He served as commander of each other's military sentiment, chairman of the Korean Tongbu and the Korean Independence Party, and commander of the Liberation Army, leading the Korea-China Combined Operation to establish an outstanding major in the anti-Japanese independence war. The late 1880s, when General Ji Cheong-cheon was born, was a very dangerous time, like a candlelight in front of the wind, amid the blatant invasion of Western powers and Japanese imperialism. While the forces of the world's powers such as Japan, the Qing Dynasty, the United States, Britain, and Russia are frequently strengthening the hands of Joseon invasion, the illegal British occupation of Geomundo Island occurred in 1885. In addition, domestically, it was a time when the confrontation between anti-foreign forces and feudal forces absolutely trying to defeat foreign invasions and the opening faction to dismantle the feudal society and achieve enlightenment by accepting Western culture. Indeed, it was a period of yellow, which was overlapped with internal and external troubles. In 1882, Heungseon Daewongun, the leader of the anti-foreign movement, was kidnapped by Qing soldiers and was exiled to the Qing Dynasty's Bojeong. In addition, socially, it was also a time when the weakening of the defense force was exposed due to the outbreak of the Imo War in the wake of corruption in the military along with the defeat of feudal society. Born on February 15, 1888, which can be called a national cataclysmic, Jicheongcheon Stream was called Chungju, Amyeong was Subong, and Gwanmyeong was called Seokgyu. Ji Jae-seon, Ji Cheong-cheon's father, became the 31st generation descendant of Ji Mun's ancestors, and his family was the family of Mujang from generation to generation, and Ji Yong-soo, who contributed to defeating the invasion of Hong Geon-jeok in the late Goryeo Dynasty, suppressed Ji Yong-gi, and Lee Gwan-ran in mid-Joseon. His father died of Jang Joong-pung when Ji Cheong-cheon was five years old, and he grew up under his single mother. Although Ji Cheong-cheon's mother, Gyeongju Lee's wife, was the only son Mandeukja in raising Ji Cheong-cheon, she never loved him, and sometimes as a mother and educated him evenly despite the difficult economic conditions of being absent. General Ji Cheong-cheon grew up to become a historical figure in the future under his mother's teaching profession. His mother always said the following in educating Jicheongcheon Stream. "It is not to benefit you to be widowed at the age of five and raise you, the only son. If you become a great person, be loyal to the country, be a hero, and shine the door, that is to be a filial son who supports the will of your parents. This was the discipline that Ji Cheong-cheon devoted himself to the armed anti-Japanese struggle to regain his country's sovereignty throughout his life. Jicheongcheon Stream has been close to martial arts since childhood. Since the age of three, he has been obsessed with Gungsul and has stronger courage and stronger business than other children of his age, so he has been nicknamed General Lightning by local adults. As a devout Buddhist, Ji Cheong-cheon's mother raised her children with a posture of always praying to ensure that young Ji Cheong-cheon grew up properly, and often went to nearby temples to give Buddha. One day, however, Jicheongcheon also followed his mother to the temple, and when I saw adults keep bowing in front of the Buddha statue, I had a strange thought. "What on earth is that Buddha statue that receives so many people's temples?" So Ji Cheong-cheon quietly turned behind the Buddha statue and pushed the Buddha statue made of soil. But unexpectedly, isn't there a pile of rat dung piled up in the empty space where the Buddha statue was pushed back and pushed back? Seeing this, Ji Cheong-cheon soon grabbed his mother's wrist and said. "Why do people bow to the Buddha statue made of soil and the rat poop under it?" You mean, people are worse than soil and rat poop? Don't bow anymore," Ji Chung-cheon's mother was surprised by her six-year-old son's bold words and turned her thoughts around and complained like this. "Yeombul and temple are intended to correct the mindset, not to blind the appearance of that Buddha statue. Who is Buddha? How can I get close to Buddha? As I bow, I look into my mind over and over again and ask my mind. So it's never like looking at the soil or rat poop. And how can a person be worse than dirt or rat poop? However, Cheonjimul has its own share. You should never take it lightly." From these anecdotes, it seems that Jicheongcheon Stream had a deep view of things right away even in childhood, and at the same time had the boldness to protest against blind and customary things. And it seems that his mother also had many differences from ordinary women at the time. As such, the time when Ji Cheong-cheon spent his childhood practicing martial arts was in full swing thanks to his mother's teachings of geography, enemy, and physical education. In 1894, the Donghak Peasant Revolution took place with a high risk of the idea of Manjacheon Stream, protesting against the collapsing Joseon Dynasty and foreign forces invading like water. However, under the pretext of this, Japanese and Qing troops invaded Joseon and the Sino-Japanese War broke out, and the Korean people were sacrificed in a foreign fight, and the Donghak Revolution also went to nothing. At this time, the Japanese army stationed in Seoul and surrounded Gyeongbokgung Palace, prompting ordinary citizens in the castle to evacuate outside of Seoul. This was the year when Jicheongcheon Stream was seven years old in the vicinity of Yuwol. Due to this disturbance, Ji Cheong-cheon and his third older sister held his mother's hand and left his affectionate house in Samcheong-dong to evacuate to Goyang rural area. At this time, Ji Cheong-cheon had a decisive experience in choosing the path of armed anti-Japanese struggle. On the evacuation road, Ji Cheong-cheon's family was inspected and ridiculed by Japanese soldiers who were constructing a bridge while passing Nokburn-ri on a bridge to avoid the Japanese military guarding Seodaemun. Young Jicheongcheon did not forget the humiliation of the Japanese soldiers at this time and vaguely realized the sorrow of the weak nation. And it also vaguely became slow that the military needed to strengthen the country. Ji Cheong-cheon's experience at the age of seven later became a direct genealogy that allowed him to devote his life to armed anti-Japanese struggle and the path for his country's independent defense.
