Joseon Navy is the strongest in the world? What's the basis?

 This article was posted in the Ddanji Ilbo in the past, raising objections to the reporter's claim that the Joseon Navy was the world's strongest when an article about Admiral Yi Sun-sin and the Joseon Navy was posted. This article has been noisy for a while, but Ahn Byung-do's novels also feature scenes of Spanish Galéon and Joseon Navy Pan Ok-seon, and various military webzines have raised questions about the virtual showdown between the European Fleet and Joseon Fleet, so please read it for interest. If the Joseon Navy at the end of the 16th century faces a fleet of England or Spain, it will certainly be a far more burdensome opponent than the Japanese Navy, which boarded a Sekibune, which was mostly smaller than Panokseon, and was armed with poor launchers such as guns and arrows. The shipbuilding fleet is the strongest in the world? What's the basis?   Author: emfor, should I call this nationalism? Because of the fantasy about the turtle ship, there are occasional rumors that the Korean Navy was the world's strongest during the Japanese Invasion of Korea, and there are many naive people who think that's true, but it's useless. The Western Navy has already passed its time against the early 16th century and outpaced the East, far ahead of the East in the field of firearms. You can see from the bulangi and hongipo (all Western cannons made from China, but they were modeled after them because they were surprised by their excellent performance.     Let's have a virtual battle with the Western fleet because it won't feel real even if I say anything about it. Who would be the best partner? Let's catch the Spanish invincible fleet (Armada), which was the strongest in the West at the time, and the British fleet that defeated it. Looking at the battle between the Joseon Navy and the Japanese Navy during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, you can see that the era of the Baekbyeongjeon in the naval battle has gone and the era of artillery warfare based on dominant firepower has arrived. A similar thing happened four years ago, so 1588, in Europe. It was a showdown between the British Royal Navy, which prioritized artillery fire, and Spain's invincible fleet (Armada), which was recognized as Europe's strongest for its long-term white battle. At this time, the British Navy, which led to artillery battles, won a great victory, and the era of the invincible fleet disappeared and the British Navy became the strongest European player in name. (One of the reasons why the invincible fleet was originally poor in mobility due to excessive British invasion. It was a battle with a handicap. Anyway, let's fight between the British Navy, which became the new champion in Europe at the time, and the Joseon Navy under Yi Sun-shin, who is considered the best in the East. First of all, to conclude, I think the Joseon Navy, which fought on the coast and on the ocean, is at a great disadvantage. The European Navy level during this period, especially the British Navy, has a clear qualitative advantage over the East. The Joseon Navy is relatively outstanding because it faced countries such as Japan and China.  Of course, to discuss with a person, there is no commander like Admiral Yi Sun-shin. In terms of tactics, it is comparable to Europe's most advanced England in that it avoids the white-handed battle and plays with guns. However, the overall backwardness cannot be helped. Well, except for ocean navigation capabilities (in the end, assume that the Spanish invincible fleet or the British Royal Navy fleet-level Western fleet invaded Joseon). It's hard to get out of the coast with our ability, but it's impossible to go to the other side of the world) Even if the ship size is similar in terms of length or width, there were large European combat ships at the time that easily exceeded 600-700 tons.On average, it was 400 tons. It will be two or three times as large as the shipbuilding fleet. What I had to do was to carry enough supplies because I had the ocean voyage in mind and also a transport ship. Then, what is the combat power like? A ship equipped with 20 to 40 guns has already appeared.It is designed high on several floors, so the deck with Hampo is 2-3 floors. If you get close, the height of our deck is low, which is a big disadvantage. (The fact that the deck of the Panokseon is high only means that it is so compared to the Japanese ship) The West, where guns (the level of guns so far) were distributed in personal firearms, is far ahead. You can't ignore the ability to fight against white soldiers. A natural result because there are many former pirates.     Even if we look at the durability of the ship, we can't guarantee our victory with a collision tactic. The Japanese can push ahead with it as if they have few neutralizers and the ship itself is weak, but if they want to approach the British ship, they are more likely to be destroyed even before they collide. Furthermore, even with the same wooden ship, the durability of Western ships with ocean navigation in mind cannot be underestimated. In the end, we have to compete in a long-distance artillery battle that was Joseon's specialty. Here again, Joseon comes with it. At that time, Western firearms were classified by the weight of shells, ranging from 15 pounds to 50 pounds, and the standard armament was 24 pounds. The shell is just an iron ball, but the weight of 13-23 kilograms is no joke. The largest range of 50 pounds is 2,000 yards. (One yard is a little short of 1 meter), so it's hard to conclude that we have the upper hand even with a range, right? The system of the neutralizer was also scientifically subdivided to suit our purpose. Since Armada's crushing defeat in 1588, Western naval tactics have changed dramatically. The importance of artillery battles, not white battles, is recognized. (In other words, it is not right to think that the Western naval strategy at the time was to shoot a little gun and go up to the enemy line to fight white battles.) The reason why there were a lot of white-and-white battles even after the artillery battle became the main attack was that it was much more beneficial to take away the enemy ship than to defeat it. As the colony began to be built, many military ships carried tremendous treasures and goods, and if they take away the ship, they can repair it and use it, so they eat pheasant and eat fish roe. Large galeons cost a lot of money to build a ship) In fact, our guns were mostly shot at, so they could have a good effect on killing people, whereas Westerners preferred "big shot" that required a more precise aim (that doesn't mean they didn't use any shot) and the size is bigger than ours. Even if we compete with mobility using oars, we can't help it if it's disadvantageous. At that time, Western ships were able to be controlled in detail without the help of oars thanks to their highly developed structure (a combination of complex sails with different roles on the basis of three masts), which was called a complete sailboat. In the confrontation between the invincible fleet and the British fleet, there were many galleys using paddles, but they fell behind the speed and agility of the British fleet.  (The British Navy built a lot of fast ships recognizing the importance of maneuver) In conclusion, the Joseon Navy's combat power in the late 1500s may have been Asia's strongest, but it is too much to deal with contemporary Europe (UK). However, Admiral Yi Sun-shin's ability deserves to be praised as the best in the world. (It can't be helped that he is inferior even if he competes with the turtle ship, not the Panok ship.) If you're hit by a 50-pound gun or something, of course, even a turtle with an ironclad on its roof will be smashed) So why don't we say that Britain is a tough opponent and fight against the Spanish invincible fleet, which liked the white battle? The decisive reason Spain was broken by Britain at the time was that their preferred tactic was to approach the enemy line like the Japanese during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, shoot guns, cross the ladder, and compete in a close battle. In terms of the ability to fight against soldiers, there were more experienced soldiers than the Japanese. Western swordsmanship during this period was also the most developed in Spain. It's totally Western Japan.      Looking at the composition of their fleet, there were quite a few galleys. The galley gradually disappeared (after being broken by England), not the galley of the Greek and Roman periods, but the appearance of getting closer to the sailing ship of the time. Compared to the Galeon, the deck is relatively low and it is backward to be called a full-fledged sailing ship, but it can speed up because it paddles during battle. After a great victory over the Ottoman Navy in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, 20 years ago, with these galleys and galeas (approximately intermediate form of galleys and sailboats, super-large galleys), I continue to think that the white battle is the best.

