Léconquista - The Iberian Peninsula, Spain's National Land Recovery Movement

 The Crusades actually began with the Iberian Peninsula. 

Léconquista refers to a series of processes in which Roman Catholic kingdoms in the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula ousted Islamic states in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula and restored the Iberian Peninsula from 718 to 1492.

Lekongkista means "reconquest" in Spanish, and is also translated into Korean as "national recovery movement." This means that the Umayyan dynasty restored the lost territory of the Catholic state through the conquest of Iberia.

Lekongkista is usually believed to have started with the Battle of Kobadonga in 722. The Portuguese Léconquista was completed in 1249 when Alfonso III occupied Algarb. Alfonso III was the first Portuguese monarch to wear the title "King of Portugal and Algarb." In 1492, the Spanish Union Kingdom of Fernando II of Aragon and Isabel I of Castilla conquered Granada, the last remaining Islamic occupation, and the Léconquista ended.

The background of Lekon Kista.

From 711 to 756, the Umayyah dynasty conquered Iberia. At that time, the Iberian Peninsula was ruled by the Seogot Kingdom, founded by the Seogot people who converted to the Roman Catholic Church. As the kingdom of Seogot was engulfed in internal strife over the right to inherit the throne, Tarik, the Amir of Morocco, invaded the Iberian Peninsula in the name of the Seogot people's request for support. Moorish warriors, mainly composed of the Werberians of North Africa, conquered all Iberia during this period. As a result, the entire Iberian Peninsula south of the Pyrenees became Islamic, and Muslims ruled Iberia with Cordova as the capital.

Meanwhile, the Islamic army, which advanced beyond the Pyrenees to today's Tour, stopped moving north after being defeated by Karolus Martel of the Frankish Kingdom. The lords of Seogot of Iberia converted to Islam and were recognized or destroyed.

During Islamic rule, the Iberian Peninsula was called Al Andalusia.

Islam's Iberian rule continued stably for a long time after Al-Walid I, the first Amir after the Umayyah dynasty's conquest of Iberia was completed.

However, the Umayyah Dynasty took a discriminatory policy in favor of Arabs in Syria, centered on Damascus, which caused various dissatisfied forces within. This eventually led to a rebellion and the Umayyah dynasty was disbanded. When the Avas dynasty was established after the Umayyah dynasty, Rahman I, the prince of Umayah who survived the Iberian Peninsula, established the Huumayah dynasty. In addition, the Fatima dynasty was established in North Africa, and the Islamic world was divided.

- The beginning of Lekon Kista.

Around 718, Pelagius of Asturias, a Seogot aristocrat and lord of the Asturias Kingdom, rebelled against Munuza, the lord of the Islamic region. Later, Pelagius joined forces with the Duke of Peters of Cantabria to fight the Battle of Kovadonga. This battle was only a rebellion by a Roman Catholic nobleman against the Islamic local government, but later provided the justification for the restoration of the Roman Catholic state on the Iberian Peninsula.

Founded in 750 after the victory of the Avas dynasty in the Battle of Zab and the fall of the Umayyah dynasty, the Huumayah dynasty of Rahman I still ruled almost all of the Iberian Peninsula. However, after the collapse of the Umayyan Dynasty, it was not fully supported by the Amir, the lords of the Islamic region. Barcelona's Amir, who opposed Lachmann I, asked Carolus the Great for support.

In 778, Carolus the Great invaded Iberia. In the early days of the war, Carolus the Great won the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula, but was greatly defeated in the Battle of Lonssebayes. In this battle, Carolus lost 12 Paladines, of which was his favorite knight Roland. Roland's death later became the subject of an epic poem called Roland's Song.

Afterwards, Barcelona became a venue for the Frankish Kingdom and the Huumayyah Dynasty, and was eventually occupied by the Frankish Kingdom in 801. Later, the Frankish Kingdom established the Count of Barcelona and ruled Barcelona. The Countess of Barcelona was captured by the Islamic army again in 914, but remained until the 11th century. The Countess of Barcelona became the territory of the Kingdom of Aragon in 1258 after the Albi Crusades by the Treaty of Corbeille signed between Louis I of France and Haime I of the Kingdom of Aragon.