2022년 3월 7일 월요일
Behind the murder of Kim Changryong? Part 01.
General, die at dawn. The morning of January 30, 1956. Until his wife (Sangwon) entered the room, Director Kim Chang-ryong fell asleep without knowing the world. It was because I couldn't sleep the whole time, but I fell asleep because I was tired around 1 a.m. "What time is it now?" Kim Chang-ryong hurriedly sat up and asked his wife. "It's already almost 7 o'clock..." "This is too late!" Kim Chang-ryong hurriedly prepared for work. "You should shave a little and go out." He washed his face half-asleep. Already outside, there was a jeep dedicated to the commander of the special affairs unit waiting for the owner to come out. Hall 535 with an emergency light on a black hard top. Kim Chang-ryong, wearing a bunch of documents under his armpits, headed to Seodaemun while looking at his watches. After leaving the gate, there was an 18-step natural stone staircase, and a jeep was waiting on a sloping spot just below it. When Kim Chang-ryong put himself on the jeep, it was already past 7 o'clock. The morning of Wonhyo-ro 1-ga was quiet. It was a chilly weather where the cold wind permeated the end of the sleeves. It was foggy on this day, too. Gwan 535 began to slide down the alley. Kim Chang-ryong turned his head and looked toward the gate of his house. Mansak's wife was waving there. Kim Chang-ryong also waved his hands. Gwan 535 inadvertently went through the fog and slowed down near the three-way intersection. The driver found an obstacle. It was a jeep. A packaged jeep standing in the way. The coffin 535 kept ringing Clarkson. But why is this happening? Isn't the packaged jeep not thinking of moving? Gwan No. 535 had to make a sudden stop at about 3m in front of the obstacle. "What's that car?" Kim Chang-ryong finally got angry. Then, I lowered the car window. I put my head out a little. At that moment, a gunman in military uniform suddenly rushed from behind Jeonju, which was standing in front of him. "What's wrong with you"? In line with Kim Chang-ryong's single-word sound, five gunshots continued to break the foggy morning silence. The time is around 7:30, and the location is only 120m away from Kim Chang-ryong's home, on the street in front of Jahye Hospital, 12-1 Wonhyo-ro 1-ga. Of the two and five bullets, three were hit by Kim Chang-ryong, and the other two caused penetration injuries to driver Park Dae-bok. Kim Chang-ryong was already losing his body temperature while collapsing in front of the jeep, and Park Dae-bok was hiding in the corner of the alley with a wounded body. I think it's been 4 or 5 minutes? Jang Jae-myung, a civil official of the special forces division, heard the gunfire and ran to hug Kim Chang-ryong. The commander, the commander, and the commander shouted as if crying, but Kim Chang-ryong was already silent. Then Sergeant Park Dae-bok, who was evacuating, ran with a pistol in his left hand. He climbed up to the back seat and helped Kim Chang-ryong, and Jang Jae-myung turned the steering wheel. The government building 535 ran super-fast to Seodaemun Red Cross Hospital. It's 7:50pm. "Ring, ring." "The unit leader?" The headquarters of the Special Forces turned upside down as if they were hives after hearing untimely sad news. I didn't know what to do. Some of the staff ran to Seodaemun Red Cross Hospital and some to Wonhyo-ro. In addition, Kim Chang-ryong's house was in chaos when he received news of his accident and a phone call that he seemed to have been injured. (If it's an injury, I'm glad it's a misfortune...) Do Sang-won was half out of his mind while masturbating like this. With her husband's clothes on her back, she hurriedly headed to the Red Cross Hospital with her youngest daughter on her back. It was hard to tell whether she was going through the air or stepping on the ground. I couldn't see anything in my eyes. However, only the sight of her husband, who looked back and waved in the jeep on his way to work a while ago, was full of vision. Around this time, President Syngman Rhee heard the news while sitting on the sofa in his pajamas holding milk. It was Kwak Young-joo, a bodyguard, who delivered the news. "Your Highness, I have something to report urgently." It was past eight o'clock. "Your Highness, Major General Kim Chang-ryong, the Army's special forces commander, was just shot." "What?" President Syngman Rhee put the milk glass he was holding down powerlessly on the table. That hand is shaking. "Dead?" "Life and death are still unknown." "Um!" President Syngman Rhee pointed his forehead with his right hand. (Your Highness, who would try to kill a soldier like me if he wasn't a communist?) The jurisdiction has already dedicated everything to the country and his Excellency. What is glorious like a soldier dying for the country....) President Syngman Rhee suddenly remembered what Kim Chang-ryong was saying, but soon shook his head. "Which hospital is it?" "Yes, I think it's the Red Cross Hospital." "I'll go." At this time, the hospital has already confirmed General Kim Chang-ryong's death. The 37-year-old two-star general, who had created all kinds of myths, eventually died. He turned into a cold body and was wrapped in hanbok worn by his wife crying and loaded on a stretcher. The stretcher was put back in an ambulance and left the Red Cross Hospital. The ambulance slowly slipped toward the special forces. At 9 a.m., the remains of Kim Chang-ryong were enshrined in the commander's office of the special affairs unit, which was his office during his lifetime. The remains lying on top of two desks were covered with military blankets. The summer curtain fastened to the electric cord served as a tent across the middle. It was a little after 9 o'clock that the presidential ministry appeared at the headquarters of the special affairs unit in Okin-dong. That's what happened while looking for the wrong place. President Syngman Rhee entered the unit commander's office with a gloomy look. Francesca, bodyguard Kwak Young-joo, and senior superintendent Seo Jeong-hak followed in turn. President Syngman Rhee lifted the blanket silently when he reached the front of the remains. "Hmm!" That was terrible. President Syngman Rhee looked very distressed. "General Kim, for the sake of the country..." The end of the sentence was blurred. As he managed to calm himself down, he closed his eyes and stood for a while before coming out of the tent. Many people stood holding their breath. Many outstanding people in uniform. Rhee asked president is for them. "Who is the bereaved families and families?" " to bereaved families, please come forward." gwagyeongju is a track is backed by the young country, feces and Rhee stepped in front of the president. "How many children?" Rhee asked the president. In ballast, and I was overcome with grief, however, could not be opened. Francesca was stroking her hair in a child on his back. "these people ..." Rhee watched gwagyeongju are president. "Take good care of." towards the people in uniform and asked, "junior someone here?". Rhee is Colonel young gentleman type for a short one president stepped forward and attention and saluted. "Colonel and his wife captain jeongintaek." said General Kim here for the country dead. Everyone is sad and catch the criminal not to mention the morning. You catch the criminal had to take responsibility doemneda. " "I will surely catch the criminal, nee." ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- the author of 20 years after its liberation, gimgyosik's book. North Korea's aggression angry at the doors and the novel, and the type of electricity, but (commented Kojima Noboru's book as) But except for what there is no modern history that tilt And on one side so only as relevant. So to. Now, some questions have been resolved, but... The original text says, "What is this bird x, what is it?" before Kim Chang-ryong was shot, but it is a taboo word.-,-;;
Gilt-bronze Mireuk Bansaesang... Silla? Baekje?