However, they should not be identified with the Japanese Navy. It is said to row the same, but it was basically a much better ship, and it is hard to determine the superiority and inferiority compared to the Joseon Panokseon. (We can't help but admit that Galleon is superior to Panokseon) Although Baek Byeong-jeon is the main skill, it is also formidable in terms of firepower. Although it was lagging compared to Britain, they also had a considerable number of artillery and cannot be said to be inferior to that of Joseon in terms of firepower. The reason why the artillery was mounted in large quantities even though they preferred the white battle was because they used a tactic to destroy the mast at close range and then exterminate it by attaching a boat.

If you expect the results of the battle with the same number of ships (e.g., 50 to 50), the invincible fleet will try to compete in the first battle with white troops. The Joseon Panokseon, which looks sloppy compared to the European ship, and even the wide and flat deck, looks perfect for a hundred warship.    The Joseon Navy under Admiral Yi Sun-shin will stop the approach by firing a gun to death. However, it will not be easy to complete the Western ship, which is stronger than the Japanese ship, with a smaller hammer than the Western one. (For fairness, the advantages of home ground (topography) were not considered)

If the Joseon Navy fails to destroy the invincible fleet in the first battle, unless the commander of the invincible fleet is a fool, it will go to artillery battle from the second battle. If you both try to compete with artillery, it'll be hard to determine the superiority and inferiority. The shipbuilding fleet, which can nibble away enemy troops with shotguns, may be advantageous, or the Spanish fleet, which mainly shoots iron balls that are more advantageous in destroying the ship itself and mobility, may be advantageous. Of course, the Joseon Fleet also used large bullets (large arrows = missiles rather than shot bullets), but... Since the range is insufficient compared to Western long-distance guns, there is a problem with the application if you engage at a distance. In terms of the number of artillery, the number of cannons in the entire fleet reached 2,500 in the case of the invincible fleet (130 ships), but no matter how high the firearm operation ratio of the shipbuilding fleet was, this number would not have been achieved.

The crane of the Three Kingdoms Period.

 To the top floor of the tower, which was built 1,400 years ago at Mireuksa Temple Site, the height of the tower alone is about 20 meters, including the chalju of the upper wheel. 28 meters... You can't guess how high it is. Compared to the apartment we live in, you can easily check its height. Only the height of the tower is the height of the 7th floor of the apartment and the height of the 9th floor of the apartment until the end of Chalju. I can feel that it is the largest stone pagoda in the East. As the tower is large, the weight of the stone used is beyond imagination. It's a jade pedestal from the fifth floor. It weighs more than two tons. Then, how did the Baekje people raise hundreds of such heavy stones to a height of 20 meters 1,400 years ago? A huge absence was found during the dismantling work on the fifth floor. How did he put such a big stone up there? It's amazing that old aristocrats put up stones like this. It uses modern construction equipment.The stone used in the stone pagoda is so large and diverse that it is not easy to do it, so what is the weight of the largest stone? Surprisingly, the stone weighed more than two tons. Where is the secret to building not only one or two but thousands of these large stones in a balanced and elaborate manner? The most common way to stack heavy stones in ancient times was to use soil. It is a method of stacking soil to the desired height, rolling stones on it, and removing soil later. Then, did the Mireuksa Temple Pagoda be built in this way? In order to find the clue, the data at the time of the excavation of the Buyeo Cultural Heritage Research Institute, which was in charge of excavation, began to be carefully reviewed. As a result, a cornerstone of a certain shape was found in the tower. It was not only in the east tower but also in the west tower. As an H-shaped cornerstone of the alphabet, a cornerstone of the same shape was found in front of the south of the East-West Tower. However, since it has no origin, no one paid attention at first. "I found an H-shape in the east pagoda, I just covered it, but I found another tower..." There is something..." All of the east and west pagodas were found on the south side of the stylobate. Professor Bae Byung-sun, an architecture expert, argues that the foundation was a kind of "craver" because he visited the Korean Traditional Culture School to find out exactly the identity of the foundation since the tower was built. Through the arrangement of the cornerstones, the specific shape of the crane used at the time was estimated. It is explained that the stone of the stone pagoda would have been raised by connecting the two poles and attaching a pulley to the top, so would there have been a pulley more than 1,400 years ago? The Daegu Museum has a valuable relic confirming that there was a pulley at that time, Yongdubodang Shrine in the Unified Silla Period found in Punggi, Gyeongsangbuk-do. The dragon has a pulley in its mouth, the most rudimentary crane shape. Yongdu was raised at the entrance of the temple and at the end of the flagpole, and the flag of the temple was raised through a pulley. Another place found a pulley used. The inside of Anak No. 3 and Anak No. 3 in Hwanghae-do Island is filled with colorful murals that give a glimpse into the beauty of Goguryeo art. However, there is a prominent painting on one side of the mural depicting Goguryeo's life. It is also a well. This well is also a device for raising water in the picture. You can see that you are using a pulley right away. Then, what shape is the crane used in Mireuksa Pagoda? Suwon Hwaseong Fortress was built during King Jeongjo's reign, and it is famous for its use of various types of cranes when constructing castles. In the orbit of Hwaseong Fortress, cranes used to build Hwaseong Fortress in Suwon are detailed with pictures. In particular, Nokro is a type of crane that uses pulleys to simply lift heavy things up and is known to have been used most often in Joseon Dynasty architecture, but surprisingly, the floor structure of Nokro almost coincides with the H-shaped cornerstone found in Mireuksa Pagoda. Professor Bae Byung-sun argues that this very form of crane was used to build Mireuksatap Pagoda. It is a crane of the Baekje period restored through the H-shaped cornerstone. However, a total of four wooden remains were found about 6 meters away from the H-shaped cornerstone. What is this phrase? This crane was a developmental type of crane that moved left and right as well as a function of lifting stones up. In other words, Baekje's crane, restored through the H-shaped cornerstone, is a form of crane that is one step ahead of the Nokg-ro of the Joseon Dynasty. Now, this is the crane used by the Baekje people. It's amazing that there was already a crane like this 1,400 years ago, similar to the current construction equipment. Mireuksatap Pagoda was a symbolic tower that contained Baekje's science and technology as a whole.

