The Three Kingdoms Fraud Magazine, Oksa Episode.

 In the Oksa section of the Samguksagi magazine, there are restrictions on houses according to each valley of Silla. Oksa Jingol is not decorated with gold, silver, yuseok, and fivechae, the house is not more than 24 characters long and wide, does not cover roof tiles, does not install double eaves, does not sculpt Hyeongeo, and is not decorated with gold, silver, yuseok, and roof tiles. Stair stones are not ground and triple stairs are not installed, and walls are not equipped with beams and flooring, and lime is not applied. The edge rim of the foot is prohibited from gold, gyesu, and yachora, the folding screen is prohibited from embroidered, and the bed is not decorated with godmother or incense.   Jinchonju in the province was like 5Dupum, and Chachonju was like 4Dupum. The six objects were not decorated with gold, silver, yuseok, white, and fivechae, as the house did not exceed 21 characters long and wide, do not cover the roof tiles, do not have double eaves, intermediate beams, gonga, and slang. The middle staircase and the double staircase are not installed, and the staircase stone is not grinded, and the fence does not exceed eight characters, and lime is not applied without installing beams and floorboards. The edge of the foot is prohibited from counting and functioning, the folding screen is prohibited from embroidered, and the bed cannot be decorated with godmother, jadan, incense, or Hoiyangmok, and silk jewelry is prohibited. There are no double gates and private gates installed, and the stable allows five horses to be put in. The five objects did not exceed 18 characters in length and width, did not use elm trees, did not cover the roof tiles, did not install jugae, did not install double eaves, Jungbo, Hwadua, and was not decorated with gold, silver, yuseok, dongrap, or five. Stair stones are not ground, and the fence does not exceed seven characters, and lime is not applied without constructing beams. Gold, Gye, Neung, Dog, and Si were prohibited from the edge of the foot. The main gate and all four gates are not built, and the stable allows three horses to be placed.   From 4Dupum to Baekseong, the house did not exceed 15 characters in length and width, did not use elm trees, did not install a well ceiling, did not cover the roof of the roof, did not install double eaves, gonga, and hyeongeo, and was not decorated with gold, silver, yuseok, or copper. Seomdol does not use sandstone, and the fence does not exceed six characters, and lime is not applied without constructing a beam. The main gate and the four-way gate were not built, and the stable allowed two horses to be put in.   --------------------------------- If you look at this, the Silla Imperial Palace is roughly equipped with a roof tile, and a double eaves (e.g., Sangdaewoongjeon Hall of Janggoksa Temple) is installed and gonga.It can be seen that the hanging fish (: decoration of fish and harmonics on the bottom of the top of the interest part where the gable board encounters) was installed, and splendidly decorated with gold, silver, yuseok, and bronze. And it can be assumed that it is a form of lime applied to the triple stairs (maybe similar to the form seen in the early Japanese temple architecture...) It can also be seen that it only limited Dangwa and raised freely from tile. Looking at the splendid decoration of Jingol's house with gold and silver lanterns, it can be assumed that this decoration was not a regular family house, but only the imperial palace and temple. Whatever it was, when looking at the restrictions on architecture at that time, I can't hide the thought that it was a very colorful city.

Sacrifice forced by Yang Je of the Sui Dynasty of China.

 Below is the sacrifice that Yang Je of the Sui Dynasty forced the people to invade Goguryeo. 1. In the first year of Daeop (605), Yangje made a boat on the beach of Dongnae (Sandong Peninsula) to fluctuate, but the generals gathered from all over the country were suffering from severe beatings. So officials built a boat instead, but three or four out of ten people died due to maggots under their waist because they couldn't rest from making a boat in the sea day and night. 2. Officials did not rescue the invading army even though it was difficult for the people to live, and officials with high government posts bought goods at low prices, but sold them at high prices, making it difficult to describe the people's hard lives. 3. At a time when a group of Yang Hyeon-gam, who rebelled against the Sui Dynasty, was mercilessly executed, the state warehouse was full of goods, but officials were afraid of the national law and failed to rescue the people who ruined their livelihoods, making their lives more difficult. 4. When the foster system tried to invade the fluctuation, the people deliberately cut their hands and feet off so as not to be dragged out of the battlefield.

about Song Dynasty in China.