If you say that it is the highest peak of the Buddha statue of the Three Kingdoms period, it would be a statue of Bangasu. The deep contemplation that emanates from it beyond just the aesthetic side is a work that is difficult to imitate any artwork. As an issue of the anti-private image that many people know, it may be a controversy over the origin or creator of the wooden Maitreya anti-private image in Japan. This occurred when it was argued that the raw material of the Buddha statue was red pine in the preliminary investigation of the fire, and that it was created in Korea or by Koreans due to its similarity to the Geumdongmi Extreme Price Award in Korean National Treasure No. 83. I don't have any conclusion... However, there are more issues that are not well known. If you're interested in Hae-ja or Hae-ja who've searched for "Welcome Thought," you'll know what's weird. That is, there are some places that explain our Geumdong Mireuk Bangasu statue as Baekje's, and others that explain it as Silla's. The mainstream of academia sees this as a work of Silla. I'm ashamed, but it seems to have been influenced by the results of the first study in Japanese academia. However, in recent years, more and more people see this as Baekje's. In particular, Professor Kang Woo-bang of Ewha Womans University sees No. 83 as a Baekje cultural property in the late 6th century and early 7th century, and No. 78 as a Goguryeo cultural property in the late 6th century. Professor Kang Woo-bang said, "The splendor of the storage depicting the sun and the moon, and the thought statue of National Treasure No. 78, which is surrounded by a cloth that suddenly widens and extends flexibly from the shoulders, contain the characteristics of Goguryeo art that expresses dynamic spirit." Professor Kang went on to say, "The 83rd thought statue, which is realistic and more formative than No. 78, originated from the Baekje style, which blossomed Buddhist art in the 6th to 7th centuries." Whatever the truth is, it will not change because it is a great masterpiece.
The waterproof structure of Seokguram Hermitage. "Thread".
Waterproofing structure of Seokguram, which was established ‘clue’, Sung Nak-joo, was first public pictures, In the 1910s, the relevant section of waterproof to over triple assessment “valuable materials to Roof Waterproofing Method” and the verification “group think the initial structure” views are Seokguram cave roof structure is clearly shown a picture revealed for the first time. Art historian Sung Nak-ju recently obtained and released a photo album "Silla Jeokseokgulam Stone Buddha" from "Geishu Toyogen (Geishu Toyogen)," which specialized in producing postcards related to Gyeongju at the time of Japanese colonial era, in 1912. The 1912, a filmed around November last year, Sung Nak-joo, was serially over the over since I've seen the same title, which in a ‘Seokguram circular argument’ introduced (同名) a photo album of the two to three months earlier than estimated to be made.