Erastes and Eromenos.

 Erastes erastes - The man who gives love, eromenos eromenos - The story of ancient homosexuality under the man who is loved came out... Homosexuality between adult men and boys was common in ancient Greece and Hellenistic world. This relationship is recognized (?), thoroughly above and below, domination and obedience are defined, and certain rituals and discipline exist. In other words, it is related not only to sexual factors but also to the social way of living as a man. For Erastes, adult men are right. It is known that not everyone could be Erastes just because it was an adult male. In reality, there must be a certain degree of wealth and status, and metaphysically, the soul must not be lazy (cough...--;). In order for Erastes to seduce the boy into his own eromenes, he has to persuade him with words, but if the soul is lazy and speechless, he thinks that the boy can receive intelligence and virtue through that person and will not allow the relationship. Because of this virtue of the soul (cough once again...), Plato said that Erastesman was full of God. The Eromenos were clearly distinguished from Namchang. Because Eromenos is a citizen who will grow up to be a member of the polis in the future, so obedience to Erastes cannot demote him to the same position as Namchang. Namchang was born as a man, but was criticized socially because he committed the crime committed by women. In order to distinguish it from Namchang, who sinns women, Eromenos never takes an active attitude when he is loved by Erastes. Open your eyes straight in an excited state, and take an attitude of reluctantly responding because it's a duty given to you that you don't want to. Pleasure should be felt only by Erastes, and Eromenos should avoid Erastes' eyes so that the eyes of both of them do not meet. (But does it even make eye contact?) I just imagined the posture.If I explain it in more detail, it'll be lame, so I'll skip it. This homosexual relationship is not only for pursuing pleasure, but for the enhancement of Arete. Raising one's virtue to the level of heroes, modeled after the love between gods and men in myths. Going from the disproportionate relationship between Erastes and Eromenos, reaching the point where the difference between the two is eliminated.The goal of this homosexual relationship is to become Achilles and Patroclus, Orestes and Pilates, Apollo and Admetus...This point is well illustrated in "Perfume". Love with women creates insignificant bodies, but love with men gives birth to soul life.In other words, it is right that you can gradually develop from indulging in the beauty of the boy and reach Idea (huck... I remember high school moral time). Earlier, the goal was to eliminate the difference between Erastes and Eromenes.This is the process of socializing by raising a boy as an adult and making him a member of society (?).I don't know what to say) also worked. It is right for a boy who was someone's eromenos to receive knowledge and virtue from Erastes and become an adult-Erastes who can share soul love and raise another eromenos as Erastes. In the present view, the pursuit of pleasure and the curriculum that fosters citizens in the future can be consistent...If you look at it, it's funny...It seems to be just a logic surrounded to justify homosexuality (to be precise, should I call it boyhood), but...Anyway, I guess we connected then... This homosexuality is also interpreted as being related to the social image of the time when it was maintained as a military force only for citizens. It is related to the maintenance of the privileged status of a civic group consisting of only adult men (women and slaves at that time are not humans).The opinion that it is also related to population control. A character like Alexander may have been a bisexual in the same meaning as today, but he may have pursued a way of life that enhances the soul and becomes a hero through homosexuality. In fact, he lived a life like a mythical hero, so I don't know if he pursued the life of Erastes, who is close to Idea, who is privileged in sex and resembles the life of a hero.

The difference between a blade and a double-edged sword.