After Pelagius won the Battle of Kobadonga in 718, he declared the establishment of the Kingdom of Asturias, but during his life, it was only a military group based on guerrilla battles. It was during King Alfonso II, Pelacius' grandson, that the Kingdom of Asturias secured territory and established itself as a practical country. Around 750 when the Umayyas ruled the entire Iberian Peninsula, the Asturias Kingdom in the northwest was the only Catholic church country left within the Iberian Peninsula.

From 812 to 814, Alfonso II claimed to have discovered the remains of James while occupying Galasia. In this cause, he succeeded in allowing Carolus the Great and the Pope to approve and support the Kingdom of Asturias. Santiago de Compostella Cathedral was built at the site where Alfonso II reportedly discovered the remains of James. Since then, the continued war between Christian countries and Islam in the Iberian Peninsula has added the justification of protecting the Holy Land.

The Leon Kingdom, which began when King Alfonso I from the Kingdom of Asturias crossed the Cantabrian Mountains and conquered the Leon region, expanded its territory to the Duero River area by King Alfonso III (866-910). Previously, it was called the Asturias-Leon Kingdom, but the capital was moved to Leon in the first generation of Garcia and the country was renamed the Leon Kingdom. It was once conquered by Sancho III of the Navara Kingdom, but became independent again when Sancho III died. The Castile Kingdom originally started as a count of the Leon Kingdom, but after being subjugated to the Navara Kingdom, it was succeeded by the second son of Sancho III and became an independent country.

In 1037, after the death of Sancho III, the Navara Kingdom was divided into the Leon Kingdom, the Castile Kingdom, and the Aragon Kingdom. 

In 824, Pamplona Kingdom was founded through the Basque Rebellion, centering on Pamplona and Navara in the south. The country, which later changed its name to the Navara Kingdom, actively participated in the Lekongkista from the 10th century and grew into a powerful country in the third generation of the mountain in the 11th century. Sancho III conquered the surrounding Count Castile, Count Aragon, and Leon kingdoms and became a strong man in northern Iberia. After the death of Sancho III, the territory of the Navara Kingdom was three minutes old, with the eldest son Sancho Garcia III taking over the Navara Kingdom, the second son Fernando I taking over the Castile Kingdom, and his son Ramiro I taking over the Aragon Kingdom.

Later, the Navara Kingdom maintained the territory of the Navara region and handed over the leadership of the Léconquista to the Castilla Kingdom and the Kingdom of Aragon, and became a weak country. In 1234, the kingdom of Navar was subjugated by France and lost its status as an independent country. Since then, the Navara region has long been a territory of France. Fernando, who was also the monarch of Castilla and Aragon in 1515, declared himself the monarch of the Navara Kingdom and subjugated Navara in 1516.

In 1037, the Huumayan dynasty was eventually defeated due to the continued war and internal rebellion with the Christian state. Later, the Taipas replaced the Huumayya dynasty, but they were subjugated when the Al Moravid dynasty, centered on Morocco, invaded Iberia. However, after the Al-Morabid dynasty was defeated by the Al-Mohad dynasty in 1147, the Islamic territory of the Iberian Peninsula was again ruled by the Thai. Later, until the kingdom of Granada, a Taipa-controlled region that remained until the end of the Lekongkista, surrendered to Espanya, the Islamic ruling region of the Iberian Peninsula was divided into independent Taipas, large and small.

The Cross and the Knights.

The Iberian Peninsula around 1200,

Initially, the Lekonquista was simply a series of conquering wars. However, in the late Middle Ages, in the Christian world, Léconquista was considered a just war to realize religious justice that drove Islam out of the Iberian Peninsula. Religious organizations such as the Pope and Burgundy's Cluny Monastery incited the expulsion of Islam, and knights from all over the country gathered armed to fight against "Pheasant."