In particular, the photo titled "Seokguram Entrance" in this photo album shows the appearance of Seokguram Hermitage that collapsed in the 1910s, and the front of the roof is exposed as it is, providing clues to the origin of the Seokguram roof structure unknown to academia. In the meantime, academia, Seokguram Grotto, thickly covered with dirt and mud on the Roof structure is a stone dome of the principal room, any overlaying filmlike an alternative view was that the tiled roof on it again. However, the photo released by Seong Nak-ju clearly shows the roof tiles covered in parallel between the soil layers of the collapsed Seokguram Hermitage, so it is clear that the roof structure of Seokguram Hermitage was not just covered with soil layers on the dome, but also installed tiles in the middle. Sung Nak-ju said, "If you look closely at the photo found this time, you can see the end of the Sukiwa buried in a pile of soil on top of the thousand stones, and the roof structure of Seokguram Rock is a triple tile structure with tiles covered on top of it." He also stressed it “The soil, and roof tiles are among the facility is the Dome to organize and prevent infiltration is a stone as much as possible rain and snowmelt for showing the shape of the waterproofing structure”. Sung Tohamsan 1962, according to the weather, according to data the number of days of 134 days and number of foggy days is 123 days, freezing days was 11 days of sunshine to be rare. As a result, Seokguram Grotto, the waterproofing at the time of need drastic measures, using the Silla people and to penetrate the interior to block the water. Dongguk University art professor and munmyeongdae “In the 1910s, the collapse of Seokguram, which are ever released a few times, but this picture of the waterproofing structure is clearly exposed an alleged photo of this is the first time” he said, “roof of the Seokguram Grotto in the next round to studying the architecture is valuable materials will be” he said. But gyeongjudae iganggeun, is “This is Seokguram cave roof structure in view of the time create a picture published on there is simply not realistic.” and “the form is the Joseon Dynasty and exposed to heavy water facility seems to be in the process of the Joseon Dynasty and soil between the tiles that destroyed the roof, sliding down together to Further research is needed.”, pointed out. Regarding this, Sung Nak-joo, was “Seokguram was created by AdoHwasang during the decay and the heavy water, even if repeated since the introduction of an ancient ceremony at present, Due to the likely that the round to follow the (古式) at a large crowd is not.” said. Reporter Kwon Oh-young on 20 pages of related articles oyemc@beopbo.com <2005-01-12/787> Input date: 2005-01-109:02 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In particular, the photo album, titled ‘the entrance to Seokguram’ contained in the photo of Seokguram not been known to the roof for the valuable materials to know the structure is being considered. What was said to be, Sung Nak-joo, was released photo of Seokguram cave entrance and the posting as a special occasion. As the editor knows, Seokguram Hermitage had to endure the tyranny of various nature for over 1,000 years since its foundation due to geopolitical conditions facing the mountains of about 500 meters above sea level, especially the East Sea. Photograph of "Seokguram Entrance" in the photo album "Sillajeok Seokguram Stone Buddha" The three-story structure of roof tiles is exposed above the thousand stones. It has always suffered from sea breezes and valley winds, as well as fog and snow rain, moisture caused by them, and winter freeze and animal invasions. For example, according to weather data from Tohamsan Mountain in 1962, there were few normal days throughout the year, including 134 rainfall days, 40 snowfall days, 123 fog days, and 110 freezing days. The Silla people would have been seriously aware of that from the stage of location selection and repeatedly agonized over preparing measures. Presumably, it is believed that the former part of the room was reached without much controversy. This is because furniture of wooden jade according to tradition and common sense can minimize damage from bad weather and invasion of animals. However, in the case of the kitchen, it would not have been an easy problem. This is because the roof is an unprecedented dome style made of pure stone that has never been attempted throughout Asia. In particular, blocking rainwater and melted snow from penetrating the interior of 108 stone cracks and maintaining the indoor temperature in cold weather was a decisive issue in determining the success of artificial stone cave-style Buddhist sanctuary. Special measures were essential. How did the Silla people solve the difficulty? Until now, the roof structure of the main room of Seokguram Hermitage has been in the blind spot of the study. The lack of data is the biggest cause, for example, as shown in <Photo 1>, most of the front photos of Seokguram Hermitage in the early 20th century had no way of knowing the reality above Cheongaeseok. <Photo 2> was taken in 1913 when the Japanese imperialism began its full dismantling, and it was almost the only one to see the top of a thousand stones, but it was in poor condition, so meaningful information could not be drawn. In that respect, <Photo 3> was a very rare material. This is because it was clearly confirmed that the roof of Jusil was covered like a cone. In the end, it has been a general view so far that the roof structure of the main room is a stone dome covered with thick soil and mud, and a tiled roof is covered on it. Photo 3 The tile roof of the main room of Seokguram Hermitage around 1910. "Photo 1" The front photo of Seokguram Hermitage in the early 20th century. Photo 2 Before the Japanese dismantled and repaired Seokguram Hermitage in 1913. In connection with this very issue, <Photo 4> of <Silla Historic Stone Cave Stone Buddha> 2, which I saved this time, has great significance. This is because it briefly shows how the ancestors handled the part through the thick soil layer clearly revealed between the ceiling stone and the tiled roof. As the front of the roof is depressed, tiles and piles of dirt flow down, making it seem that the cross-section is cut off like Sirutteok, and tiles lined up in the middle stand out. It is a fact that has not been known so far, and a single layer of tiled roof was installed in the middle of the soil floor. It's not just that. If you closely observe the Cheongaeseok area, you can see the ends of Sukiwa lying down on the Cheongaeseok as it is buried in a pile of dirt. Unless it was pushed down from above, it is safe to see the remnants of the tile roof that covered the entire roof of the stone dome before covering the soil floor. In that way, although it is not yet in the stage of affirmation, it is possible to diagnose that all three layers of tiled roofs were installed on the stone roof, contrary to the perception so far. What can be fully sympathized with is that if soil is directly covered on the stone roof, dirt such as soil sand or dust will permeate the interior through the cracks of the fire, and there is no way to prevent the severe damage to the statues. In summary, three layers of tiled roofs and two layers of earth and stone layers were alternately installed on the roof of the stone dome in the main room of Seokguram Hermitage. It was a groundbreaking method that fundamentally blocked leaks such as rainwater, as well as a thermal function in the city in winter, and a buffer that absorbs shocks such as earthquakes. In short, the roof of the main room of Seokguram Hermitage was built much more densely and perfectly than we expected. Of course, since it would have been repeatedly deteriorated and reconstructed since its foundation, it cannot be asserted that the appearance of "Photo 4" is the same as the structure of the Silla period. However, even if there was reconstruction, it is highly likely that it would have followed the old style, so it is not a big group to be considered the closest original form at the moment. However, one of the poems of the Joseon Dynasty described the appearance of Seokguram in the shape of an ancient tomb, so whether the top tile roof was covered with soil again is a task to be strictly examined in the future. Anyway, the above fact is directly related to the issue of the existence of the current wooden room in the middle of the so-called Seokguram circular debate for decades. This is because if there is no protection facility in the front room, rainwater flowing down from the tiled roof in front of the main stream will pour like a waterfall from the eaves to the arch-shaped roof of the memorial hall and the floor of the front room. Therefore, the three-layer tile roof of the main room revealed above would have been designed to turn the excellence to the outside in an organic relationship with the wooden room from the beginning. Above all, it is sophisticated that Silla architects, who were worried that even a drop of water would permeate the interior of the temple, left the entire room and the monument unprotected. Rather, all kinds of tricks would have been used to construct a protective facility for Jiseonjimi, which was much stronger and more encouraged than the current wooden jade. As such, the historical value of <Photo 4> is sufficient in that it reminds us of how vain some academia's theory of demolition of wooden rooms is. Currently, the entire cylindrical outer wall and dome-shaped roof of the stone cave are hideously covered with double concrete layers. The first head was wrapped in cement in the repair work under the Japanese colonial rule, ignoring the traditional roof structure, and the second head was rebuilt in the 1960s as an inevitable measure to reduce damage such as leakage caused by the first head.