 One of the most common questions on the Internet regarding knives is the difference between do and sword. Most people cite Muyedo Commonplace for this question, saying that the blade on both sides is a sword and the blade on only one side is a do. Of course, this story is not necessarily wrong. In the ordinary land of Muye Island, a double-edged knife was clearly called a sword and a single-edged knife was called a do. The double-edged sword is called "Gum" and the single-edged knife is called "Do" in the middle of martial arts, and "Gum and "Gum" and "Do" were used together. The reason why swords were revered in ancient times and Tao in later generations is not related to the sharp and dull differences in knives, but because everyone has the same habit." However, the Jungwon Pilbi compiled not far from ordinary martial arts has a different view on the difference between Tao and sword. In the old days, Do and Geom had different systems and different names. Do has a long handle and a blade and hair iron. The sword has a short sack, a long blade, and a sheath. Today, people do not distinguish between the long and short of the bag and the blade, the ring, the sheath, and the absence, and all are called Do. However, it is clear that Do is not a common serpentine, but a type of spear." In other words, the author of Yongwon Pilbi argues that the weapon with a sheath and a short blade is a sword, and the one with no sheath and a long sack is a do. Yong Won-pilbi's claim is based on the Mugyeong Chongyo of the Song Dynasty of China, and in fact, soldiers in the Mugyeong Chongyo, Unwoldo, Guldo, Bongchwido, Pildo, Kukdo, and Micheomdo are all classified as one day or both. Therefore, the claim of the loan fee is not without grounds. Then, which argument is correct? Historically, the single-edged Tao has already existed as a living tool since the Neolithic Age. Neolithic people cut meat and cut wood using Tww, but did not use it as a full-fledged weapon. When the first long-bladed combat weapon, or bronze sword, appeared in the Bronze Age, the Chinese called this new weapon the sword. This Chinese character, sword, is a combination of the letter "cheom" representing the phonetic value and the letter "do" meaning the blade. On the one hand, Cheom also symbolizes pointed things. At that time, there was no reason to be confused at all between the single-edged Tao used as a living tool and the double-edged sword used as a weapon.   However, in the era of the Han Dynasty, when Hwandudaedo Island, a single-edged sword, first appeared, the relationship between Do and Sword became quite ambiguous. Hwandu Daedo Island is definitely a combat weapon, so its function corresponds to a sword, but in the form of a blade, it corresponds to a single-edged sword. Therefore, from this point on, confusion arises in the use of the words do and sword. According to Hu Han-seo, citing Chunchu-gye written by Dong Joong-seo, "The sword is on the left, so it looks like a blue dragon, and the do is on the right, so it is clearly distinguished from the commentary." The fact that they tried to explain the difference between swords and Tao proves that the word "help sword" was already used in much of the generation of the Song Dynasty, when the latter was compiled. In fact, in the Song Dynasty's Mugyeongchongyo, all soldiers with several meters of sacks were called Do, and among them, Pildo and Dodo, two-edged weapons, were divided into Do. In Korea, which accepted Chinese characters from China, the words Do and Geom have been used interchangeably since the Three Kingdoms Period, and at that time, the word sword was more widely used than Do, even though most of the single-edged Hwandudaedo was used. And in the early Joseon Dynasty, the one-day military flag was even called Janggum. Therefore, China and Korea have historically used the words do and sword almost always, and there was no clear boundary between these two words. And the general claim of martial arts that a single-edged knife is a do and a double-edged knife is a sword is not necessarily correct. However, there is no distinction between these two words. Black is a combat-winged weapon, so it is never named a sword for living tools. On the other hand, since Do started from one-day living equipment, most of the weapons and living tools on one-day are named Do except in extremely exceptional cases. Even today, rather than trying to distinguish between swords and swords, all weapons with long blades are called swords, and it is right to use Do only for one blade, especially for swords.

Personal opinion of a member of a historical club - totalitarianismRegardless of value judgment, is it possible to realize it in the first place?

 Totalism, which asked, "Is it feasible?" in the title of the article, does not refer to concrete and practical objects such as German Nazism or Italian fascism in actual history, but to abstract objects that are thought of in the Korean dictionary as "ignoring the interests of individuals or groups, focusing on the interests of the whole country." So, purely totalitarianism as the word is. Let's clarify the subject so that there's no misunderstanding.    No, it'I couldn't think of a plan to write before writing due to the lack of sunlight, but now that I think of it, I think I should rewrite both of the objects mentioned above. So let's divide the concept into "specific totalitarianism" that has existed in history and "abstract totalitarianism" as it means in the Korean dictionary. (Maybe the concept is classified in this way, but I don't know if it's white, but let's do this for now.)     To ask about the value judgment of Sohae, it is natural to hate Sohae-han's "specific totalitarianism" and I also hate "abstract totalitarianism." Let's blow out the candles.Not a Buddhist who wants his family to be well-being and asks the monk to make an amulet...I don't know if I can conclude that it follows Sakyamuni's philosophical ideas) but I think I have a strong tendency. So I hate the belief that assumes a small abstract concept (in the context, I will mean 'state' here). So I don't like "abstract totalitarianism" either. (The specific totalitarianism that I don't like) But as mentioned in the title above, the argument of this article is not a judgment of the value of Sohae. What I'm trying to say is, 'Is it possible to realize abstract totalitarianism in the first place?' The ideal social model in their theory, in which specific totalitarianism actually progressed, would be abstract totalitarianism. But the difference between "abstract totalitarianism," which can be said to be so ideal, and "specific totalitarianism," which can be said to be reality, was not simply "desirable" for totalists, just because "ideal and reality are always far away."       Why was it inevitable? A state is a group after all. It's an abstract concept that draws something in common with each individual and bundles it up. (Honestly, it's difficult to describe even the concept of "individual" as concrete, but if you dig into it microscopically like this, you can't do macrobagu, so let's move on.^^;; Anyway, the concept of a state can be expressed as abstract rather than as an individual) So, the state is a 'complex concept'. The complex concept is that just as chemists find molecules and atoms, they can't find pure elements by excluding things that aren't pure one by one with the kind of "erase method. This concept is not something that is as pure as a molecule or an atom is hidden in it, but when the whole thing is integrated, the concept is completed. Is there a pure concept like atoms and molecules in Korea that doesn't split anymore? Taegeukgi? It became a symbol by giving meaning to a kind of symbol. Territory? It's important, but it's not everything. People? It's more important than territory, but it's not everything. Roh Moo Hyun? There's no citizen, but there's a president. What else?               As seen above, the state is a 'complex concept'. As the totalitarianism says, it's still "total." In this way, the concept is viewed accurately by looking somewhat blurry (?), and the more you try to define it, the farther it gets from the essence of the concept. But I like the definition of people. (Because the concept of abstraction artificially segmenting non-segmental reality from 'birth of new words' in the beginning.) In particular, what you need to trust and follow (in context, it means the country now) should be clearly noticeable. But as I said, in reality, a country is a complex concept that is abstract. However, it is difficult to trust and follow because the substance feels unclear when the object is grasped complexly and abstractly in that way. Therefore, the act of visualizing a complex abstract concept as a simple specific object (haong, which would be the most appropriate to express this action in one word), making the object visually visible. For example, there will be a "national flag" or a "border line" in any country by classifying them into semi-(?) genres, and in the hardcore (?) side, there will be Kim Il-sung's leader Avina, Mao Zedong, the emperor, and Hitler.        There's an error here. The purely idealistic "abstract totalitarianism" is for "the whole," and for the convenience of humans who visualize and look at everything when interposed, replace the object of loyalty with a visual "symbol" that means the whole instead of "the whole." At first, you might have thought it was simply "alternative"? Thinking of it as a kind of "necessary evil." However, it becomes fixed over time and takes it for granted later. Hitler's will is the will of Germany as a whole? Is Mussolini's decision the whole of Italy? Not (at least theoretically). But before you know it, following their will will will follow the whole, and against their decision will fall in love with the whole.

