The mystery of the end of Hittite civilization.

 The last king of Hittite is Supiloumas II. Records show that around 1200 B.C., Hittite was attacked by a sea people and destroyed, and some people migrated to Syria to establish the Cynhitite Kingdom. After the fall of Hittite, the Anatolian Plateau, which was the center, remained uninhabited for hundreds of years. It is not known what kind of people the people who destroyed Hitite were. Also, why the people did not live in Hitite remains a mystery.

The prosperity of Hitite civilization.

 Hitite has formed a powerful country in ancient Orient, but there are still many things I don't know about them.They designated Hatus, Turkey (now Bogazkoei), as the capital around 1650 BC and occupied a large area.  

  In the 16th century B.C., it became strong enough to destroy the Babylonian kingdom, which first unified Mesopotamia.It declined for decades after that, but it reached its heyday again.King Supiloumas I, who was put to sleep in the late 14th century B.C., expanded his territory to surrounding areas such as Mitani and Syria and built a solid wall in the capital.And in the late 12th century B.C., it collided with Egypt.At that time, the king of Egypt was Ramses II, one of the greatest pharaohs.King Muwatalis of Hittite fought fiercely with Ramses II in Kadesh, located on the Orontes River basin, over the control of Syria.This fight is of great significance in that it is a conflict between the two civilizations.Hitite fought on par with Egypt, mobilizing troops armed with light tanks and hard iron weapons to siege Ramses II.After decades of battle, Hatusili III and Ramses II eventually signed a peace treaty in Kadesh.This is the world's first international treaty.

  The people of Hittite were excellent in architecture and built huge castles, temples, and cities, but few remain today.However, there are some traces of Hitite in Bogazkoei, the capital of Hitite.You can see the brilliant culture of Hitite through the palace site, library site, and residence found in Bogazkoei.

The Zhou Dynasty, which ruled the country under the feudal system.

 The Zhou Dynasty dominated China for about 1,000 years from the 11th century BC. The king of the Zhou Dynasty ruled over the capital and surrounding areas, and the rest of the area was distributed to the king's relatives or officials with great contributions. These people are called Jehu. His descendants also distributed and ruled all the territory they received to their subordinates without controlling it. This is called the feudal system.

  At first, there was not much conflict because the relationship between the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty and the feudal emperors was close. However, as time passed, the feudal emperors became more and more powerful. The feudal system of the Zhou Dynasty was basically similar to the family system. The royal family of the Zhou Dynasty becomes a large house, and the empires become a small house. As time went by, just as relatives separated from their 4th cousins, 6th cousins, 8th cousins, 12th cousins, etc., the empire also became distant from the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty. Some empires were more powerful than kings of the Zhou Dynasty. Until then, however, the Zhou Dynasty had more authority than other empires.

  However, after the weak Zhou moved the capital to the east in 770 B.C., there came a period of confusion in which the emperors ignored the Zhou and quarreled with each other. So as of 770 B.C., the former is called Seoju, and the latter is called Dongju. We commonly call the Dongju era the Spring and Autumn National Era.

During the Zhou Dynasty, the idea of heaven and virtue emerged as the ideology of governing the country. The idea of a thousand people is that heaven allows virtuous people to rule the country. I think politics is what makes virtuous people teach and realize those who do not. This idea became the ruling ideology of all Chinese dynasties.

  The Zhou society was divided into the ruling class of the emperor, empress, lord, godfather, and son, and the subject class of farmers, so the status order was strict. The ruling class ruled the country, held ancestral rites to heaven, and the ruling class farmed.

  In the Zhou Dynasty, the letters used during the Eun Dynasty were further developed, and the production of bronze ware increased. Economic development was also remarkable. Various crops were grown, cow-drawn plows were used for farming for the first time, and large-scale repair facilities were installed. Roads and canals were newly built and the transportation system was improved. It is said that it was during the Zhou Dynasty that chopsticks were first used when eating.

China's silver kingdom (Shang Dynasty)

 About 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, civilization broke out in China. Yangsao culture and Longsan culture are representative. Yangsao culture is the first agricultural culture that occurred in the Hwabuk region, and is famous for its colored earthenware saturation. The late Longsan culture used a lot of black earthenware (black soil).

  In the 16th century B.C., about 3,600 years ago, the silver kingdom appeared. The Eunnara dominated the middle and lower reaches of the Hwanghe River, centering on the capital city of Eunh. Palace sites, temple sites, and tombs were excavated in the hideout, where letters were engraved on the turtle's shell. In addition, there were cases where letters were engraved on the bones of animals such as sheep and cows. These characters are called Gapgol characters. The Gapgol letter means a letter engraved on the shell of a turtle and the bones of a beast, and was used to mark and record the results when there is something important to the country in the silver country. This Gapgol character developed and became today's Chinese characters. In the silver country, religion and politics were closely related because they asked God for important things in the country. This politics is called 'new rights politics'. Or, it is also called a "corporate society" in the sense that rituals and politics coincide.

