B.C., and a unified kingdom was established around 3000 B.C. After the establishment of the unified dynasty, the 26th dynasty flourished, which can be largely divided into about three periods.

 

    (1) The Old Kingdom (B.C.2850-2060)

       1~10 dynasties.

       Capital: Memphis

       Pyramid construction.

    (2) The Middle Kingdom (B.C.2060-1670)

       11~17 dynasties.

       Capital: Thebes

       B.C. Since 1670, the rule of Higgsos.

    (3) The New Kingdom Period (B.C.1570-525)

       18~26 dynasties.

       Capital: Amarna

    (4) The fall of the Persian Empire.

 

Around 1700 B.C., it was once ruled by Hixoso during the Middle Kingdom, but it was driven out and advanced to Syria. It was then destroyed by the Persian in 525 B.C.

Egyptian civilization is...

 1. Egyptian civilization.

Egyptian civilization took place on fertile land down the Nile River. Egypt has a closed geographical location, so its political and cultural colors are monotonous compared to Mesopotamian civilization. Egypt was surrounded by deserts and seas, allowing it to retain its own culture for 2000 years without external invasion.

Egypt was so influenced by the Nile that it was called a "gift from the Nile River," as Herodotus said. Egypt developed agriculture early on the basis of the Nile River and the surrounding fertile soil.

The flooding of the Nile River, which is experienced every year, carried fertile sediments upstream, so the Nile River was a rich land. The flood of the Nile River buried everything around it in the mud. However, these floods occurred regularly and could be predicted in advance. Therefore, the Egyptians were able to control the timing of farming. Due to this flooding of the Nile River, solar power, geometry, architecture, and astronomy were developed.

 

2. Society.

The king of Egypt was called Pharaoh, took absolute power as the god of the sun, and mobilized farmers and slaves for civil engineering projects. The nobles, as a small number of bureaucrats and officials, received a large amount of land from the king, and their power was powerful. Most of the commoners were rich-owned farmers and were obligated to pay and serve.

 

3. Religion.

Egypt, like any other country in Orient, believed in polytheism and had a very large number of gods. Among them, the sun god Ra, the Nile River, and the underworld god Osiris were most worshipped. Under the solar Silla, there were Shu, the god of air, and Tefnut, the god of moisture. These gods combined with each other to give birth to Geb, the god of earth, and Nut, the goddess of heaven. These gods also combined to give birth to "Set," "Neftis," "Ossiris," and "Isis." Osiris then married Isis and Settis, respectively. Thus, Osiris Horus was born, and Set was born Anubis. There is a fierce fight between Horus, son of Osiris, and Set, through which you can get a glimpse of the Egyptian's strong belief in the afterlife and thoughts on resurrection. In addition, unlike Mesopotamia, the Egyptians believed in the immortality of the soul and preserved the bodies by making mummies, and prepared for the judgment of the afterlife by recording the Book of the Lion.

 

4. Art.

The construction and decoration of paramids and temples became the mainstream of art. In particular, the style of Yeolju was excellent along with sculptures, paintings, and crafts.

 

5. Science and technology.

Astronomy and solar power were created to know when the Nile River flooded, and geometry developed in the need to measure the land after flooding. In addition, the principles of architecture, leverage, and pulley were used during the construction of the temple. In mathematics, decimal methods were used, and surgical science was developed in the process of mummy production.

 

6. Text message.

Hieroglyph-Hieroglyphs were used to partially reach the stage of phonetic characters. On paper made of papyrus, a pen made of reeds and black ink were used.

The four major civilizations...

 The four ancient civilizations, or the world's fourth civilization, refer to Egyptian civilization, Mesopotamian civilization, Indus civilization, and the Yellow River civilization. Among them, Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations entered the civilization stage earlier (around 3500 B.C.). All four major civilizations were located in the Northern Hemisphere and were along a large river. In addition, most of them were regions with mild climate and fertile land.

The Middle East is mainly covered with deserts, but the climate and soil at that time were very different from today. Six or seven years ago, the climate in the Middle East was milder than it is now and precipitation was high. In addition, most of India's Indus River basin, as it is today, was covered with green and dense forests, not deserts. (It is said that most of the climates in the four major civilizations were dry, but not as severe as they are today.)

What four major civilizations have in common.

 

(1) It occurred in the large river basin, and farming was well done.

-> The area where the four major civilizations occurred has a warm climate and a large river, so it has a common point that food is abundant because oily soil comes down from the upper stream during floods.

 

(2) The entire monarch emerged.