 Since the Song Dynasty advocated a cultural state, many writers and scholars were produced in this era, blooming various cultures. Samagwang, the founder of Neo-Confucianism, Ju-hee, and Gu Yang-soo and Sodongpa, the members of the Tangsong Sadae, are prominent figures of this era. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Many people know that the Song Dynasty advocated literaryism. But I'm curious about how you did it specifically. So let's take a look at a few things.Please understand even if it's sloppy. It's the control of the Song Dynasty. According to the Song Dynasty's control, Jungseo, which is the current cabinet, has almost the same authority as the prime minister, Dongjungseomunhapyeongjangsa, and the absent minister Chamjeongsa. In addition, there was a memorial hall in the military, so it took control of the leadership. It is said that only the heavenly emperor Song had control of the army and the military commander could not move the army at will because of the power of command and command in the military. I think it's a solid centralized system. However, it is said that if the order of the Heaven was delivered to the military commander through the memorial service, the military commander was able to move the army directly. I think it's only in separate cases. However, the most notable thing in Sohae-i transmission control is the development of special inspection agencies. During King Taejo's reign, there was a government office called Mudeoksa Temple, so he monitored officials and the people, but King Taejong changed it to Hwangseongsa Temple and expanded it, appointed several Simboks, including Oecheok and Hwangwan, and dispatched thousands of secretaries nationwide to monitor the actions of bureaucrats. I think the dictatorship was bound to be extended. Turning their eyes, each road, a local administrative district, was called Noh in the Song Dynasty, and later, a separate Gajesangpyeongsa Temple was placed to prevent concentration of power, and a landlord was placed in the state or under it to limit the authority of the landlord. What happens if I do this? Immediately preventing the concentration of authority on a particular person and all authority [focusing solely on one person] was said to have been [focusing on one person] It is not a very groundbreaking policy, but at that time, it would have been one of the surest ways to check the provinces. In summary, Emperor ↓ Mudeoksa Temple (later renamed Hwangseongsa Temple) ↓ Miljeong in the capital or provinces, and the last part of the surveillance of bureaucrats was the socio-economy of the Song Dynasty. My arm hurts, so I'll have to cut it down; as you know, the Song Dynasty was called the Renaissance of the East. But I'm looking at it, not just during the Song Dynasty during the Song Dynasty. It is China, where merchants and writers from all over the world came and went during the Tang Dynasty. However, it seems that China, which was confused after the collapse of the Tang Dynasty, developed rapidly by pioneering a stable market path with the unification of Song and the arrival of peace. Moreover, it seems that it was the revitalization of trade with foreign countries that spurred industrial development. For example, Uighurians came from the west to the land, Arabs from the South Sea, and Koreans and Japanese from the east to get silk, ceramics, and other supplies, and they brought gold, silver, especially silver, to China. (Songi Arabs invested in industrial funds to further develop the industry.) As a result, the demand for labor naturally increased, and unemployed people, who had long participated in the group of thieves and encouraged social unrest, were given jobs, and the state's revenue increased significantly as the boom continued, leading to a long surplus.Based on Hao Yi, it seems that the modern culture of the Northern Song Dynasty developed. There are many factors that have increased productivity due to the development of the pine industry, but it seems to be the development of a small division of labor. It seems that not only the regional division of labor but also the production process was divided, and at the same time, companies became large-scale and specialized to increase efficiency. (Bio, felt after seeing various data.) The second is more noteworthy. I think the factor was the development of scientific technology. To give a specific example, there is a thermal revolution. Many people may wonder what kind of firepower revolution it is, but when I looked into it later, it seems that it was not a revolution, but a coal revolution, that is, smelting technologies such as copper and iron developed and produced a large amount of copper and iron. Therefore, commerce naturally developed, and the synergy effect seems to have led to rapid development in vast fields such as industry, military, and cultural aspects.   Roughly summarized, it served as the foundation for the cultural development of the Tang Dynasty, the activation of trade around the world -> the foundation for the cultural development of Song Dynasty.        ↓ Since then, in a period of extremely confusion, the rebellion of soldiers and local residents ↓ Taejo Cho Kwang-yoon, Song Dynasty founding, Taejo's literary expression, -> Tang Cultural Development Foundation ↓ Thermal Revolution, Commercial Development, etc. ↓ East Asian Cultural Development Contribution --------------------------------------------

Story of Ondol - Chilbulsa Ajabang

 There is a temple called Chilbulsa Temple at the foot of Jirisan Mountain in Jeolla-do. The legend that King Kim Su-ro's seven princes are sacred is a young place, and it is said to be a temple in Jirisan Mountain, well-known for its title as the best sailor in the East who produced numerous Zen temples such as Seosan. The Azabang in Chilbulsa Temple has a unique style that is recorded in the World Architecture Dictionary. However, what is famous about Ajabang is the legend about ondol, where the warmth does not go away for 49 days or winter once the fire is set. This Azabang has never been renovated since its construction, and it is said that during the reign of King Hyogong (897-911), Buddhist Monk Damgong built a gudeul in the shape of Aja in Byeokandang, a good room. In the early days, it was warm for about 100 days once it was on fire. This ajabang has a double ondol structure, and the high point on the four corners of the room and the front and rear edges is a seat, and the low cross-shaped area is a place to relax the legs while sitting. This Azabang is famous and known to the Tang Dynasty in China, and is also included in the World Architecture Dictionary published by the World Architecture Association in 1979 due to its excellent scientific nature of the room structure. If you block the furnace once every 100 years and clean it with water, the fire will be easily set without any side effects, and the warmth has been maintained from the high above the ark for a long time, and there are countless high monks who have gained through the capital in this room. The Azabang of Chilbulsa Temple has been around for as long as the story of the founding of Chilbulsa Temple, and unfortunately, the Azabang now is not the Azabang a thousand years ago. It was burned down by fire around 1800, and during the operation to subdue communist guerrillas in 1948, military units burned it down, leaving only ondol in the Azabang. After that, the current building was restored in 1982 with the efforts of Buddhist monk Tonggwang, and an official from Ondol Human Cultural Heritage, who was in charge of ondol repair at the time, said, "The principle of Ajabang was unknown, so it was placed in a general form." It's another article about Ajabang. There is a legend that once the fire was set in Chilbulam Hermitage, Banyabong Peak of Jirisan Mountain, the warm energy lasted 49 days. This Azabang was destroyed during the Korean War and restored in 82. This room is coated with high-quality red clay on top of the farts, and there is a 15-20cm auditorium resolution on the ondol feet, forming a thermal layer. According to legend, the restored Azabang does not last until 49 days, but it is said to last about a week in spring and autumn.Professor Min Man-ki (Mechanical Engineering) of Korea University explained that [the reason why the warmth lasts for a long time after setting a fire is because of the unique structure of the ondol and the nature of the stone placed on the ondol]. However, he added that [it is a scientifically difficult phenomenon that the warmth lasts for more than a week]. Unlike Western style, which uses air convection, ondol maintains warmth by radiant heating that directly transfers heat. The core of the ondol is in [Whale]. A whale is a path through which smoke passes through the empty space between the stones that make up the farts. The furnace is deep and the earthenware is shallow, so it looks like a whale when viewed from the side. When a fire is set in a fireplace, hot air circulates in the whale and delivers heat to the winding ground. The stones used in Gudeuljang determine warmth and health. All of our unique ondols use mica. Unmo is heated to 400 to 500 degrees when the firearm touches, and it can contain heat for a long time due to its low thermal conductivity. Since mica is also an alkaline stone with a lot of minerals such as magnesium oxide and calcium, far-infrared rays are generated when heat is applied. Choi Ryong, director of Ssangyong Cement Industrial's Central Research Institute, said, "This is the kind of goal used in Finnish saunas," adding, "It is amazing how I chose Dol when I couldn't know what far infrared rays were." In addition, a hill-shaped jump installed to allow flames to be easily sucked out of the furnace and a dog's seat dug parallel to the chimney to drain smoke easily are structures made with accurate knowledge of the flow of air. " Even in winter, it takes about three days to catch a fire, so it is the ultimate heat efficiency.