  In addition to the Gapgol letters, Eunnara made and used a calendar. This calendar is called the silver calendar. The calendar was an important tool for farming. Also, weapons or bowls were made of bronze. The bronze age of the silver country is world-class, so its sophistication and sophistication are incomparable to those of other countries. However, only the ruling class was able to use these bronze motors. Commoners still used tools made of earthenware, wood, and stone. The silver kingdom, which had been prosperous for a while, was destroyed by the Zhou Dynasty around the 11th century BC.

History of ancient Egypt.

 Egypt's history consists of approximately 30 dynasties, which are largely divided into the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom. The first king in Egyptian history is a legendary pharaoh called Menes. It is said that he unified Egypt and built the capital Memphis.

  Egypt was geographically surrounded by deserts and seas, so it was safe from outside intrusion. So, it has been able to develop while maintaining its own culture for almost 2,000 years. Ancient Egypt existed as a unified state for about 2,500 years from the beginning of the first dynasty around 3,000 B.C. until it was conquered by Persia in the 6th century B.C.

  The 4th Dynasty, the early days of the ancient kingdom, was the time when many pyramids were built, including the evacuation of Giza. During the Middle Kingdom, Hicksus invaded Egypt. The Hicksos ruled Egypt and delivered a new culture of Western Asia that had been isolated. However, the Egyptians drove out the Hicksus and established a powerful new kingdom.

  In the early days of the New Kingdom, they actively conquered in Southwest Asia. In particular, Tutmos III conquered Syria and Palestine and advanced to the upper reaches of the Euphrates River.

  Many of the pharaohs we know well are people from the New Kingdom. Amenhotep IV called himself Aknaton, denying the former Amon Rashin and trying to reform religion by making Aton, the new sun god, the only god. However, Aknaton's reform failed. When the young Tutankhamen succeeded him, the priests of Amon Rashin, who had power, returned Egypt's religion to its original state. Ramses II, who later appeared, ruled Egypt for the longest time among pharaohs and led the era of prosperity.

  After that, Asia, Babylonia, and Persia invaded Egypt. In 525 B.C., King of Persian Cambodia II ruled Egypt, and Egypt became a subordinate state of Persianism. In the 4th century BC, Alexander the Great conquered Egypt, and after his death, the Ptolemy dynasty ruled Egypt. The last king of this dynasty is Cleopatra. Cleopatra was the last to end the history of ancient Egypt, and Egypt was ruled by Rome.

Egypt and farming.

 Egypt is a dry desert area. It was only thanks to the Nile that farming was possible in the desert. Without the Nile River, neither Egypt nor splendid Egyptian civilization would have blossomed. That's why Egypt is called the Gift of the Nile River.

  The downstream of the Nile River floods at a certain time every year. Due to the rain falling in the upper part of the Nile River, the water in the middle and downstream areas gradually increases, causing floods in the downstream areas. So, they supplied water to dry areas without much damage. Farmers only had to sow seeds on the ground where the water had escaped. Then the greasy soil from the upper stream supplied nutrients, and the Nile River supplied water to grow crops. For this reason, people began to live together in the Nile basin early on, and a country called Egypt could be created.

  Egyptians made calendars (solar power) to predict flooding of the Nile River, and developed surveying, geometry, and mathematics for land surveying or civil engineering.

Indian civilization around 2500 B.C.

 Around 2500 B.C., civilizations emerged in Mohenzodaro and Harafa in the basins of the Indus River. Harappa was the first place where Indus civilization was discovered. In Mohenjodaro, which means "the hill of the dead," many artifacts showing the high level of Indus civilization have been excavated.

  Mohenzodaro and Harappa are famous as planned cities. The city has paved roads, brick houses, and public baths. There is also a sewage facility, so sewage from each household's kitchen, bathroom, and toilet was flowed through a brick sewage system. Compared to less than 100 years ago, it is very surprising that Korea has sewage facilities. The people who built the Indus Civilization, like other civilizations, used bronze and letters. But I haven't figured out what that letter means yet. Among the four major civilizations, the only undecoded character was the one used by the people who created the Indus civilization.

  We don't know exactly who made these amazing cities and civilizations yet. It is clear that the ancestors of the people living in India are not Aryans. They entered India around 1500 B.C., 1,000 years after the formation of the Indus Civilization. Because the Aryans knew how to handle iron, they were able to make weapons much stronger and sharper than the Bronze Age used by the people who made the Indus civilization. The Aryans conquered India based on excellent iron weapons and slaves the people who originally lived in India. Today, scholars speculate that the Dravidans living in southern India created the Indus civilization.