Germany and Austria are the same Germanic peoples, and in a broad sense, British-Dutch-Denmark, Sweden, and Norway are also included in German German German, but they are quite divided linguistically, so a single ethnicity would be German-Austrian... Historically, Central Europe is divided into half and half between Germany and Austria. Austria has completely decreased since World War I, but the Austrian-Hungarian Empire before World War I shows that it has quite a large territory over the Ottoman Empire below. Germany and Austria speak the same language and are of the same race, but why are they so separated now? And historically, Germany-Austria have been enemies for generations, but I don't understand... There can't be assumptions in history, but if Hitler doesn't start World War II, merges only Austria, eats the Bohemian region, eats only the territory west of the Oder River, and falls near Konigsberg, I think Germany will be almost the same power as the U.S. by now... ethnically... This may be a dangerous idea, but I also think that the Germans are physically superior in the world... I don't think the Westerners are physically superior, but the United States, Britain, France, Italy, and so on.German kids are very attractive.
2022년 3월 10일 목요일
The Middle Ages in Europe weren't gloomy.
At least I don't think it was as gloomy as Rome. Rome was a society where only some vested Roman citizens lived well. Only some rich Roman men had control of the suffrage. Many of the rest of the allies and slaves suffered from school administration without rights. Nanami Shiono describes Rome as a shining society, but Rome was actually a society that could do nothing without corrupt connections. Rome is a society of corruption and war in which gladiators are driven to death, slaves are slaughtered for fun, and 10 million slaves are traded a year. In any society, slaves could have been liberated, but Siono distorts it as if only Rome was possible. However, the European Middle Ages, built by beating Rome under the banner of chivalry and Catholicism, was a society where at least serfs could be brought to formal trial and gladiators did not exist. Unlike slaves, serfs can make wealth, marry, and not be sold. Rome, where the labor market was extremely flexible, and Europe's Middle Ages, which only worked during the sunrise, are very different (different from the industrial revolution, when light bulbs were invented day and night). Later in the European Middle Ages, it is described as a society where there was no science and witch hunting was prevalent. However, in fact, the European Middle Ages knew that the circumference of the Earth was 40,000 km and were able to build stone structures over 100 meters high, and witch hunting was prevalent in the Renaissance. In the European Middle Ages, witch hunts were stipulated and never executed because brides who learned a lot of witch hunts were judged by religious courts. Since the 14th century of the Renaissance, witch-hunting has been prevalent, centering on the brutal Protestants (i.e., dog reading).
Anti-Japanese War of Independence and General Ji Cheongcheon of Baeksan Mountain. 10. Liberation Army.(2)
On July 17, the National Federation of Advancement Associations was established as a left and right coalition. Soon after, however, the Korean People's Criminal Party declared its withdrawal after demanding the revision of the eight-article agreement, which eventually became nominal. However, such efforts for integration continued among the three parties in the nationalist camp, and on May 8, 1939, the Korean National Party, the Joseon Revolution Party, and the Korean Independence Party disbanded the existing party and formed a new Korean Independence Party. The Hawaiian Patriotic Corps and the Hawaiian Union also participated in this. As a result, a single party was formed in the name and reality of the nationalist camp, promoting the independence movement as more authority, more power, and high-quality status. The Korean Independence Party strives to establish the foundation for the construction of a new democratic state with equality of politics, economy, and education in order to completely advertise land and sovereignty as a means of revolution."It's revealing. Executive committee members Hong Jin, Cho So-ang, Cho Si-won, Lee Chung-cheon, Kim Hak-gyu, Yoo Dong-yeol, An Hoon, Song Byeong-jo, Eom Hang-seop, Kim Bong-jun, Yang Muk-hwan, Cho Sung-hwan. Ji Cheong-cheon worked as a central executive member of the Korea Independence Party and at the same time worked hard to establish the Korean Liberation Army. In addition, he was elected as an honorary director of the Korea-China Cultural Association, which was formed in 1942, and worked to promote friendship between Korea and China and secure aid for the independence movement. The Korea-China Cultural Association was formed by Son Moon's son Son Gua to promote cultural exchanges in partnership with Korean national leaders Kim Gyu-sik and Cho So-ang, but in fact, continued to engage in anti-Japanese national war, which was the immediate goal between Korea and China. The Korea-China Culture Association also asked the temporary government to be officially recognized during the British, U.S., and Chinese receipts meetings in December 1943 while promoting mutual cultural exchanges, Korea's "restoration of land," and efforts to coexist and co-prosperity around the world. In other words, he requested that Korea's independence movement be developed to participate in the war on mainland Japan as a member of the Allied Forces and guarantee Korea's free independence when the war ends. Through the integration of the three parties, the Korean Independence Party was newly established and the independence movement was strongly promoted, and at the same time, Ji Cheong-cheon and other Korean Independence Party officials immediately formed an armed group to carry out an