The old territory of the literature ---'Goguryo, Buyeo, and Korea are the successors of Gojoseon'.

The late Joseon Dynasty (Dangun Joseon) was the first country in our history and had the largest territory as a single country. The west was the Nanha near the current Beijing, the north was the border between China and Mongolia, the Heukryonggang River, the border between China and Russia, and the south was the entire Korean Peninsula and Manchuria. In the "Samguk Yusa" Gojoseon, it is recorded that Gojoseon moved the capital from Asadal to Asadal four times through Pyongyang-Baekaksan Asadal-Jangdanggyeong. It makes it possible to assume that if Gojoseon had moved the capital four times, the territory would have been quite large. The map of the Sipgu Saryak Tongo drawn by Chinese historian Jeung Seon-ji in the 13th century shows that the territory of Gojoseon encompasses Manchuria, and the Great Wall, the border between Gojoseon and China, ended in the northwest of Balhae. In the History of Sagi Qin Shi Huangbongi, the territory of the Qin Empire, which unified China, reached the sea and Joseon in the east, and the border with Joseon was called Yodong. This refers to the situation in 221 (the 26th year of Qin Shi Huang) before AD, and it shows that the western border of Gojoseon was in Liaodong. This period was before the founding of Wimanjoseon, and it was during the Gojoseon (Dangunjoseon) period. What is important here is the location of fluctuations at the time, and the location of fluctuations in ancient times and fluctuations in present times are different. It is recorded that Goguryeo was 1,000 ri east of Yodong in the "Huhanseo" Dongiyeoljeon Hall and "Three Kingdoms" Ohhwanseon Bidongjeon Hall of Goguryeo was located 1,000 ri east of Yodong. Since Goguryeo was located in the current Liaodong, it can be seen that the ancient Liaodong was 1,000 miles west of the current Liaodong. That was the border between Gojoseon and Jin. Then, where is the fluctuation of ancient times? According to the records of "Sagi" Jinshi Hwang Bon-ki, the ancient Liao-dong was the Galseoksan Mountain area. The location of Galseoksan Mountain, which appears in "Sagi"'s Jinshi Hwangbongi and Hyomubongi, coincides with the current Galseoksan Mountain in the eastern basin of Nanha. It makes us know that the downstream basin of the orchid was an ancient fluctuation. There are several records supporting the fact that ancient fluctuations were ancient fluctuations along the Gojoseon Line in the west of 1,000 ri from now on. In the Mongnyeomyeoljeon Hall of Sagi, the Great Wall of China built on the border began at Imjo and reached a fluctuation, and in the Dangbinjeon Hall of Jinseo, it was said that "the Great Wall was restored, but it reached Galseoksan Mountain. These records show that the end of the Great Wall of China was the Galseoksan Mountain area in Liaodong. On the map of "Sipgusagaktongo", Yosu is drawn in the northwest of Balhae, and the Great Wall of China penetrated it from the west to reach the fluctuation. Hoenam Choo Hyung-hoon explained that Yosu leaves Galseoksan Mountain and enters the sea from the southwest of Liaodong. The only big river flowing along Galseoksan Mountain is orchids. Therefore, it can be seen that the ancient Yosu was difficult today. According to Sagisaekaegi, Galseoksan Mountain was located in Suseonghyeon, Nakrang-gun, and Tongjeon recorded that Galseoksan Mountain was located in Noryonghyeon, where the Great Wall began to speak to Taegangjiji. During the Tang Dynasty, when Tongjeon was compiled, Noryonghyeon was the downstream basin of the current Nanha. Therefore, it can be seen that Galseoksan Mountain, where the Great Wall of China began, is now Galseoksan Mountain in the downstream basin of the orchid. One question arises here. It is said in the literature introduced earlier that the Great Wall of China started (or ended) at Galseoksan Mountain, and the area was fluctuating, but the Great Wall of China started at Suseonghyeon, Nakrang-gun in "Taegangjiri." Suseong-hyeon was one of the 25 prefectures that belonged to Nakrang-gun. Nakrang-gun was formerly a territory of Wimanjoseon, and before that, it was a territory of Gojoseon. Therefore, the above record is to say that Galseoksan Mountain, where the Great Wall of China began, was originally in Gojoseon territory. This means that Galseoksan Mountain was on the border. Suseong-hyeon, Nakrang-gun, was originally located in the westernmost border of Gojoseon, and it can be seen that it was located in the east with Galseoksan Mountain, which is currently located in the downstream basin of the orchid, as the western boundary. Galseoksan Mountain is located on the border between Gojoseon and China, and the east was Gojoseon and the west was China. Galseoksan Mountain in the orchid basin needs to organize the concept of fluctuation here on the western border. Yodong originally meant a distant place in the east, and it was a word that Chinese people refer to the easternmost border area. Therefore, when China's eastern border moved, the location of fluctuations also moved. The reason why today's fluctuations are more east of ancient fluctuations is because Hansa-gun was established in the current Yoseo area and China's territory was expanded to the present Yoha. Due to the above historical evidence, it can be seen that the boundary between Gojoseon and China was the current Nanha and Galseoksan Mountain. This is the situation of the Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century before the AD. However, even at a time ahead of the Qin Dynasty, records show that the border between Gojoseon and China was not east of this, but rather west. There is a record in Yeomcheolon that the Yeon Dynasty was cut off by Sagok and surrounded by Yosu with Galseoksan Mountain as a fortress. This refers to the situation of the national era, and at that time, Yeonnara borders Gojoseon. Therefore, even in the Warring States period ahead of the Qin Empire, it can be seen that the border between Gojoseon and China consisted of Galseoksan Mountain and the current orchid. The Eunjeon Hall of "Sangseo Daejeon" and Songmijasega of "Sagi" record that a reporter fled to Joseon in 1100 AD. This shows that Gojoseon existed before 1100 AD, and the geography of "Hanseo" and "Jinseo" records that the later Joseon-hyeon, Nakrang-gun, was the place where a reporter lived in exile in the past. Since Joseon-hyeon belonged to Nakrang-gun with Suseong-hyeon, it can be seen that the place where the reporter fled was not far from Galseoksan Mountain. Until 1100 AD, the border between Gojoseon and China was in the Nanha and Galseoksan regions, and the place where the reporter fled was in the western part of Gojoseon. In the Joseon Yeoljeon Hall of Sagi, it was said that the letter was difficult to protect the border with Gojoseon in the early days, so the old border post was repaired and moved there. Since the letter inherited the territory of the Qin Empire as it was, this record shows that the border between Gojoseon and China was located west of the Nanha basin before the Qin-Han Dynasty. The border between Gojoseon and China was generally formed of Nanha and Galseoksan Mountain, sometimes far west of it. In the Dongiyeoljeon Hall of "Huhanseo," he explained about Ye and said, "Ye, Okjeo, and Goguryeo were all originally Joseon's land." This is the situation after the Gojoseon collapsed. At that time, Yeh occupied parts of the current Hamgyeongnam-do and Gangwon-do, Okjeo occupied Hamgyeongnam-do and Hamgyeong-do, and Goguryeo occupied Pyeonganbuk-do, southern Gilin Province, and eastern Liaoning Province in China. It is said that all of these areas were land of Gojoseon. It is said that several countries, including Biryu, Shira, Goguryeo, Namokje, Bukokjeo, Ye, and Mac, including Han (Samhan) and Buyeo, inherited the Dangun of Gojoseon. This suggests the possibility that these areas were the territory of Gojoseon. Buyeo had the same customs as Goguryeo and other countries on the Korean Peninsula, according to the "Huhanseo" Dongiyeoljeon Hall and the "Three Kingdoms" Ohhwanseon Bidongjeon Hall. For example, when there was a ritual for Jecheon in the country, people from all over the country gathered to drink, eat, and dance every day, and this was called Yeonggo in Buyeo, Alliance in Goguryeo, Mucheon in Dongye, and May and October in Han. Buyeo had most of the same things as Goguryeo, including language and laws, and the people of Goguryeo thought it was a separate species of Buyeo. In order for the Gojoseon people, the central power of the founding of Silla, religion, language, and customs to be the same, they must live together for a long time in the same country and have deep cultural exchanges. Gojoseon is the only country that could encompass all of these regions before several countries, such as Buyeo and Goguryeo, became independent countries. From this, it is thought that the Buyeo area was also included in the territory of Gojoseon. Buyeo had Eolgunaha, which forms the border between China and Mongolia today, and the Heukryonggang River, which forms the border between China and Russia, as the north and northeast borders. Therefore, the northern and northeastern borders of Gojoseon would have been the same. In the geography of Goryeosa Temple, there is Chamseongdan Altar on the ridge of Manisan Mountain in Ganghwado Island, and it is said that Dangun held a memorial service to heaven, and Jeondeungsan Mountain is also called Samrangseong Fortress, so Dangun ordered three sons to build this castle. These ruins are still handed down with such legends. This shows that the Gyeonggi-do area was the territory of Gojoseon. In the Silla Bongi, Samguksagi, it was said, "In the old days, the people of Joseon lived in the mountains and created six villages, and they became the strong six parts and became the central force of Silla's founding." After the collapse of Gojoseon, the remaining people formed the sixth part of Jinhan and became the central force that founded Silla. In the past, some scholars believed that the central force of the founding of Silla was those who migrated from the north. Since Gojoseon thought it was in the basin of the Daedong River, he thought that the refugee should have migrated from there. However, in Samguksagi, it was described as "the remaining people," but not as "the flowing people." They were the sixth part of Jinui and became the central force of the founding of Silla. Jinhan is the name of the region during the Korean (Samhan) period before Silla was founded. From this, it can be seen that they have been indigenous forces who have lived in the area for a long time with considerable foundation. In this way, it should be considered that the current Gyeongju area where Silla was founded was the territory of Gojoseon. As mentioned earlier, there was a ritual for May and October in Korea (Samhan), such as Buyeo's Yeonggo, Goguryeo's alliance, and Dongye's Mucheon. The rituals and customs performed during that period were almost the same.