Their dismantling is a top priority for the restoration of the original stone cave, but unfortunately, it is difficult to touch until the concern of damage to the statues disappears. However, there is no full-fledged discussion in our academic community on what to do after removing them and the roof structure to be given. The so-called protists who said they should be removed immediately also raised their voices but have never come up with specific alternatives. It is truly an irresponsible current state of our academic community, and our attitude to take at this point is to focus on discovering and researching new data in case the cowards are demolished in the future. Finally, while looking forward to the restoration of the original state of Seokguram Hermitage, the traditional roof structure, which consists of triple tiled roofs and double earth layers, is presented as a draft. I do not hesitate to look for the deep interest and texture of those with bright eyes who love Seokguram Hermitage.
Will the only superpower last forever?
Will it be the only superpower forever? Korean conservatives rationalize the lack of policy to prepare for "after the United States" with the logic that "they should conform to the reality of US hegemony." Perhaps that's why they often mention the story that "the position of the United States as the only superpower will not change in the near future." Does it mean that the U.S. should abandon international law like a pair of dedication, and even if the hatred of the tyranny of this super-large rogue state becomes the most common sentiment that people around the world sympathize with, submit as it is power? Of course, it is not to underestimate the power of capital that can shake up any market, media that can throw distortions and lies everywhere under the name of "information," and military power that can easily destroy "native people" with bombing and missiles. However, if you look at the history of the rise and fall of the powers, you can find one law. Historically, whenever a powerhouse reached its "strongest" position, it fell into the temptation of continuous excessive expansion and eventually became unable to afford the cost of conquest and control. In addition, the expenditure of the national treasury led to the resistance of the people's livelihood and the people's resistance inside and outside, and eventually, the "peak of prosperity" was inherited as a decline. For example, let's look at the era of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty (1735-1795), which Chinese nationalists are very proud of these days. At first glance, there were many aspects to be proud of. Chinese products such as tea, silk, and porcelain dominated the European market, and the average income of Chinese at that time was higher than that of Europeans. In addition, the system of 'reasonable Confucianism, reasonable past tests' was admired by European enlightenment, including Voltaire (1694-1778). Even in terms of discourse hegemony, China was truly invincible. This was also due to the fact that they did not know the reality of Munok at the time when thousands of gold books were burned, as if they were not able to grasp the degree of otherization and exclusion of U.S. academia, media, and politics. However, Emperor Keonlong of the Qing Dynasty, who stood at the top of the world as a cultural asset, regarded the best achievement as the destruction of Jungar Korea and the conquest of the Shingang territory between 1755 and 1758 at an astronomical cost of 23 million. For two years, the government spent money equivalent to tax revenue to annihilate 600,000 Jungarians, resulting in a huge annual cost of border defense, rebellion of residents, or suppression of the independence movement. It is reminiscent of the colonization of Iraq, which today makes the U.S. national budget full of deficits. Even so, the conquest of the Shingang River, which can absorb some of the surplus population of the midfield due to the possibility of clearing wasteland, followed by the Burmese invasion between 1768 and 1769, the invasion of Vietnam between 1788 and 1799, and the Nepalese War between 1792 were only slaughter and waste. Emperor Keonlong himself has made causes such as "removal of exploration" (removal of Hussain), "protection of poor marginal people" (protection of human rights in Iraq), and " dissemination of benevolent virtues" (democracy in the Middle East. However, the turmoil of various miscellaneous taxes due to war costs, the insolvency of the old holiday system (welfare system), and the tyranny of the leaders (Haliburton and Vice President Chaney) linked to detectives intensified social conflicts, leading to the empire's decline. After the resistance movement of Baengnyeon Bridge from 1796 to 1805, the people continued to struggle, eventually leading to an attempt to establish a "competitive dynasty" called Taepyeong Heaven (1850-1864). The world's strongest empire in the 18th century collapsed as an object of invasion in the 19th century. "When the moon is full, it breaks down." Even the most greedy capital, the most subtle information processing, and the most brutal slaughter will not make the militaristic empire, the "money-eating hippo," an eternal empire.
The discipline-hypology of the Great Apocalypse took away everything from the Korean people.