-> Due to the good farming, large-scale repair projects were required, and for this, they had to cooperate and unite with each other. This situation required strong power to oversee and lead large-scale repair projects. In addition, it is evaluated that the rich culture was very developed compared to other regions based on a rich and prosperous economic life.

 

(3) A city was formed. Civilization (text, etc.) occurred.

-> Through the Neolithic agricultural revolution, human productivity increased significantly. In particular, in the large river basin where irrigation was carried out, the land was fertile and production increased, allowing a large population to gather and live in one place. Thus, a large village was formed, and bronze ware was produced, and wheels, plows, and sailboats were invented, increasing production and developing transportation. In this way, villages gathered together to form a city, and each city built a castle around it, and each independently took the shape of a state. And in these city-states, letters began to be used for various records, and finally entered the stage of civilization. At the center of the city-state where the four major civilizations occurred, there was a huge royal palace inhabited by the supreme ruler, and the king served as a priest at the same time as politics. Tens of thousands of soldiers escorted the king inside and outside the royal palace, and numerous officials around the king assisted the king.  Luxurious mansions and various facilities were conveniently used in these lives in cities where the ruling class lived around the royal palace. However, behind the luxurious life of the ruling class, who fully enjoyed the benefits of civilization, harsh exploitation of countless people was carried out. They overworked numerous slaves on the cultivation of huge owned land and collected enormous taxes and tributes from the people they control. The ruling class started a war to secure more slaves and land, and officials collected enormous tribute from Jeongbok.

 

(4) Laws have been enacted.

-> The ruling class made laws to punish forces challenging their authority, and immediately dispatched troops to suppress them mercilessly if they resisted.

 

(5) The business of showing off the authority of the ruler was active.

-> The size of the palace and tomb is proportional to the authority of the king. In a society where the ruling class and the ruling class are clearly divided, the rulers have used various methods to induce the ruling class to obey their rule. They tried to make their bodies look great by wrapping themselves around expensive ornaments. In addition, in order to enhance his authority, he tried to ensure the permanence of his position by making his house huge and magnificent, and entering a huge tomb as he did when he lived after his death. When the king died in the Eun Dynasty, a funeral service was held to forcibly bury dozens of living people together, and a huge pyramid was created in Egypt to strengthen the authority of the ruler.

The mystery of the end of Hittite civilization.

 The last king of Hittite is Supiloumas II. Records show that around 1200 B.C., Hittite was attacked by a sea people and destroyed, and some people migrated to Syria to establish the Cynhitite Kingdom. After the fall of Hittite, the Anatolian Plateau, which was the center, remained uninhabited for hundreds of years. It is not known what kind of people the people who destroyed Hitite were. Also, why the people did not live in Hitite remains a mystery.

The prosperity of Hitite civilization.

 Hitite has formed a powerful country in ancient Orient, but there are still many things I don't know about them.They designated Hatus, Turkey (now Bogazkoei), as the capital around 1650 BC and occupied a large area.  

  In the 16th century B.C., it became strong enough to destroy the Babylonian kingdom, which first unified Mesopotamia.It declined for decades after that, but it reached its heyday again.King Supiloumas I, who was put to sleep in the late 14th century B.C., expanded his territory to surrounding areas such as Mitani and Syria and built a solid wall in the capital.And in the late 12th century B.C., it collided with Egypt.At that time, the king of Egypt was Ramses II, one of the greatest pharaohs.King Muwatalis of Hittite fought fiercely with Ramses II in Kadesh, located on the Orontes River basin, over the control of Syria.This fight is of great significance in that it is a conflict between the two civilizations.Hitite fought on par with Egypt, mobilizing troops armed with light tanks and hard iron weapons to siege Ramses II.After decades of battle, Hatusili III and Ramses II eventually signed a peace treaty in Kadesh.This is the world's first international treaty.

  The people of Hittite were excellent in architecture and built huge castles, temples, and cities, but few remain today.However, there are some traces of Hitite in Bogazkoei, the capital of Hitite.You can see the brilliant culture of Hitite through the palace site, library site, and residence found in Bogazkoei.

The Zhou Dynasty, which ruled the country under the feudal system.

 The Zhou Dynasty dominated China for about 1,000 years from the 11th century BC. The king of the Zhou Dynasty ruled over the capital and surrounding areas, and the rest of the area was distributed to the king's relatives or officials with great contributions. These people are called Jehu. His descendants also distributed and ruled all the territory they received to their subordinates without controlling it. This is called the feudal system.