This identity of religious customs is formed only by living together in the same country for a long time and sharing it. In Han (Samhan), there was a heavenly army in charge of ancestral rites to God in Guk-eup, and there was a religious holy place called Sodo in the Geoguk (Jehuguk), where large trees were erected, bells and drums were hung and ghosts were served. This is an inheritance of Gojoseon's religion. According to the Dangun myth, there was a religious holy place called Shinshi in Gojoseon, where there were shrines and shrines. Sodo is similar to this. It should be seen that the above various facts indicate that the Han (Samhan) region was also included in the territory of Gojoseon. Han (Samhan) was located in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and occupied the southern coastline. It was said that several countries, including Han (Samhan), inherited the Dangun of Gojoseon during the "King Ungi" Hansa-gun and the Yeolgukgi, but from the various circumstances discussed above, it should be considered that it encompassed the territory. Therefore, it should be considered that the southern border of Gojoseon was the southern coastline of the Korean Peninsula. To sum up what has been considered so far, the border of Gojoseon was formed by the current Nanha and Galseoksan Mountain in the west, Eolgunaha in the north, Heukryonggang River in the northeast, and the southern coastline of the Korean Peninsula in the south. Gojoseon was a large country with the current Korean Peninsula and all Manchuria as its territory. This fact is also supported by archaeological data. Tombs using stone materials such as Jeokseokchong, Seokgakmyo, and Seokgwanmyo, and Bifa-shaped Donggum, a representative weapon of Gojoseon, are found only in Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula in the east, and are not seen in China in the west. This allows us to know that Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula in the east of Nanha belonged to the same cultural area and the same ruling area. However, at the end of the Gojoseon Line, there was a change in the western border. In the 190s before AD, Wimanjoseon was established from the downstream basin of Nanha to the Daerungha basin, and the western border of Gojoseon became the Daerungha basin, and then Hansa-gun was established in the current Yoseo area in 107 AD. ■ The first literature to use the name "Chosun" and "Samguksagi" compiled by Kim Bu-sik and others during the Goryeo Dynasty are the first in Korea. During the reign of King Chungnyeol of Goryeo, Zen master Ilyeon wrote the name Gojoseon in Samguk Yusa. · It is the first time that a book called "Gwanjia" was written by the governor of the Qi Dynasty during the Spring and Autumn Period of China. Since then, records of Joseon have been shown in Sagi and Sangseo. 