It's about ondol.

 It's about ondol. Since we always live together, we often don't know the excellence, but I think ondol is the same. ---------------------------------- Ondol and thatched houses 50,000 years ago, traces of ondol were found in Hoeryeong Paleolithic ruins, so Korea has a narrow and small land, but climate change is severe. The climate with such a large annual temperature difference is said to be a continental climate because it is more affected by continents with smaller specific heat than the ocean. And due to the influence of seasonal winds, precipitation is five to ten times more depending on the region in the rainy summer than in the dry winter. Summer covers and rains a lot, and winter is very cold and dry. It is a so-called high temperature and low humidity climate. The expression that there is an discomfort index in summer and that it is cold as if biting flesh in winter is just right. Korea is not the only continental climate. In the eastern part of the continent with the same latitude as Korea, a continental climate appears. Japan, China's Yellow Sea coast, and New York in the eastern United States. However, it goes without saying that the climate in this region is also significantly different from ours. It is estimated that Paleolithic people lived in this land about 1 million years ago on the Korean Peninsula. The remains of the Black Moru found in Heukwoori, Sangwon-gun, Pyongyang-si, were found to have been roughly broken along with 29 kinds of beast bone fossils, which were found to have been left by people at the cause level about 1 million years ago. However, it is estimated that artificial housing generally began around 5,000 BC. In the early days, it was a structure in which the ground was dug to make a wall, and a roof frame was woven with wood to cover it, but it gradually develops into a residential area. In the hut, there was a fireplace inside Um to heat it, but as it developed into a residential area, the heating method naturally changed. What appeared at this time was ondol (also expressed in spheres). Ondol refers to a heating structure designed to warm the floor by slowly releasing radiant heat by making a girdle whale and placing a girdle field on top of the whale to spend the cold winter, and is recognized as an international language. This dictionary writes about ondol as "heating that covers the room through a passage from the furnace to the bottom of the room." In The Journal of North and East Tartaria (Northern Asia), published in 1690, Witsen of the Netherlands wrote about ondol, "When making a room, we drill a hole of about 15 centimeters under the floor and smoke from a furnace installed outside the door to warm the room." In 1883, Percy Beal Lowell, a Boston-born scientist in the United States, visited Joseon with them after visiting the United States as a guide to the first Gyeonmi mission in Joseon and stayed in Joseon that winter. After that, Lowell returned to the United States and published a book called Chosun, a Quiet Morning Country in 1885. In this book, various social, cultural, and pungmul of Joseon at the time are recorded, and among them, there is also a record of a strange heating method called Ondol. Ondol acts as a kind of furnace to warm the room in winter. Outside the room, there is a stove hole, which is called a furnace. When the fire breaks out, the heat spreads widely on the floor along a maze that looks like a honeycomb. The idea is excellent, and if you supplement the ventilation system, it will be a great heating system." Using ondol since the ancient Joseon Dynasty It has been a long time since Koreans used ondol. In North Korea, the remains of ondol during the Gojoseon period were found in the ruins of Sjuk-ri, Yeongbyeon-gun, Ronam-ri, and Yeonhwabo, Yoryeongseong Fortress, and the ondol excavated from two of the five houses in Sjuk-ri was an L-shaped single whale ondol. The ondol whale is made of flat and elongated stones and a thin sheet stone on top of them. At the front of the whale, there is a deeper furnace than the whale, and the length of the ondol whale was 3-4 meters. Such ondol ruins were also found in Musun City in northeastern China. This area is also the area of Gojoseon, which precedes the existing theory that viewed the origin of ondol as Goguryeo in the early days. However, the first literature on ondol can be found in Sugyeongju, an old Chinese geography book. This book was written by the Northern Weightlifting Center between 500 and 513, and it contains the story of ondol, saying, "It warms the floor of the room by holding stones in several strands under the floor of the room and applying mud on top to make fire flow into several branches. However, scholars estimate that the period of ondol is much older than this. The period dates back to the Paleolithic period as floors and walls presumed to be spheres were excavated from the Paleolithic residential site in O-dong, Hoeryeong, estimated to be 50,000 years ago. In addition, scholars speculate that the early ondol was caused by primitive people flowing in northern China or Manchuria, a harsh Paleolithic region, considering the foundation of the skull fossil site in the Yellow River basin estimated to be about 1 million years ago. In any case, the ondol in the early Goguryeo period can be found in the ruins of Toseong-ri, Augmented-gun, Jagang-do. Four ondols were found in the fourth district of this relic, and