anti-Japanese war with the Chinese army. By July 1940, Ji Cheong-cheon, along with Kim Gu, Park Chan-ik, and Cho Gyeong-han, began to actively carry out activities for the founding of the Liberation Army. Ji Cheong-cheon, who served as a member of the Provisional Government's military committee and head of the military, prepared the Liberation Army Plan and delivered it to China's Foreign Minister Seo Eun-jeung through Park Chan-ik, judging that the time to participate in the anti-Japanese war should no longer be delayed. Thus, under the understanding of the Chinese authorities, they began actual activities for the founding of the Liberation Army. Jicheongcheon Stream decided to organize the organization of Gwangbok-gun in a top-down manner. It was to establish a general command first in the absence of a unit for the period, and then to form a unit for the period through first-time activities. The General Command was organized as follows. Chief of Staff Lee Chung-cheon, Chief of Staff Lee Bum-seok, Chief of Staff Lee Bok-won, Kim Hak-gyu, Goun-gi, Yoo Hae-jun, and Lee Joon-sik, Deputy Chief of Staff Hwang Hak-soo, Chief of Staff, Jo Si-won, chief Ahn Gye-hoon. General Ji Cheong-cheon, general Ji Dal-soo, Hwanghak-soo, An Hoon, and Go Goun-gi are commanders of the Korean Independence Army, who carried out the Korea-China Combined Operation in the early 1930s, and Kim Hak-gyu and Lee Joon-sik were the aides of the Joseon Revolution. In addition, in the case of Lee Bum-seok, he was a soldier who participated in the Cheongsan-ri Battle in October 1920 while serving as the soft captain of the Bukro-gun Military Government. The policy of organizing the General Command of the Liberation Army, centered on the executives of the Manchurian Independence Army, stems from General Ji Cheong-cheon's military tradition of the Liberation Army in the Manchurian Independence Army. The armed anti-Japanese struggle of the Manchurian Independence Army, which exploded after the March 1st Movement in 1919, was the Military Government of each other, the North Road Military Government, the Korean Independence Army, the Ministry of Justice, the New People, the Korean War. However, the veins of each other's military sentiment, justice department, and Korean independent forces could lead to the movement of independent forces, including Jicheongcheon, but the connections of Bukro military sentiment and Shinminbu were almost cut off due to the assassination of Kim Jwa-jin. Accordingly, Jicheongcheon tried to find and connect these two connections of the Manchurian Armed Independence Movement in the organization of the Liberation Army. This was due to the fact that Jicheongcheon Stream placed the tradition of the Liberation Army in the armed anti-Japanese struggle of the Manchurian Independence Army. Along with the formation of the General Command, Kim Gu, president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea and chairman of the Korea Liberation Army Foundation Committee, issued the "Korean Liberation Army Declaration" on September 15, 1940. The content was that it would continue to win freedom and equality in Asia as a member of the Allied Forces to declare the establishment of the Liberation Army Command on September 17 and overthrow Japanese imperialism. The historic establishment ceremony of the General Command of the Korean Liberation Army was held on September 17, 1940 at the Gareung Guest House in Jeunggyeong. At the main gate of the ceremony hall, the Taegeukgi was crossed and hoisted, fluttering in the wind, and a large Taegeukgi was hung in front of the platform inside the ceremony hall. Hundreds of news agency employees attended the ceremony, including Jeon Woo-ner, a member of the Liberation Army General Command, the Provisional Government and the Uigwon, the head of the Chinese National Party's city party, Jang Seo-man, chairman of the Chinese Cultural Association. The inauguration ceremony was held as the officiant of President Kim Gu. There was President Kim Koo's opening speech, a tribute to Hong Jin, the leader of the Provisional Government, and Cho Wan-gu, the leader of the Korean Independence Party, and Ji Cheong-cheon, as the commander of the Liberation Army, defeated the Japanese enemy and allied with allies. Subsequently, the founding ceremony was completed after Ko Goun-ki's reading of the ancient Chinese frontman's book, strengthening his resolution to win the war against Japan. After the founding ceremony of the Liberation Army on September 17, the Ordinance on the Organization of the General Command of the Korean Liberation Army was promulgated under the name of the Provisional Government State Council, and the General Command established a clean organizational system as follows. General Commander Lee Chung-cheon, Chief of Staff Lee Bum-seok, Deputy General Manager Choi Yong-deok, Chief of Staff Chae Won-gae, Chief of Staff Hwang Hak-soo, Chief of Accountant Ahn Hoon, Song Ho-seong, Secretary of Military Affairs Yoo Jin-dong on October. Through the control of the Ministry of Control and Prevention, the Liberation Army played the role of the Provisional Government Armed Forces in name and reality. After completing the organization of the General Command, Ji Cheong-cheon decided to move the General Command to the front district for organic activities of the General Command, and allowed the General Command to advance to the west coast of Seomseoseong, where military correspondents were dispatched. However, in addition to Ji Cheong-cheon and Lee Bum-seok, several executives remained in China to deal with the issue of the agreement with the Chinese military authorities as it had not yet ended. Since then, the General Command has hurriedly organized three zones in the 1, 2, and 3 zones, and in January 1941, the Korean Youth Warfare Troupe was incorporated into the Liberation Army and became five zones, resulting in four unit units. The