▲ Japan, they communicated with the West through a "needle hole."Dejima, an artificial island built in Nagasaki in the middle of the 17th century for trade activities at the top of a foreign country that visited Japan, was the "needle hole" they secretly stole from the West.Hamel's party, who landed on Jeju Island in 1653, was also a Dutch merchant who was in distress while setting up a waterway to trade with Japan through Idezima.While Japan has institutionalized exchanges with the West since 300 to 400 years ago, we have still fallen into blind flower crowns and have not seen the world right away.The picture shows the entrance to Dejima in contact with the sea. Although there can't be a assumption in history from Hamel's journey to Jeju Island to Nagasaki, there is still a regret that if we had done better or eaten a little bit better at the time when Britain, Portugal, and Spain were preoccupied with the construction of an empire through the sea. One of them is the lesson of Hamel drift. In 1628, three Dutch Beltebre party members who were heading to Nagasaki, Japan, landed near Busan, and one of them was Park Yeon, who later married a Korean and even lived with children. Twenty-five years after Park Yeon's landing, Hamel, the same Dutch, lands on Jeju Island.The team Sperwer, which departed Amsterdam in 1653 (the 3rd year of King Hyojong's reign), was struck on August 15 of this year by a storm while heading to Nagasaki via Batavia and Taiwan. Of the 64 successful sailors who escaped Hamel's group who drifted to ● Shipbuilding, 28 drowned and 36 drifted. The following year, they were escorted to Seoul, and two years later, in 1654, they were separated and transferred to Jeolla-do. In the meantime, there were 14 deaths and 22 survivors.In September 1666, eight people under Hamel from Left Naval Headquarters in Jeolla Province escaped the town castle and dramatically succeeded in escaping Joseon by riding a small boat. Those who passed through Nagasaki returned to the Netherlands in July 1688, ending their 13 years of Joseon life. With the publication of the Hamel Drifting Journal by them, Joseon, the Forbidden Land, is widely known in the West. What should we learn from this Hamel drift? There is no trace of trying to know any specific Western science and technology through these groups or to explore the world situation by tracking back their information. Hamel's party, who was assigned to the military unit, is believed to have participated in the transfer of some combat techniques, but the interest of the Joseon Dynasty in judging the world situation has not been confirmed. It is a very unfortunate world perception as there is no evidence that he has had a large group of Westerners for 13 years, but has obtained information about world trends from them. Hamel met Park Yeon, who was dispatched by the Joseon government during the investigation, and Park Yeon continued to be in charge of interpreting until she was dispersed to Yeosu Jwasuyeong. In light of this, there seems to have been no such attempts at all, even though it was possible to sufficiently extract Western knowledge information through Park Yeon. However, Chinese envoys were extremely wary of encountering Hamel's party, and considering that they were deployed as soldiers belonging to the training provincial superintendent, it gives the impression that they tried to use them as a military response to the North Korean punishment. Park Yeon and Hamel have something in common that they drifted from Amsterdam to Nagasaki via Bataiyu. Hamel's party constantly dreams of going to Japan during their stay in Joseon. Eventually, he rescued a ship and went through Hirado in Kyushu to Nakasaki, and the Japanese quickly recognized that they were Dutch and kindly guided them. The measure contrasts with Joseon, which arrested them and detained them for 13 years without hesitation. By the time they reached Nagasaki, five Dutch ships had been anchored. They are immediately guided to the Dutch superior to Dangdo and commander Willem Volger. Thus, he arrived in Amsterdam in just 13 years and 28 days. At that time, Nagasaki was the only window open to the West in Japan. In 1543, much earlier than Hamel's landing in Joseon, a Portuguese merchant arrived in Japan, and in 1549, missionary Francisco Xaviel set foot in Kagoshima. Trade and Catholic missionary work have been carried out for more than 100 years since then, but in the middle of the 17th century, Christianity was suppressed by Bakuhu Tokugawa. It should be noted that the country was closed, but the needle hole was open, so the conversation with the West continued in any way. ●Bakuhu, who banned missionary work and allowed only trade, only Dutch people who were engaged in business and did not engage in missionary work were allowed to stay in Japan, blooming so-called orchid studies. Various modern academic systems, including Western medicine, astronomy, geography, biology, and geography, are organized into orchids around this time. Young people flocked to today's Tokyo, Edo, and even the far northeast, opening the "path to difficulty." Hamel was able to return home in search of a superior residing in Japan is also based on this international situation in East Asia. We should have read at least Hamel the urgent situation of the West Freeze point quickly. Hamel Drift was the first Westerner's footprint left on the land of Joseon and a Steady Seller who made Joseon known to the world. At the first meeting between drifting Hamel and Joseon, we failed thoroughly in the first deal. While the information we obtained from them was extremely limited, Hamel's record of escaping Joseon has been circulated in the Western population for hundreds of years and is distributed as a basis for the powers to smack their lips. Then, what conditions were Nagasaki under at the time, where countless Hamels visited? Dejima is in the center of Nagasaki, where pretty tanks come and go. The horse is an island, surrounded by the city center. If you look closely, the sea waterway flows next to Dejima, and the waterway connects to the nearby sea. Dejima is an artificial island created in 1636 for the purpose of banning Christian missionary work. Through the West, trade and other benefits should be taken, and when the door was opened, it was an exit made as a desperate measure for fear of Christian missionary work. It's easy to say Nagasaki, but only the size of the palm was opened. A bridge was built after building a superior building on the ground of the size of an elementary school playground. Bakuhu got information from them whenever foreign ships came in. Since the Dutch and Chinese merchants were given rumor reports, and the central figures of Bakuhu looked back at the translation, they understood the changes in the world situation at a general level of intelligence every momentarily outlined. Like the light in the dark cave, the window was clearly open. Perhaps the "needle hole," which Japan was afraid of the West but did not close, served as a decisive foundation for Japan to take the lead in Asia. ●The separation of religion and trade among the Dutch was consistent with Bakuhu's policy, based on the blooming orchard and the Meiji Restoration. Because he was only immersed in trade, he gained exclusive rights from Bakuhu. For the next 200 years, this place has become Japan's only window for overseas trade. If you look around Nagasaki, you can see that there are many cities around that are like international cities. Hirado has been the center since Japan dispatched a dog inspector to accept continental culture and has been an international trading hub centered on the Netherlands. In the north