the ondol structure is a single whale ondol made by standing flat dolmens in two rows and mincing the bottom of it with mud. The whale is 20 centimeters wide and 20 to 25 centimeters high. Gudeul Whale is located 3.6 meters north and south and is bent at a right angle from south to west. In Dongijeon in Gudangseo and Sindangseo in China, the residence was built on a valley, and the roof was built with a band or grass, but Bulsa Temple, Sinmyo Shrine, royal palace, and Gwanaman Bay were tile roofs. According to the custom, there is a record that poor people make long gangs and heat them warmly for the winter. Looking at the phrase "Bulsa," it seems to be the record after the second year (372) of King Sosorim, when Buddhism was introduced to Goguryeo. Here, Gang is a heating facility called Can by Chinese people. The can and ondol have the same origin, but the ondol heats the entire floor, while the can heats only part of the floor by stacking bricks on one side of the room. The phrase "poor people make janggang to spend the winter and heat it warmly" means that the upper class used a heating method, not an ondol. In the upper class, it is presumed that separate facilities such as iron brazier and stove were placed in the room and heated. Goguryeo murals often feature the main characters sitting on chairs. Therefore, scholars speculate that during the Goguryeo period, standing culture in chairs and ondol culture on desk legs were already mixed. Records or evidence of Ondol in "Compromise between Ondol and Daecheong" do not appear in Baekje or Silla, but they are relatively warmer than in the north, so it is assumed that they were satisfied with installing a brazier or a brazier for the winter. In the section of King Heongang (875-886) of The History of the Three Kingdoms, it is recorded that there are tile-roofed houses lined up in Seorabeol and that they cooked rice with charcoal. This is also cited as evidence that ondol has not yet developed. Ondol began to spread nationwide after entering the early Joseon Dynasty through the Goryeo Dynasty. The term Ondol also began to be used in the early Joseon Dynasty, and the entire room where the gudeul was placed was called Ondolbang. The development of ondol resulted in the finishing of ondol rooms, especially the development of floorboards, and various methods were used to close floorboards during King Yeongjo's reign. Since the south of Korea's Korean Peninsula is relatively warm, Daecheong has developed. Daecheong is developed in houses in the south of central Korea. This is a floor room with an empty floor. When I was young, I often used under the floor playing hide-and-seek, but I remember that when the tagger came in to find people, he knew that it was cool under the floor and stopped playing hide-and-seek. It was also used as a sleeping space when it was hot in summer, but these days, the new generation of people may wonder how to sleep in a place where it is dark and has many webs. However, in a house with a child, the floor is always clean, so there was no need to worry about spider webs. This is because the most precious space for young children was just under the floor. Daecheong, which developed in the south, continues to try northward and ondol also tries southward of "Hoshi Tam Tam Tam" and finally makes a grand compromise in Seoul and Gyeonggi. A dual structure in which floors and ondol coexist in one house appears. In other words, it is a cool Daecheong for summer and an ondol room, a living space in winter. This encounter dates back to the Goryeo Dynasty. In Lee In-ro's 1152-1220, there is the following article in Gongju Dongjeonggi. "I built a pavilion called Dongjeong in Gongju. This pavilion was built according to the topography, and it has 14 bays in size, and Uksil for winter and Yangcheong for summer were built." Here, it shows that the ondol structure called Wooksil and the floor structure called Yangcheong were installed in one building. Some scholars say that there is no confirmation that Wooksil is an ondol structure, so it cannot be said that ondol and maru were combined during the Goryeo Dynasty. There is also an explanation that it shows that summer and winter are prepared at the same time in one building, which is a characteristic of Korea. In any case, the combination of ondol and floor into one house is a concept of a special residence born in a Korean climate with clear four seasons, and is almost unprecedented in the world.  "Scientific Ondol Heating Method" The principle of Ondol is a type of radiant heating method using heat conduction. Firearms are sent through a banger to heat the heated spheres emitted. Because the floor of the room is evenly covered, it is not humid and safe against fire. However, traditional ondol in Korea can maintain a relatively comfortable indoor climate, but it is a very disadvantageous method in terms of energy because it has only 30% of the actual thermal efficiency because it has a lot of calories lost through furnaces and chimneys. Therefore, in order to compensate for the inefficient aspects of heating only, cooking can be done together. It can be said that it is the wisdom of the good that has led to a double effect in consideration of this energy-efficient aspect. The secret to keeping ondol warm for a long time is the selection of stones, the ingredient of Gudeuljang. Our ancestors especially chose mica among the various stones around them.