In 1064, Pope Alexander II began the war with Barbastro by disseminating a text demanding the fall of Barbastro with an appeal that Catholicism was in crisis. The Pope issued immunity to those who participated in this war. This was 30 years before Pope Urban II convened the first Crusade, and was actually the beginning of the Crusade.[12]

In 1095, Pope Urban II convened the first Crusade and invaded Jerusalem. Meanwhile, King Urban II also urged Targona's occupation, promising the same blessings as the Crusades in Jerusalem and Holy Land to participate in the war against Islam on the Iberian Peninsula. For this reason, even during the Crusades, many knights and armed groups fought against the Thaiists on the Iberian Peninsula. At that time, there were knights who joined the First Crusade like the Iberian Peninsula-based knights, such as the Santiago Knights, the Montessa Knights, and the Calatraba Knights. They fought battles such as the Battle of Alarcos in 1195 and the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. As a result, knights who participated in the war were able to conquer the vast regions of Andalusia, Estremadura, and Alente, Portugal, today and use them as Latifundium.[13]

With the collapse of the Almohad Dynasty in 1215 and the establishment of the Marinid Dynasty in western Sahara, the territory of the Thai sects on the Iberian Peninsula became a virtually independent state that no longer belonged to any dynasty. Meanwhile, the Catholic Church kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula were the three kingdoms of Leon, Castile, and Aragon, integrating their surroundings and becoming major forces. These Catholic Church kingdoms continued to conquer the Islamic region with knights who were part of the Crusades. In 1236, Cordova, the center of Islamic rule, fell, and in 1236, even the current Seville fell.

In 1348, the outbreak of the Black Death and the counterattack of the Marinid dynasty centered on Morocco slowed Lekonkista, but the territory of Islam in the Iberian Peninsula was already reduced to the southern part centered on Barcelona and Granada.

- Completion of Lekon Kista.

The Alambra Palace is the palace of Granada Taipa, the last Islamic country in the Iberian Peninsula.

In 1469, Fernando II, the successor to the throne of the Kingdom of Aragon, and Isabel, the successor to the throne of Castilla, married, and the two countries became the joint kingdom of Aragon Castilla, controlled by a joint king.Later, the joint kingdom, which changed its name to Espanya, conquered the Canary Islands in 1478, and on January 2, 1492, conquered Granada, the last bastion of Muslims, ending the Lekongista. This ended 781 years of Islamic rule in the Iberian Peninsula. Meanwhile, 1492 was also the year Christopher Columbus discovered America.

After conquering Granada, Espanya promulgated the Alambra edict and expelled Muslims and Jews who did not convert to Roman Catholicism.

Vandalism.

 Vandalism (English: Vandalism, French: Vandalism) or act of damaging culture, art, and public facilities, or such a trend.

Examples include the destruction of historical sites by IS, the destruction of Baemian stone Buddha, and the expression vandalism is used to refer to scribbles of facilities or destruction of public facilities.

It is a French word derived from the fact that Vandal Ethnic, which established a kingdom in Africa during the great migration of European people in the early 5th century, was mistakenly known as a nation that repeatedly looted and destroyed from the Mediterranean coast to Rome.

The word vandalism itself implies vandalism. Because when Vandal Ethnic was moving, the leader (or major tribe) had already accepted Roman culture and recognized the excellence of Roman culture, and for that reason, very few acts of destruction were done. Rather, Roman culture and art were more destroyed by slaves, poor people, later artists, and ordinary people in Rome at the end of the Roman Empire. If you tried to imitate the ancient Greek style during the Renaissance, the easiest way was to take a pillar from an old building in Rome and touch it a little. In other words, it was the Romans themselves who destroyed the old Rome to create a "new Rome." Of course, some artists (e.g., Michelangelo) criticized such acts, but most of them were ignored.

In this way, the word containing vandalism has Gothic, which has become the etymology of Gothic art. This means "gothic" or "gothic," meaning that it is uncultivated, barbaric, and vulgar. This contains the meaning of contempt that the Gots did, but like Vandal Ethnic, the Gots recognized the excellence of Roman culture and art and sought to harmonize their culture and Roman culture.