of Arita, famous for its ceramics in the southeast of Hirado, there is Imari, which gained a reputation for importing and exporting ceramics. Pottery here gained fame when it was exported to Europe through the Dutch East India Company in the 19th century, affecting the formation of European ceramic culture. You can't leave out the karatsu that you can see Hyeonhaetan. As the name suggests, it is a prosperous port city through trade with China. Sasebo, Nagasaki Prefecture, has prospered as a military port city since the naval base was established in 1886. There are still Japanese Self-Defense Forces and U.S. military bases, so relations with foreign countries cannot be separated.The 1 million-pyeong house botens, which restored the appearance of the Netherlands in the 17th century, attracts Asian tourists. Even when Japan was already directly importing a large amount of information and understanding the West, our position toward the West was still closed. In the future, it was not only due to foreign pressure that the flowering civilization was called out during the Meiji Restoration.It was based on the understanding of Western civilization that had accumulated for a long time, such as "nanhak." There are countless remains that can confirm the relationship with foreign countries in Nagasaki, the contrast between the two countries divided by ● maritime cultural exchanges. Gravien, who seems to be entering Western streets, Thomas Glover's home, an antique stone road, Meganebashi, a beautiful bridge completed with Portuguese technology, the German Ssibolt Memorial Hall married a Japanese woman, hundreds of photographers, and Hima Ueno's tradition. As a Chinese trading port, traces of China are also scattered, including Sofukuji built by the people of Nagasaki Jjamppong or Fujian Province, and the ruins of China's sovereign wealth. Japan imitates and develops its own guns obtained from Portuguese people who had been in and out of Kyushu since the 15th century and develops them into a tremendous weapon system. It is a well-known fact that he held the rifle in his hand and confidently started the Imjin War. Through the seven-year war, it left tremendous damage to Joseon. Before hating the rifle, it was right to seriously think about which sea route the rifle was obtained and developed. Bakuhu's policy of closure, fearing a rapid Western influx, continued until 1868. At the same time, Dejima fulfilled his calling of history with a needle-like breathing hole. Japan was fully open by the coercion of the U.S. ferry, but it had at least kept its needlehole open for a long time like a dejima, and it had secured a certain resistance to visiting the West because it had been preparing for hundreds of years of tradition. It contrasts in many ways with us, who were forced to open the port rapidly, such as a male maid being frightened by the broad daylight of Baekju. Looking back on the past hundreds of years in front of the building that restored the old Dejima, I can feel a lot. Japan has created an elaborate memorial hall and is teaching children why their ancestors were obsessed with cultural exchanges through the sea. Considering that many "hamels" that have left traces in our history are directly related to Dejima, how to criticize our view of the ocean in the past when we completely closed the natural exit through the sea to the world.
Climate and civilization.
Climate and civilization. The differentiation of races and the beginning of civilization It is not known exactly when all existing races were differentiated, but it is believed that differentiation has already entered the completion stage at least in the stage of collection and hunting. This is because, after that, as they entered agricultural life, they were bound to the land and repeated their internal souls, and the identity of the group became more solid. In 1974, Dyer shows the trend of large forms of racial classification and large mobility as shown in Figure 1-2, with the interpretation of the gene frequency of biochemical traits. And the start of the movement is estimated to be about 150,000 to 50,000 years ago. 150,000 years ago and 500,000 years ago, far before that, are considered to be the times when people's lifestyles have changed considerably, so we must consider the problem of adaptation in consideration of this. Figure 1-2 Model of race formation and movement (Dyer, 1974) For example, 400,000 years ago, there are traces of fire use in China (Beijing) or Hungary, so it may be thought that fire was used in all regions, but dating back 500,000 years ago, it cannot be said that fire was used in all regions. However, it would not be wrong to think that everyone was using fire when it comes down to 150,000 years ago. In the end, the older the times, the more directly influenced by nature, and as time passed, the influence must have gradually eased and turned into indirect. Therefore, in the old days when race separation took place, direct relations with the natural environment would have been a problem, and the more you think about the new era, the more you need to think about the cultural environment. Since the modern civilization took place in Europe, the number of mixed races has increased with the advancement of white people, and the natural distribution of old races has been lost. Therefore, it is necessary to refer to Figure 1-3, which shows the distribution of races around the world in the 15th century just before Columbus discovered America. Figure 1-3 divides the birthplace of ancient civilization and weather zones on the four major ethnic distributions around the 15th century, and Supan divides tropical and temperate into isotherms with an average annual temperature of 20 degrees. In Figure 1-3, along with this isothermal line, the thermal degree (where the annual average temperature is the highest) is shown as a dotted line. It is believed that the reason why cold-resistant Mongoloids spread around the world is that although humans originally have tropical characteristics physiologically, they were trained in cold climates and excellent in climate adaptability. Humans have been distributed in a fairly wide range on Earth for hundreds of thousands of years, starting from tropical forests and repeating differentiation and adaptation. Compared to the long history so far, the fact that this human society blossomed all at once in a very short time from 10,000 to 5,000 years ago suggests that there was some momentum rather than coincidence. Moreover, not all races have walked the same path of civilization. It is thought that humans who blossomed civilization were able to enjoy a relatively beneficial environment. One thing they have in common is that they settled from hunting to agricultural life very early. Egyptian civilization, Tigris, in the basin of the Nile River, which was the four ancient times.Mesopotamian civilization in the Euphrates River basin, Indus civilization in India, and the Yellow River civilization in China all sprouted from fertile land in the large river basin. In addition, Central and South America had Maya, Aztec civilizations, and Inca civilizations. If you look at the birthplace of these civilizations in Figure 1-3, most of them are located in tropical areas close to temperate areas. Markham, who studied Eastern civilization, saw that all of these remains of ancient civilization were located near the isothermal line of 21 degrees. It can be said that the climate 5,000 years ago was very different from the current climate, but the current annual average temperature in the Yellow River basin of China and the Inca civilization of Peru is about 15 degrees Celsius, so the error is