Unmo is a mineral commonly found in igneous and metamorphic rocks and is divided into layer structures such as Baegunmo, Sodownmo, biotite, and Jinbaldite. Among them, biotite, especially biotite, is an insulator that does not carry heat or electricity well. For this reason, Jeong Soon-shin explained that Baegunmo is contained in the bottom of the iron. Baegunmo Gudeuljang, an insulator, does not let out the hot heat below into the room at once. In addition, the thickness of the lower and upper necks of Gudeuljang are different. This is close to a fire-making furnace in the case of the lower neck, so it can get too hot, so use thick stones and apply thick mud here. For this reason, the gudeuljang of the lower neck can store a large amount of heat. Meanwhile, the upper neck's gudeuljang was made thin so that it could heat up quickly. The temperature difference between the lower and upper necks can be reduced as much as possible. This is the same when the room cools down. After the heat supply from the furnace is stopped, the spirits stored in the lower neck are gradually released, and the girdle field of the upper neck does not rapidly cool down due to convection in the whale. As such, ondol is the product of scientific knowledge. What cannot be left out of ondol is a cultural factor. The lower part of the ondol has long been an essential space for the Korean people's The whole family sitting together on the lower neck and sharing affection was an essential factor in maintaining a harmonious family atmosphere. It is a story that often appears in fairy tales that the grandfather sitting on the lower neck grilled sweet potatoes in a furnace and gave them to his grandchildren, and the grandchildren gently fall asleep while begging them to tell another story after the old story. The development of ondol resulted in the finishing of ondol rooms, especially the development of floorboards, and various methods were used to close floorboards during King Yeongjo's reign. Usually, it was common for ondols in private houses to set up dawn and set up a new floor every four or five years. First of all, after the dawn dries up, we first serve with sebum or white paper, and then rub the floor evenly with a strong bowl upside down. On top of that, a window paper is applied again to whiten the background, and then a thick sheet of paper is attached with perilla oil. On this floor, a bean dam (grind soaked soybeans in water into a millstone, put them in a bag, and rub the floor of the room), and when this dries, repeat the dry mop countless times. Choi Soon-woo explained that the floorboard with a woman's sincerity gradually turns into a millet, and conventionally, it becomes like a mirror. When the floor mat is old, the change of the upper and lower muks under the influence of temperature also enhances the atmosphere of the room. These days, the floorboards are the only floorboards, but they also use plastic wallpaper patterns as well as colorful flower floorboards. Although the wave of modernization cannot be blamed blindly, it is comforting that some people insist on traditional floorboards because it is regrettable that the characteristics of Koreans disappear. "Ondol Lost by the Wave of Modernization" The wave of modernization took the lower neck away from us. This is because ondol has turned into an improved ondol with hot water pipes instead of spheres. Depending on the space, a radiator is installed indoors to circulate steam or hot water, or a stove or bechica is installed to heat. The former is called radiant heating and the latter is called convective heating. Convective heating requires that the heated air stays on the ceiling and loses heat outdoors, so it must cover the cold air of the outside air. Moreover, since the air at the heat dissipation site is locally high temperature, it rises rapidly, causing the temperature under the ceiling to be the highest and the floor to be low. In a human standing position, medical experts point out that the head part is high and the feet part is low, which is not good for health. This means that high-temperature air rapidly accelerates the motion speed of oxygen molecules in the air and expands, resulting in a distance between molecules, which eventually reduces the number of oxygen molecules in the cardiopulmonary system. This causes disruption to the human body. In fact, it is also proven that the long-lived area around the world is an area where a large number of oxygen can be supplied from cold places, and the lifespan of tropical people is short. The thermal characteristics of convective heating and ondol heating were explained as follows in Chosun Technology Development History. First, the temperature of the heating surface can be taken low. In the case of convective heating, the temperature of the surface of the heat dissipation surface is usually about 50 degrees, but in the case of ondol heating, the surface temperature is 30 to 35 degrees. Second, when the surface temperature of the ondol is 30°C, heat exchange is about half of the total amount of heat exchange, so it is advantageous to make the comfort temperature of the room. Third, the ondol main room increases the temperature of the room by radiant heat exchange, thereby reducing the amount of heat emitted by radiation from the human body. It means it's hygienically good. Fourth, in ondol heating, an equal room temperature with little difference in indoor up and down temperature is formed except for the floor surface and the ceiling surface. In addition, ondol is a scientific and ideal heating method because the body, including the soles of the feet, directly contacts the ondol and at the same time promotes blood circulation. According to the experiment, the comfort temperature of the room is set to 21 degrees, and in the case of ondol heating, the floor height is maintained at about 50 centimeters to 22 degrees. However, the convective heating method has the advantage of being easier to construct, cheaper to heat, and shorter preheating time compared to radiant heating, so almost all non-bedroom spaces such as the main room are occupied by radiators in houses. When the energy wave hit and energy savings for heating consumption in buildings became a major issue, traditional ondol disappeared and improved ondol began to be supplied. The government has implemented energy-saving policies to improve the insulation and airtightness of residential buildings. As a result, the heating load of each room can be handled with relatively little energy, but the concept of the warmth of the ondol floor, which is naturally thought of as an ondol, disappears. Moreover, they put in the bed while doing panel heating. The bed is even airing an advertisement called Science, not Furniture. They give up the complex advantages of ondol culture and mistake the bed as if it were an advanced life. In other words, residential life in Korea has changed to a form without nationality. However, unlike foreign standing life, we are generally familiar with contact heat by warm floors, so even if the indoor temperature is in a pleasant range, we do not get satisfaction if the temperature of the floor surface is low. It is a general view that the floor of the room is very good for health to make a temperature difference as much as possible. Scholars point out that children these days often suffer from residual diseases because they live a centralized heating life such as apartments with little temperature difference. As a supplement to these shortcomings, there is also a method of adopting a latent heat storage material that can feel warmth for a long time. I compared and reviewed the heat dissipation effect after installing calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl2·6H2O) with a phase change temperature of 29.7 degrees evenly in ondol panels and hot water ondol. According to experimental results, when the latent heat storage material is not added, the latent heat storage material is overheated, but when the latent heat storage material is added, overheating may be prevented and warmth may be felt for a long time due to natural heat dissipation. Moreover, in this case, the heating rate can also be reduced by about 15%. On the other hand, there is also a partial heating method that partially increases the entire ondol floor without heating it to a constant temperature to perform "warm floor" heating adapted to our custom. This method allows the floor temperature required by the resident to be obtained by adjusting the area of the heat dissipation surface. Even though it is a so-called pipe ondol, it artificially creates the upper and lower necks. According to an experiment by Professor Son Jang-yeol of Hanyang University, it can be seen that in the case of partial heating, the indoor heating environment is different from that of all heating. The range of the comfortable floor temperature of the human body is about 31-35 degrees, but it can be seen that the temperature is lower than the comfortable floor temperature felt by the human body as it is about 28 degrees when the entire heating is performed. Therefore, in order to maintain the floor temperature as a comfortable heating temperature, it is rather effective to perform partial heating instead of overall heating. In this case, even if the heating ratio is reduced by 10%, the floor temperature of about 3 degrees can be increased, so the effect of killing two birds with one stone is obtained. Small electric blankets are being sold at department stores in the United States under the name of Mini Ondol. It is a so-called hit product with General Electric, a great maker. France's National Institute of Science and Technology (CNRS) is also studying ondol as part of energy conservation. This is because the use of ondol saves more than 20% of energy than the forced ventilation heating method used in standing-up life.