  At first, there was not much conflict because the relationship between the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty and the feudal emperors was close. However, as time passed, the feudal emperors became more and more powerful. The feudal system of the Zhou Dynasty was basically similar to the family system. The royal family of the Zhou Dynasty becomes a large house, and the empires become a small house. As time went by, just as relatives separated from their 4th cousins, 6th cousins, 8th cousins, 12th cousins, etc., the empire also became distant from the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty. Some empires were more powerful than kings of the Zhou Dynasty. Until then, however, the Zhou Dynasty had more authority than other empires.

  However, after the weak Zhou moved the capital to the east in 770 B.C., there came a period of confusion in which the emperors ignored the Zhou and quarreled with each other. So as of 770 B.C., the former is called Seoju, and the latter is called Dongju. We commonly call the Dongju era the Spring and Autumn National Era.

During the Zhou Dynasty, the idea of heaven and virtue emerged as the ideology of governing the country. The idea of a thousand people is that heaven allows virtuous people to rule the country. I think politics is what makes virtuous people teach and realize those who do not. This idea became the ruling ideology of all Chinese dynasties.

  The Zhou society was divided into the ruling class of the emperor, empress, lord, godfather, and son, and the subject class of farmers, so the status order was strict. The ruling class ruled the country, held ancestral rites to heaven, and the ruling class farmed.

  In the Zhou Dynasty, the letters used during the Eun Dynasty were further developed, and the production of bronze ware increased. Economic development was also remarkable. Various crops were grown, cow-drawn plows were used for farming for the first time, and large-scale repair facilities were installed. Roads and canals were newly built and the transportation system was improved. It is said that it was during the Zhou Dynasty that chopsticks were first used when eating.

China's silver kingdom (Shang Dynasty)

 About 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, civilization broke out in China. Yangsao culture and Longsan culture are representative. Yangsao culture is the first agricultural culture that occurred in the Hwabuk region, and is famous for its colored earthenware saturation. The late Longsan culture used a lot of black earthenware (black soil).

  In the 16th century B.C., about 3,600 years ago, the silver kingdom appeared. The Eunnara dominated the middle and lower reaches of the Hwanghe River, centering on the capital city of Eunh. Palace sites, temple sites, and tombs were excavated in the hideout, where letters were engraved on the turtle's shell. In addition, there were cases where letters were engraved on the bones of animals such as sheep and cows. These characters are called Gapgol characters. The Gapgol letter means a letter engraved on the shell of a turtle and the bones of a beast, and was used to mark and record the results when there is something important to the country in the silver country. This Gapgol character developed and became today's Chinese characters. In the silver country, religion and politics were closely related because they asked God for important things in the country. This politics is called 'new rights politics'. Or, it is also called a "corporate society" in the sense that rituals and politics coincide.

  In addition to the Gapgol letters, Eunnara made and used a calendar. This calendar is called the silver calendar. The calendar was an important tool for farming. Also, weapons or bowls were made of bronze. The bronze age of the silver country is world-class, so its sophistication and sophistication are incomparable to those of other countries. However, only the ruling class was able to use these bronze motors. Commoners still used tools made of earthenware, wood, and stone. The silver kingdom, which had been prosperous for a while, was destroyed by the Zhou Dynasty around the 11th century BC.

History of ancient Egypt.

 Egypt's history consists of approximately 30 dynasties, which are largely divided into the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom. The first king in Egyptian history is a legendary pharaoh called Menes. It is said that he unified Egypt and built the capital Memphis.

  Egypt was geographically surrounded by deserts and seas, so it was safe from outside intrusion. So, it has been able to develop while maintaining its own culture for almost 2,000 years. Ancient Egypt existed as a unified state for about 2,500 years from the beginning of the first dynasty around 3,000 B.C. until it was conquered by Persia in the 6th century B.C.

  The 4th Dynasty, the early days of the ancient kingdom, was the time when many pyramids were built, including the evacuation of Giza. During the Middle Kingdom, Hicksus invaded Egypt. The Hicksos ruled Egypt and delivered a new culture of Western Asia that had been isolated. However, the Egyptians drove out the Hicksus and established a powerful new kingdom.

  In the early days of the New Kingdom, they actively conquered in Southwest Asia. In particular, Tutmos III conquered Syria and Palestine and advanced to the upper reaches of the Euphrates River.