too great to accept the 21 degrees civilization idea. However, according to archaeology, from 7,500 years ago to 4,500 years ago, the African continent changed from dryer to wet season, and the Sahara desert and surrounding savannah climate zones were covered in thick forests. However, it is said that from about 4,000 years ago, the climate became dry again and the current Sahara Desert was formed. It can be assumed that this transition also took place in Arabia, which borders Mesopotamia. It should be considered natural that the position of the isotherm has changed significantly due to such considerable climate change. If you look at the found ruins and records from 4,000 BC, social structures were already being formed in Mesopotamia and Egypt, but they have not yet reached that level in India or China. In areas where it is warm and suitable for plant growth, and crops grow well, civilization grew relatively quickly because there was time or energy to devote to the creation of civilization as it could stay comfortable only with physiological adaptability. On the contrary, it is difficult to live in cool or cold areas, so it is believed that civilization society can only be achieved after the formation of civilization is delayed and means such as food, clothing, and shelter are developed. Eventually, the spread of civilization toward the low temperature zone near the 21 degree isothermal line was actively carried out. However, the entry into the high temperature zone has become more restricted. The biggest constraint is that the tropical climate has made conditions suitable for the reproduction of insects and bacteria along with plants, threatening human life with tropical diseases. The temperature of 21℃, which has such a special meaning, is a temperature that humans can stay comfortably in a little clothing, as shown earlier. As will be mentioned later, it is a very interesting coincidence to adopt 21°C as an environmental temperature that sets the standard for the value of Clo. B. It is meaningful to investigate the current status of population distribution in what temperature range the world's population is distributed in. It is very difficult to respond common data to administrative and weather classifications across the world. However, in order to know what kind of temperature range the world's population is distributed, we will respond to cities with relatively well-organized data. There are about 150 cities with a population of more than 1 million worldwide, and 420 million people, or about l0 percent of the world's total population, live in these cities. Table 1-2 shows the population, latitude, and annual average temperature for 33 cities with a population of 3 million or more. Consisting of a population of 220 million cities, this data is thought to be sufficient to get a glimpse into the trends of today's civilized society. Table 1-2 The distribution and temperature omission of major urban areas are concepts that are not limited by administrative or regional divisions, and the question of how far to be recognized as an urban area varies slightly from country to country, so published data cannot be used as it is. Therefore, here, the urban area refers to a solidarity city that is organically involved in the functions of cities and cities, for example, a kind of commuting right. The temperature of cities with a population of 3 million or more is 15.4°C when painted on a simple average, but the weighted average by the population is 15.0℃. Here, the weighted average temperature of the urban population of 7 million or more is 14.2℃, 15.5℃ for the population of 4 to 7 million, and 17.3℃ for the population of 3 to 4 million. This difference means that a huge city is formed in the low temperature zone. Table 1-3 is a summary of the population composition by temperature using the data in Table 1-2. The largest population is urban areas centered on 15℃, 37~, followed by urban areas centered on 10℃, accounting for 32%, and these two urban areas alone account for 2/3 of the two urban areas alone. The number of urban areas itself is also concentrated near 10°C and 15°C. This table shows that the current population distribution center has shifted to a low temperature zone of 6℃ or higher than the location of the birthplace of ancient civilization. Table 1-3 The urban area and its population distribution by temperature are omitted. Distribution of civilization The indicators of civilization should comprehensively judge not only the population, but also the population dynamics, that is, infant mortality, major causes, mortality by death rate, and levels of health, health, medical care, and economic activities, gross national expenditure, and trade. However, it is true that all of the above have a great correlation with climate, especially temperature. In his book Civilization and Climate, Huntington sees a climate desirable for human activity as a climate in which the average monthly temperature changes in the range of 4 to 18 degrees, humidity is less than 70%, and low pressure passes about 20 times a year. Figure 1-4 shows the distribution of global climatic activity based on this climate, considering that this climate's stimulus to mental activity is the driving force behind the improvement of civilization. Lim 1-4 Distribution of Climate Activity (Huntington) Humans need to continue to be stimulated by the environment in order to maximize their ability. However, if the degree of stimulation exceeds the appropriate degree and is too severe, both time and energy will be spent responding to it. It has already been reviewed earlier that civilization gradually moved to a high degree after blooming according to the first 21℃ isotherm, and 15℃ is the center. Moreover, the average annual temperature of the world's most advanced countries is 6-16.5℃, and its center is 10℃. This phenomenon can be interpreted as a result of responding to cool and cold climate stimuli and developing cultural adaptability. The average annual temperature of Seoul, the center of Korea, is 11.1℃, slightly above 10℃, and the climate is cool and cold?It is a run and has four distinct seasons, so the amplitude of summer and winter is large and there are typhoons. It may be considered that this climate acts as a kind of stimulating climate for living things. It can also be predicted that Canada, Siberia, and the Scandinavian Peninsula will become the center of civilization if human civilization continues to move toward low temperatures. However, it is still questionable whether people will move in groups to settle there in favor of the northern country, which is a cold civilization.
To quantify civilization, Huntington calculated the civilization index on a scale of 12 items, including corporate power, outbreak power, philosophical composition, large business power, dominance, educational organization, hygiene, morality, generation power, life stability, industrial and aesthetic sense, literary appreciation, and natural appreciation, and divided them into five stages. Figure 1-5 Distribution of Civilizations (Huntington, 1976) had a very large impact on the environment, especially the climate-conditioned human civilization history. It is true that at least in extremely cold areas and extremely hot areas, high civilization has never occurred. The region, which is always spring over the four seasons, is definitely a paradise on the ground, and depending on the conditions, it can be used as a candidate for climate therapy to be mentioned later, and it will also be suitable as a tourist destination. However, it is clear from history that no leading civilization or culture has been achieved in such a region.