The warriors of Goguryeo...Mid- to long-term infantry.

 4. Infantry's powerful weapon...Explaining Roman legion soldiers in front of discipline and grandeur, it was nothing but that discipline and grandeur were the strongest weapons to deal with cavalry, a rather difficult opponent, or heavy infantry with the same armament and armor, although they were rivals. Although there were some exceptions depending on the times, there were always limited people with the ability to ride horses. As the beacon was introduced and the scale of the war increased, the number of troops mobilized naturally increased. In line with that, cavalry monopolized by a specific group or class gradually became common, but the boundary with infantry was clear. The party, which implemented the military service system, also selected and organized separate people who could ride horses, and the Byeolmu class, which was founded by General Yoon Kwan of Goryeo to fight the Yeojin people, also gathered horse-ridden people and organized separate units. It went without saying more in Europe, where the beacon was introduced very late, and even after the introduction of the beacon, there were only a limited number of people who could ride on a horse and enjoy the battlefield. The cavalry on horseback had been in rivalry with the infantry for thousands of years and always encountered on the battlefield. Although it coexisted for thousands of years, cavalry and infantry were essentially different. If cavalry were a race that accepted war as a fate and sought honor on the battlefield, most of them did not accept death on the battlefield as fate or death on the battlefield as honor. The cavalry was more advantageous than the infantry because of its superior mobility compared to the infantry. Horses were able to travel by consuming only half or half the distance a person could walk all day, and the infantry that walked all day did not show proper combat power, while the cavalry could be put into battle if the horse could move. A cavalry with high speed could choose a battlefield or an enemy. If the enemy's infantry were powerful, they could easily escape, and if the enemy's infantry were loose and weak, they could charge and crush them. The high speed moved the cavalry to places where the infantry could not catch up, and the amazing mobility allowed the enemy's cavalry to surround or pressure the large number of infantry. The height, weight, and speed of the horse were a considerable burden to the infantry in close combat, and arrows shot by cavalry to stationary or slow-moving infantry were easily reached, but arrows shot by infantry to fast-moving cavalry were not easily reached. In extreme terms, it may be argued that infantry has no advantage over cavalry except "low cost." However, humans have always been capable of learning and learning, especially in wars where everything is at stake, they have always learned, developed, and created. The weapon created by the infantry against the terrifying and thrilling cavalry was "discipline and the Great Lord." Already, infantry had the experience of being united to deal with the same infantry, which was taken quite naturally. The moving infantry was chased by cavalry, but the clustered infantry did not at least run away. No, to be more precise, I couldn't run away. When the infantry united as one began to build walls with shields and thorns with spears, a disaster struck the cavalry. The infantry, who could not escape, received the running horse as a shield, and the speed of the horse blocked by the shield disappeared, and the cavalry stopped was as helpless as the separated infantry. It was the dust created by the Wei army that defeated 5,000 irons led by King Dongcheon of Goguryeo in 246 or 244, and the slaughter of Islamic Gyeonggi troops in Tur-Puatier in 732 was a shield created by Frank's heavy and long infantry. The driving force behind hundreds or thousands of infantry united and moved was initially blood ties and personal honor. For Greek heavy-duty infantry, the departure of the ranks was more disgraceful than death, and the bravest heavy-duty infantry was to protect the ranks until the last minute and to be in the most dangerous position. For those who had not been paid much other than the spoils obtained from the war, honor was, above all, a valuable right and goal. Even though it was far later, fleeing from the battlefield was more cowardly than anything else for soldiers who were conscripted for each village during the Japanese national era, and even if they survived, they could not return to their hometown. In severe cases, villagers who went out along the lord set up a monument with their names engraved on it and went out. The times and forms were wrong, but the reasons for killing them on the battlefield were the same. However, as time passed, the war began to grow. Perhaps humans blind to the benefits of the war zone poured out everything they had to get more at once, or humans who were flavored with slaughter gathered in the war zone by themselves. As the war grew, the number of soldiers mobilized and supplies dispatched began to increase, and the battlefield, which had been monopolized only by certain groups