  Many of the pharaohs we know well are people from the New Kingdom. Amenhotep IV called himself Aknaton, denying the former Amon Rashin and trying to reform religion by making Aton, the new sun god, the only god. However, Aknaton's reform failed. When the young Tutankhamen succeeded him, the priests of Amon Rashin, who had power, returned Egypt's religion to its original state. Ramses II, who later appeared, ruled Egypt for the longest time among pharaohs and led the era of prosperity.

  After that, Asia, Babylonia, and Persia invaded Egypt. In 525 B.C., King of Persian Cambodia II ruled Egypt, and Egypt became a subordinate state of Persianism. In the 4th century BC, Alexander the Great conquered Egypt, and after his death, the Ptolemy dynasty ruled Egypt. The last king of this dynasty is Cleopatra. Cleopatra was the last to end the history of ancient Egypt, and Egypt was ruled by Rome.

Egypt and farming.

 Egypt is a dry desert area. It was only thanks to the Nile that farming was possible in the desert. Without the Nile River, neither Egypt nor splendid Egyptian civilization would have blossomed. That's why Egypt is called the Gift of the Nile River.

  The downstream of the Nile River floods at a certain time every year. Due to the rain falling in the upper part of the Nile River, the water in the middle and downstream areas gradually increases, causing floods in the downstream areas. So, they supplied water to dry areas without much damage. Farmers only had to sow seeds on the ground where the water had escaped. Then the greasy soil from the upper stream supplied nutrients, and the Nile River supplied water to grow crops. For this reason, people began to live together in the Nile basin early on, and a country called Egypt could be created.

  Egyptians made calendars (solar power) to predict flooding of the Nile River, and developed surveying, geometry, and mathematics for land surveying or civil engineering.

Indian civilization around 2500 B.C.

 Around 2500 B.C., civilizations emerged in Mohenzodaro and Harafa in the basins of the Indus River. Harappa was the first place where Indus civilization was discovered. In Mohenjodaro, which means "the hill of the dead," many artifacts showing the high level of Indus civilization have been excavated.

  Mohenzodaro and Harappa are famous as planned cities. The city has paved roads, brick houses, and public baths. There is also a sewage facility, so sewage from each household's kitchen, bathroom, and toilet was flowed through a brick sewage system. Compared to less than 100 years ago, it is very surprising that Korea has sewage facilities. The people who built the Indus Civilization, like other civilizations, used bronze and letters. But I haven't figured out what that letter means yet. Among the four major civilizations, the only undecoded character was the one used by the people who created the Indus civilization.

  We don't know exactly who made these amazing cities and civilizations yet. It is clear that the ancestors of the people living in India are not Aryans. They entered India around 1500 B.C., 1,000 years after the formation of the Indus Civilization. Because the Aryans knew how to handle iron, they were able to make weapons much stronger and sharper than the Bronze Age used by the people who made the Indus civilization. The Aryans conquered India based on excellent iron weapons and slaves the people who originally lived in India. Today, scholars speculate that the Dravidans living in southern India created the Indus civilization.

Sumerians and Babylonians.

 The first people who created civilization in Mesopotamia were Sumerians. They invented letters and left records on clay boards. The shape of this character is called a wedge character because it looks like a wedge in a crack in an object. The Sumerians were interested in floods in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. So I carefully observed and recorded the movements of constellations and rivers, and wedge characters were used at this time. The wedge letters they created were used for commercial transactions in Mesopotamia until around 500 B.C.

  Sumerians saw the moon cold and lean and made a calendar to farm. The calendar created by seeing the moon cold and leaning is called the solar calendar. In addition, because they believed that stars were related to human destiny, astrology to look at stars and make dots was developed. He made a 60-digit system, used it for commercial use, and invented multiplication and division. The Sumerians are also the first people in the world to make wheels. Ur's standard, which was made around 2500 B.C., shows that Sumerians used wheels.

  Mesopotamia's most prosperous country was Babylon, centered on Babylon. King Hammurabi of Babylon conquered the entire Mesopotamian region and formed a unified kingdom. And I made a strict law called "The Code of Hammurabi". Hammurabi Code is the oldest law in the world. In this code of law, "The one who blinds others blinds them," and "The one who breaks others' teeth breaks them.There is a clause like ". This is where the word "eye for eyes, tooth for teeth" came from. However, Babylonian unification of Mesopotamia did not last long. After King Hammurabi's death, Babylon lost a lot of territory, weakened its strength, and was ruled by Hittite and Assyria.

The occurrence of water (big river) and close civilization.

 The world's four major civilizations have something in common. It all occurred in the large river basin. Egyptian civilization emerged in the Nile River basin, Mesopotamian civilization in the Tigris and Euphrates basins, Indus civilization in the Indus River basin, and Yellow River civilization in China in the Yellow River basin.