Mystery of the Battle of Jupilsan Mountain.

 In 645 AD, Tang Tae-jong personally led the army and invaded Goguryeo.During the Sui Dynasty, he captured Liaodongseong Fortress, which was not captured, and defeated Goguryeo troops several times in the field, but eventually lost the Ansiseong Battle and stepped down.It was the first or last failure of Tang Tae-jong Lee Se-min, who made the greatest contribution to unifying the world with masters like Giraseong when his father Lee Yeon was ill, and eventually left his will to the Goguryeo expedition in 649. The problem is that the records of the war between the Tang and Goguryeo during this period have too many problems, and as I have already said several times, I dare to affirm that it is very, very foolish to believe the records of the Goguryeo War recorded by this period. In particular, the Battle of Jupilsan Mountain, which can be said to be the highlight of the war at this time, has too many problems to believe as it is. First of all, the records about the Battle of Jupilsan Mountain in the History of the Three Kingdoms.Of course, I understand that the History of the Three Kingdoms also referred to the records of Chinese history such as the Old Book of Goryeo. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- When the emperor reached Ansi Castle and sent soldiers to attack, Go Yeon-soo in the north and Go Hye-jin in the south saved Ansi Castle with 150,000 soldiers to go to our military and horses. The emperor said to the guards. "Now [Go] Yeonsu will have three strategies. If we lead the military directly and connect Ansi Castle to make it a bastion, eat grain in the castle and take away our cows and horses, we will not be able to suddenly fall even if we attack, and if we try to go back, it will be blocked by mud and make our troops tired. It is a heavy responsibility to draw soldiers in the castle and run away at night together. It is a disgrace to come out and fight against us without counting one's wisdom and abilities. Look at you guys. They will surely come out as a disgrace, so it is before my eyes that captivates them." At that time, Go Jeong-ui, who was old enough to know the work well, told Yeonsu. "Since King Jin removed several heroes inside and subjugated Orangkae outside to become an independent emperor, this person is an outstanding talent in the world. Now that [he] has brought the world's best group, we can't confront. As my plan, it is better to organize the military and spend time without fighting, and to endure for a long time and share surprise troops to cut off the military route. If the food runs out, we can't fight, and even if we try to go back, there is no way, so we can win." [Go] Without listening to the training, we led the military and went straight to 40 ri away from Ansi-seong. Afraid that he would come hesitating, the emperor ordered the general Asanasai, and took 1,000 soldiers of the sudden palace, lured them, and falsely fled the first battle. [Go] Yeonsu fought, saying, "It's easy to deal with," and beat them, and reached the 8-ri southeast of Ansiseong Fortress and camped against the mountain. When the emperor gathered all the generals and asked for a trick, the Jangson weapon replied. "God hears, 'When you want to fight against the enemy, you must first look at the minds of your graduates.' God was passing by various military camps, and when he heard that Goguryeo (military) had come, he saw all the graduates pulling out swords and hanging flags, showing a pleasant light on their faces. These are the soldiers who will definitely win. His Majesty personally went to the military camp before the age of 20 and won by surprise, so [it] was all planned by the emperor above and several generals followed the plan. Today's work is led by His Majesty." The emperor smiled and said, "Since you refuse like this, I will think about it for you," and looked up high with hundreds of cavalry following [long-handed] weapons, and looked at where the mountain god could hide and enter the military. Our army camped together with Malgal and the military, and since it was 40 lis long, there was a light that the emperor looked at and worried about it. King Dojong of the River said. "The defense of Pyongyang will surely be weak as Goguryeo is blocking the troops of heaven with the power of the whole country." Please give God 5,000 elite soldiers. If you turn that root upside down, you can surrender hundreds of thousands of troops without fighting." The emperor did not listen and sent the envoy to Yeonsu. "I came to ask for sin because the powerful servant of your country killed the king, but it is not my true intention to reach the battle. When you enter your border, you have taken away several castles because of the lack of appearance and food. If your country has the example of a servant, it will surely return what it has lost." [Go] Yeon-su believed this and did not defend himself again. The emperor called in a civil service officer at night to plan work, ordered Lee Se-jeok to camp at the western pass with 15,000 infantry and cavalry, and Jangson weapons and Woo Jin-dal took 11,000 elite soldiers as surprise soldiers to come out to the canyon from the north of the mountain and attack them. The emperor himself had 4,000 infantry and cavalry, laid down the flag with drums and flute, and climbed the mountain. The emperor ordered several troops to come out at once and attack them when they heard the sound of drums and flute, and ordered the official in charge to set up a tent next to the shrine to receive surrender. That night, a shooting star fell into the camp of [high] Yeonsu. The next day, Yeonsu and others saw that there were few soldiers of the enemy and tried to lead the army to fight. When the emperor saw the army of weapons raising dust, he hit the drum, blew the flute, and ordered to lift the flag, and several troops came out in unison, drumming and screaming. [Go] Yeonsu and others tried to divide the military and prevent it, but the military camp was already dizzy. There was thunder and lightning, and when Seol In-gwi, a Yongmun person, wore strange clothes and shouted loudly and captured the military camp, there was no one to confront where he was headed, and our soldiers collapsed. When the large army attacked, our soldiers collapsed greatly, and there were about 30,000 people who died. The emperor looked at [Seol] Ingui and appointed him as a guerrilla general. [Go] Yeonsu and others relied on the rest of the group to protect themselves, but the emperor ordered several troops to surround them, and all the long-handed weapons demolished the bridge and cut off their return home. [Go] Yeonsu and [Go] Hyejin had 36,800 people in a group and asked for surrender, entered the military gate, bowed, and prayed for their lives. The emperor removed 3,500 ministers under the curse and let them go to the inner area to return to Pyongyang, caught 3,300 horsemen, buried them all, and captured 50,000 horses, 50,000 cows, and 10,000 Myeonggwanggae. The other machines were this much. The name of the mountain [the emperor] went to was renamed Jupilsan Mountain. Ko Yeon-soo was used as Hongnyeogyeong and Ko Hye-jin as a private farm. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In short, it's as follows. 1. When the party army led by Tang Tae-jong reached Ansi Castle, Goguryeo led the Northern Abuse Ko Yeon-soo and the Southern Abuse Ko Hye-jin to lead the 150,000 troops and save Ansi Castle. 2. Dangtaejong conducts camouflage peace negotiations and manned operations to attack Goguryeo forces that will come out quickly. 3. The Goguryeo army, which fell into the ship, is killed 30,000 people, 36,800 people are captured, and Ko Yeon-soo and Ko Hye-jin also surrender to Dang Tae-jong. 4. Dangtaejong gives Ko Yeon-soo and Ko Hye-jin the government posts of Hongnyeogyeong and Sanonggyeong, and the 3,300 Malgals captured as prisoners lead 3,500 of Goguryeo's troops, and all the rest are released. First of all, let's move on to whether Goguryeo troops were able to mobilize 150,000 people at the time, and the mystery of the Battle of Jupilsan Mountain, which is viewed in a small way, is as follows. 1. Ko Yeon-soo and Ko Hye-jin's positions are too low. In the Samguksagi, only the position of the northern and southern curses appears, but in "Bookbu Wongui", Ko Yeon-soo is recorded as "Widudae-type Daebu-Hubu monarch" and Ko Hye-jin as "a large-scale monarch of Jeonbu." At that time, the position of Yoksal was considered valid based on the records from the Goja tombstone (the records of ancestors' official positions and government offices - the third class of the Goja tombstone also refer to the western center, the Western Yoksal) But it is wrong to see Ko Hye-jin's record as a large-scale government official. The problem is that their offices and offices are too low to command the unprecedented 150,000 troops. Of course, the above two battalions also won the fifth official light - requisitioning soldiers, offering government posts and plotting secrets, but it was too low to command nearly half of the Goguryeo army's total troops at the time. Furthermore, considering that this period was only four years after Yeon Gaesomun caused the bloody Coup, I think Yeon Gaesomun himself or a person who had a higher official rank should have led it. Of course, there are scholars who use both of them as royal surnames, and because it was a period of aristocratic coalition regime that valued the family of origin more than the government officials, but I personally don't think so.