before that time, now opened its doors wide and began to suck people in. Before Ohhwan Seonbi-dong in the Three Kingdoms, about 10,000 people were talking about playing and eating while explaining Goguryeo. In order to feed them, Hahos carried rice, Western food, fish, and salt from afar. Have they been playing and eating all their lives? The same record also states that Goguryeo has a population of 30,000, or about 150,000 people. Therefore, I think they should be viewed as a group of professional warriors, or warriors, rather than just aristocrats who are friendly. They would normally have been trained to shoot arrows on horses and ran to the battlefield under orders from kings or masters. In the war maintained by these people, completely different kinds of people - farmers, woodcutters, and even criminals and thieves - were not blood ties and honor was all the more to bind all these miscellaneous kinds of people. It was – discipline. Harsh and strict discipline was an invisible string and leash that united new infantry in the battlefield. Of course, there were always exceptions, as was the case everywhere. Swiss farmers, who defeated the mid- to long-term soldiers of the Habsburg family, had anger over oppression instead of honor or discipline, and money was honor and discipline for mercenaries who traveled around medieval Europe. 5 - Stand tall against cavalry. If ancient heavy-duty infantry gathered to fight the same infantry, the heavy-duty infantry of the Song Dynasty of China and the heavy-duty infantry of medieval Europe, who were born about 1,000 later than them, began to gather to fight cavalry. After the fall of the party, the Song Dynasty, which ended its division in about half a century (907-960 AD), and unified China again, was invaded by northern nomadic peoples, just as the dynasties before it did. Namsong, which was founded in 1127 on behalf of Buksong, which was destroyed by the attack of gold, had to fight nomadic peoples until its collapse, and Songnara, who was unable to train cavalry due to topographical influences, had to confront cavalry in other ways. During this period, the Boin Gap worn by the Song Dynasty infantry reached nearly 30 kilograms. This weight was similar to the weight of armor worn by European knights in the 15th century, the most evolved mid- to long-term soldiers, and the infantry had to wear such extreme heavy gloves to withstand the shock of the Geum Dynasty's mid- to long-term soldiers. With a slight time difference, cavalry wearing chain mail and armed with atmospheric cavalry such as Bill, Paulaxe, and Halbert have become common in Europe. Of course, it was to prevent mid- to long-term diseases with extremely strong defense. The way infantry can prevent cavalry is basically to stick close together to form a grand tower and stop cavalry with spears. At this time, the decision to win or lose depends on which side gives up first. In other words, it was whether the infantry escaped from the great height or whether the cavalry gave up the fight and retreated first. In the end, it was about which side could not handle the blood sprayed, but in terms of winning rate, cavalry always prevailed, but it was not perfect. And infantry had the ability to use weapons that cavalry gave up as they accelerated. You can shoot on horses as well as bow and play, but you have to follow long training and the hit rate was not high. In addition, the more cavalry wore armor, the more difficult it was to handle, and in order to speed up, they had to give up their bow. On the other hand, infantry were able to shoot stably on solid ground, and as experience accumulated, shooting methods were devised to maximize effects such as continuous shooting and cross shooting. The Mysterious Palace and Dramatic Palace, which were used by Namsong's infantry, played a decisive role in protecting Namsong with powerful launch weapons, and the British Long Palace succeeded in defeating French mid- to long-term soldiers several times. And after a while, there was a terrible disaster for the cavalry. For infantry, a decisive weapon system was born, which could be called God's blessing. 6-The changing warriors mentioned oriental gunpowder weapons while talking about mid- to long-term diseases last time, so here we will focus on Western gunpowder weapons. Of course, it would be the gunpowder weapon that changed the appearance of the war most rapidly among the numerous weapon systems that emerged in the history of human war. The first person to mention gunpowder in Europe was Roger Bacon, a British monk. European gunpowder, which first appeared in the mid-13th century, quite late compared to the East, soon turned into a weapon. Early forms of cannons are depicted in records left by British Walter de Milmit in 1326. A large cannon in the form of a thick, narrow-necked jar was aimed at the door in front of the large arrow like the General War used by the Joseon Navy during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. The cannons that Europeans first began to use were used in castles and fortresses rather than cavalry. It was at the end of the Hundred Years' War that the effectiveness of cannons was proven in the field.