  It was easy to get water in the large river basin. Water is indispensable for people to live. Today, water supply is installed in each house, so it is easy to get water, but in the past, water had to be drawn from far away or used by rainwater. So people began to live together by the river, which was easy to get water. Water was essential when farming. This is because it was much easier to water rice paddies and fields when the river was close.

  In addition, there were many wide and fertile plains in the large river basin. This is because the river moves oily soil from the upstream to the downstream area. In the wide plain area, the land was not so hard that I could farm with simple wooden tools. There were no rough mountain ranges, so it was good for people to live together. In addition, thanks to the warm climate, grains such as barley and wheat grew well.

  Of course, a large river flows, but there are places where civilization has not occurred. China's Yangtze River is larger than the Yellow River and has abundant precipitation. However, it is difficult to farm because of the lush forest and humidity around it. The same goes for the Ganges River in India. Many people lived around the Amazon River in South America, but it was difficult to farm due to the high temperature and thick jungle. So it was difficult for civilization to occur.

The first civilization in Mesopotamia

 The first civilization emerged in Mesopotamia. The first people to create civilization in Mesopotamia were Sumerians. They built city-states such as Ur, Urk, and Lagashi around 3000 BC. Mesopotamia had no natural obstacles such as large mountain ranges or seas, so other ethnic groups easily invaded.So, it wasn't until around 1800 B.C. that Babylon, an ancient country, appeared and unified Mesopotamia as a whole.

  Civilization emerged in Egypt almost the same time as the Mesopotamian civilization took place. In Egypt, the Ham clan established several city-states from an early age. And around 3000 B.C., a unified kingdom appeared. Unlike Mesopotamia, Egypt is surrounded by deserts and seas on all sides. So, we were able to maintain unification for a long time due to less invasion by other peoples.

  Eventually, the world's oldest countries were created in Mesopotamia and Egypt, where civilization first emerged.  The Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates rivers flooded every year. Floods also damaged people, but they carried greasy soil and supplied water to create good land for farming. However, in order to prevent flood damage and continue farming, it was necessary to build banks or create waterways along the river. This is called dimensions and irrigation. At that time, dimensions and irrigation were something that many people had to work together, so a leader with the power to take charge and supervise large construction appeared. Villages formed around leaders have developed into cities, cities have developed into urban states and ancient countries again.

Late Goguryeo Period Person - Ko Yeonsu

 King Yeongryu was crowned in Goguryeo, but when ambitious Dangtaejong called in Jin Daedeok to look into Goguryeo's situation, Yeon Gaesomun took power in Goguryeo, killed King Yeongryu, and killed all opponents, and took power. Under this pretext, Tang Tae-jong led 100,000 soldiers to Goguryeo in the 4th year of King Bojeong (645). Lee Se-jeok invaded the army in a fluctuating manner with 60,000 troops, and Jangryang headed to Pyongyang with 40,000 naval forces divided into 500 battleships. Tang Dynasty troops captured Gaemoseong, Bisa Castle, etc. and marched to Yodongseong Fortress. Finally, King Taejong, who crossed the guard and advanced to Yodongseong Fortress, drained and used a guncha to attack day and night, and later set fire to the castle using the strong south wind, but was eventually taken down by 100,000 elite soldiers of Tang Taejong in 12 days. In this fight, more than 10,000 people were killed and 500,000 islands of grain were lost. Dangtaejong then fell to Baekamseong Fortress and advanced to Ansiseong Fortress. Yeon Gaesomun gave 150,000 people to Ko Yeon-su and Ko Hye-jin, who were abusive in the north, to defend Ansi-seong, but foolish Ko Yeon-su advanced to 8 ri from the southeast of Ansi-seong, but Tang Tae-jong's elite troops surrendered and attacked Ansi-seong without stopping. Tang Dynasty troops eventually attacked by building earthen fortifications higher than Ansi Fortress, but Goguryeo troops responded by building higher earthen fortifications inside the fortress. Then, when Tangna-gun threw countless rocks at the forefront of the gun truck and broke down the wall, Goguryeo-gun set up a wooden fence to block it, and Dangtaejong blindly mobilized all nearby residents and soldiers to build Saturn (the Saturn was bigger than the real mountain), but when Goguryeo secretly went back and attacked Tang Dynasty, Tangtaejong eventually returned. I'll go back when I lose again. Dangtaejong takes turns and wails, feeling keenly that even 1.13 million troops could not break Goguryeo.