First of all, it was true that both were royal family members, but there were cases where high-ranking officials or high-ranking officials were given royal duties, and during this period, they were generally inherited (Yeon Gaesomun was also inherited after his father's death, and he was also appointed as a high-ranking official). 2. Why are there two commanders? This was not something that scholars had much question about, but why were the two general commanders and the two who had the same government posts in the same office? Organizations called ancient or modern or military are not organizations that can be maintained or moved without clarifying the establishment and establishment of command rights.

Therefore, in the ancient East, a ceremony was held to hand over Boowol, a symbol of command to a participating general, and even in modern times, commanders and staff were strictly distinguished. There were similar cases in ancient Rome, but at that time, the problem was solved by changing the duties of the commander once a day.Even in that case, one of the commanders was in charge of the Roman army in the Battle of Canne. Goguryeo fought numerous wars and organized your troops to go on expeditions or defend themselves, but this is the first and last time that two commanders with the same government posts and positions conducted at once. Of course, it can be said that Yeon Gaesomun shared the command because he did not trust these two people, but if so, the question of whether he should have divided the army into two should have followed immediately. 3. What are the exact casualties of Goguryeo soldiers? As you can see from the records of the Three Kingdoms fraud, Goguryeo soldiers and prisoners in the Battle of Jupilsan Mountain are often confused or inconsistent. First of all, out of 150,000 troops, the number is confirmed to be 30,000 dead and 36,800 captured.Aside from the dead, there are too many questions about how to deal with prisoners. It was said that the Malgal people were buried in a trial case, and that 3,500 of the remaining prisoners were dragged to the Tang Dynasty, and the rest were all "released"... War is not a joke. They are not joking.Of course, there must have been a shortage of food or difficulties in management, but the release of not one or two but 30,000 soldiers is a decisive cause of making librarians in the midfield laugh along with the record that the damage to the party was only 2,000 during the 645 Goguryeo expedition. In addition, except for 36,800 prisoners in 30,000 dead, there is no mention of the remaining 80,000 troops.You clearly recorded that the number of Goguryeo troops was 150,000. In places such as Samguksagi and Gudangseo, there were only 30,000 troops mobilized by the party at this time, including 4,000 troops led by Lee Se-min, 15,000 by Lee Se-jeok, 11,000 by Jangson weapons and Woo Jin-dal.Of course, we can defeat 150,000 people with 30,000 people, but we can't siege them.No, even if the siege is possible, we can't stop breaking through. Even if they believed in the records of librarians in the midfield, about a third of the 150,000 Goguryeo and Malgal Allied Forces suffered from 30,000 dead, 3,300 Malgals buried alive, and 3,500 Goguryeo soldiers who were captured and taken away.It's true that I lost, but it wasn't damage enough to say that I was devastated or devastated.In addition, as mentioned at the subsequent operational meeting, there were 100,000 Goguryeo troops in Sinseong and Geonanseong, and a considerable number of troops were stationed in Ogolseong Fortress, which was originally intended to attack, so as mentioned in the conclusion, some of the soldiers - probably defeated Ko Yeon-soo and Ko Hye-jing. Next, I will talk about the size of Goguryeo expedition of the party in 645, which is still controversial. I hope you have a great weekend.