[Vandal Ethnic]

Vandal Ethnic (-,, Vandals) was a group of Germans who invaded the Roman Empire in the 5th century and built a nation around Carthage in North Africa. Odoaker, who deposed Emperor Romulus Augustulus, the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is known to be from Vandal Ethnic.

[A great shift of satisfaction]

Vandal Ethnic was mostly converted to Arian Christianity at the time. In 406, Vandal Ethnic crossed the Donau River without much difficulty and was pushed to Pannonia, and was resisted by the Franks, who had already been Romanized in northern Gallia in the Rhine River basin. 20,000 Vandal Ethnic died in battle, but when the Rhine River froze that winter, Vandal Ethnic crossed the Rhine River in large numbers, devastated Gallia southward, and was pushed to Akiten.

In 409, Vandal Ethnic continued to travel south and crossed the Pyrenees into Hispania. As he fought against the Föderati tribe of the Roman Empire, which had already settled in Hispania, Vandal Ethnic gradually expanded its scope and eventually surrendered and settled the Allans. Gajurik, the chief of Vandal Ethnic, obtained the position of king of the Allan people. Vandal Ethnic, settled in Hispania, transformed into a pirate like a Viking and advanced to North Africa.

[Vandal Kingdom in North Africa]

In 429, Gaiserik, the younger brother and successor of Gaurik, organized a fleet, led about 80,000 Vandal Ethnic and crossed the Strait of Gibraltar to invade North Africa. Vandal Ethnic besieged the North African city of Hippo Regius, fought a 14-month siege, and eventually captured it. At this time, St. Augustine was also staging a sit-in in the Hippo Regius castle, and he prayed hard to save him from the Arius sects, but eventually died in the castle just before he fell. In North Africa, Vandal Ethnic signed a peace agreement with Rome in 435 to form an alliance, but Gaiserik soon broke the alliance and established Vandal Kingdom as the capital of Carthage in 439. For the next 35 years, Gaiserik's Vandal Kingdom organized a large-scale ship and invaded and occupied the territory of the Roman Empire on the Mediterranean coast one after another.

Rome had been committed to the invasion of the Huns, and when Attila died, it managed to take measures against Vandal Ethnic. Valentinian III tried to appease Vandal Ethnic with the marriage of his daughter and Gaiserik's son, but negotiations between the two sides were broken when Petronius Maximus killed Valentinian and became emperor, and in 455, Vandal Ethnic invaded Rome. At this time, Pope Leo I is said to have helped minimize Rome's looting by negotiating with Geisseric, but it is not clear. Vandal Ethnic's invasion of Rome itself was a tremendous shock to the Romans, so the term vandalism was coined, but in fact, massacres and destruction did not take place, and Vandal Ethnic systematically carried Roman wealth by ship to North Africa.

By 462, Vandal Kingdom of Africa had grown into a powerful kingdom that dominated all of North Africa and various islands in the Mediterranean Sea, including Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. However, unlike other European Germanic kingdoms, they did not fully integrate with the governed peoples and suppressed them religious and racial, so they eventually collapsed without long duration. Vandal Ethnic, an Ariusist, suppressed Catholicism.

When Gaiserik, the leader of the great Vandal Ethnic, died in 477, his son Hunnerik succeeded to the throne, and Hunnerik severely persecuted the Catholic Church and Manichyo at the end of the reign. The half-moon kingdom gradually declined from the death of Gaiserik and lost most of Sicily to the East Goths. Hunnerik's son, Hilderik, declared religious freedom, was friendly to Catholicism, and implemented pro-Roman policies to achieve peace with the Byzantine Empire. However, in 533, when Gellimer ousted Hilderik and usurped the throne, Byzantine emperor Justinian I declared war with Vandal Kingdom and invaded North Africa under Belisarius' command. Belisarius was resisted by the Vandal army, but eventually captured Carthage and conquered even Hipporegius, the second city of Vandal Kingdom, in 534. Gelimer eventually surrendered to the Byzantine army, and the half-moon kingdom collapsed. Rome again ruled this area and revived the Catholic Church.