France, struggling to counter Britain's long-range soldiers, began to use cannons, and in 1453, field artillery led by French general Jean Vuro crossed the British with about 250 cannons, and both France, which won, and Britain, lost, noticed the biggest cause of victory and defeat. In the 16th century, it was Espania armed with gold and silver from the New World that led Europe. Peripheral Spain, which had been away from Mediterranean trading rights, quickly emerged as Europe's top country. In its heyday, Spain had control over today's Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of northern France, and had a strong influence on Britain before Queen Elizabeth's accession. Thanks to this, Spain had to fight numerous wars from the moment it became a powerhouse to the day it collapsed, and at this time, Hwaseungchong, called Arquebus, began to take the lead in the battlefield. The gun, which used Hwaseung to fire bullets, was very heavy and took a considerable amount of time to fire, but had the decisive advantage of being able to knock down the opponent without any training, and the commanders of the infantry who accepted the gun devised group shooting or cross-fire, as they did when using arrows or oars. Just as mid- to long-term diseases disappeared with the development of gunpowder weapons, heavy and long-term infantry also began to disappear. The armor, which had been resisting by strengthening the thickness of the armor for a while, quickly disappeared, and the armor of the infantry also disappeared after Pikeman Armor, which covered only a part of the body. 7 – The 17th century Europe was a period of war. The complicated succession of the throne or religious ideology divided into Protestantism and Oldism became the trigger for numerous wars, the longest and most terrible, and the last war that the heavy and long infantry shone was the 30 years war (1618-1648 AD) in Germany. Sweden's Gustav Adolf was the monarch who created a modern army. The army, made up of conscripted citizens instead of mercenaries, had more muskets than other European troops. At that time, the Swedish military company had 72 musket bottles and 54 spearmen, and the spearman's mission was, of course, to be a shield to protect musket bottles. Armed with strict rules such as large-scale field artillery and Roman legions, the Swedish army defeated the troops led by Tilly at Brightenfeld in July 1631, and Sweden was able to become a military power until it was defeated by Russia. Although the windows became shorter and the armor became lighter, the heavy and long infantry soon disappeared after shining as if the candles were about to turn off. As the gun became completely the owner of the battlefield, the infantry had to shoot at the enemy in rows, wearing colorful military uniforms of all colors instead of armor. Although they were united as before, they were not just infantry or warriors, but simply turned into a firing machine that shoots at the command of the commander. It was also a gunpowder weapon that destroyed Daeo, the last bastion of infantry. Machine guns, which began slaughtering infantry in earnest during the Russo-Japanese War, killed infantry coming forward in great contrast during World War I, and infantry, who had been united to survive, now had to dig the ground and hide to survive. 8 - The forced fantasy of Korea's history textbooks in the 1980s always had these stories - Overcoming 900 cries…. I've never invaded another country... - Peace-loving White People... War is the most terrible and cruel crime created by mankind.It is an obvious mistake that cannot be rationalized by any justification. However, it is also clear that war is inseparable from mankind. We have also experienced numerous wars and invasions, and there have been many cases where we have surrendered or conquered other peoples with spears and knives. I don't think there is an answer to how to see war and what perspective to see war. However, it seems certain that blind neglect or enthusiasm turns war into a more terrible and huge monster. Due to geopolitical and political dynamics, the Korean Peninsula is a boundary line during the Cold War, and now it is a point of collision and contact between maritime and continental forces. And this composition of power has always been something we have experienced thousands of years ago. We have always stood at the opposite point as soon as we become weak when we are strong. War history in history...In particular, the history of war in our history can be said to be a lesson written in blood and a reflection engraved with death. It is the stiffness and grandeur of Goguryeo that people have fantasies and vagueness about Goguryeo, but no one knows that they had to experience the tremendous death and pain to create and maintain its stiffness and grandeur. It is said that we always dream of Goguryeo, love Goguryeo, and respect Goguryeo.But are we ready to bleed and experience pain to create such Goguryeo? As you trace the footsteps of war history created by mankind with small interest and clumsy knowledge, one conviction is increasing. It is that mankind is an infinitely foolish being..

Comparison of East Asian architectural culture in ancient, medieval, and modern times

 Royal family, royal aristocrats, aristocrats, commoners, guitar, and lower-class people...Shouldn't we compare ourselves? I think it is unfair to compare the architectural culture of the above commoners in other countries with the architectural culture of the below commoners in their own country, but... The picture is Maengsaseong Historic House... According to architect Choi Seong-ho, it is presumed that the standing structure of this building (the floor lamp of the menhir) was transformed into an entire ondol and Daecheong floor during the Joseon Dynasty. <Additional Description> If you take an intercity bus from Onyang Bus Terminal to Sucheol-ri for about 10 minutes, you will find Jung-ri. If you go deep into Jungri Village, you will find Maengssi Haengdan. It is the oldest traditional house remaining in Korea, and the exact location is Heukamgol, Jung-ri, Baebang-myeon, Asan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do. First built by General Choi Young at the end of the Goryeo Dynasty, Jaesang Maengsaseong Fortress, Cheongbaek-ri during the reign of King Sejong, lived, and it was named Maengsiaengdan because of two ginkgo trees planted in the yard during the period of Gobul Maengsaseong Fortress. Since then, there have been many renovations, but it can be seen that the H-shaped plane shape or the structural method is an old house considering that it is a bonding method of the Ikgong system that is difficult to use in the house. This house is based on Sulhwasan Mountain, the same mountain as Oeam-ri, where the next "Small Champan House" is located. Oeam-ri has a village formed in the south with Sulhwasan Mountain in the north and has a sunny layout in any house, but the Maengssi Haengdan located on the opposite side has a northeast direction. In other words, if you sit in the main hall, the sun shines for a while early in the morning, and it is a fatal arrangement that requires you to live in the shade all day. Due to the fact that the main space, Haengdan, is facing northwest of the main space, it is a unique arrangement method that is difficult to understand with common sense-feng shui. The entry route is also unique. Although the group was used as a platform for younger students during Maengsaseong Fortress' survival, the overall layout of the house did not have a large space to serve as a detached house, and the entire movement from the gate, Soseuldun Gate to the Haengrimchae, was very different from that of Joseon. In the late 50s, a caretaker, a native of this village, said that about 40 years ago, the kitchens and rooms on both wings of the hanging group were torn down and built, but considering that there are no traces of the remaining pillars of the hanging group being cut off, I think it retains its current form relatively well.  It will be an essential exploration course for those who want to see traditional houses before the Joseon Dynasty.