first area of Gwangbok-gun was composed of military correspondents led by Lee Jun-sik, and Roh Tae-jun, An Chun-saeng, and Lee Seok-hwa went to Imbun in Sanseoseong Fortress to carry out their first-time activities. The second zone was organized around executives of the General Command with Goun-gi as the head of the base, and Na Tae-seop, Gosi-bok, and Ji Dal-soo went to Podu in Suwon to carry out chomo activities. In the third zone, only Kim Hak-gyu was appointed as the chief commander without the formation of the unit, and Kim Hak-gyu, Oh Gwang-sim, Shin Song-sik, and Shin Se-seop left the first construction as Ahn Hwi-seong.All of the three commandos of the basic unit units of the Liberation Army were from the Manchurian Independence Army, which was directly related to Jicheongcheon's clean killing of the Liberation Army as a temporary military force connecting the tradition of the Manchurian Independence Army. Meanwhile, the Korean Youth Out-of-war Corps, which was expanding its power in the West Bank, led by Na Wol-hwan, was incorporated into the 5th district of the Liberation Army, recognizing that it could achieve its revolutionary purpose by focusing its revolutionary capabilities in one place and military capabilities on the Liberation Army. The unit arrangements of the five zones were Na Wol-hwan, the deputy leader Kim Dong-soo, the chief of Jeonghoon, Lee Ha-yu, the training team leader Park Ki-sung, and the craft team leader Lee Jae-hyun.
A Study on the Three Kingdoms and Unified Silla Seje
It seems like everyone is crouching their shoulders in this cold weather.The weather will get warmer after this week, so cheer up everyone.^^ Due to the pocket situation, these days, the standard for choosing a book has become a "price," but in the past, people often read the contents of the book slowly and buy it.In fact, I think that's the answer (most bookstores' ancient history corners are comfortable to be stuck in a quiet corner) but sometimes they break the principle.This is the case where only the author's name is checked and purchased, and the current No. 1 on the list is Lim Yong-han. Professor Kim Ki-heung, the author of this book, is also the author of the previously introduced - the newly written Korean History.I read it again a few days ago, but I bought it without much expectation and classified it as a book that made a hit. As the title suggests, this book is a collection of research papers on the tax system of the three kingdoms. - In relation to social changes, it was considered mainly in connection with the social image of the late Three Kingdoms and the Unified Silla period. First of all, the study on Goguryeo's tax system in Jusu and Suseo attracted attention.Interested people may know, Goguryeo's tax system divides five grains and five bags per person, and the pen name into three grades, with one grain in the upper grade, seven grains in the middle grade, five beans in the lower grade, and incentives once every three years. Here, the incentives were identified as poor or wandering people who did not own their own land in the past (Baek Nam-un's Joseon socio-economic history in 1933), but the author speculated that they would include people such as Buyong people such as Malgal people and Su Dynasty prisoners. First of all, no matter how poor they are, the difference in equity with others was too severe, and was there any reason for Goguryeo to officially recognize and solidify the social class of the poor?In other words, as seen in articles on the return of the Three Kingdoms, articles on the return of the country, and articles on the truth of famine, all three countries used agriculture as their main economic base, and there was no reason to neglect the poor without any measures. He also pointed out that no matter how little land there is to cultivate, it is questionable that the gap with other classes is too wide.In comparison, self-employed farmers have to charge 150 grains and 150 bags per 10 years and pay additional taxes according to their grade, but incentives are only one piece of cloth that does not fit the ancient society's receiving system or predatory tax system. It is also cautiously speculating that the individual's pharyngeal tax was not too heavy for all the people, but only for adult men aged 20 to 60 like Jeongnam, that is, 15 to 60 or Tang Dynasty. Considering that the difference between the upper and lower grades is only five grains, some speculate that Jose, which follows the pharyngeal tax, may be a tax that came out just before the compilation of aquatic books or liquor in the late Goguryeo period, or a supplementary tax that came out later than pharyngeal tax. I personally speculate that if Goguryeo did not fall in 668 or if the nobles did not take power after King Anjang, it might have been subdivided into nine grades. In fact, the main reason I bought this book was because of the data on the military system of the late Goguryeo period, which I plan to write in the future, and I received considerable help.Like the Tang Dynasty, Goguryeo's military service may be different in form, but I was able to get some hints and data to help Sohae's personal guess that a concept similar to that of the Tang Dynasty was implemented. Behind it, research results on Silla village documents found in Jeongchangwon, Japan, and changes in the area are recorded, but the explanation is too complicated.-;;, so I roughly read it and passed it over. I think any social system is made and constantly changed by the necessity and agreement of the members at the time (even if it is a prerequisite monarchy). In particular, I would like to say that taxes, military service systems, and political systems contain historical and factual characteristics that can penetrate the society.
It's about the Great Dream Rebellion.
-The Khitan refugees who were chased by Mongolia said they would fight when Goryeo invaded, but Choi Yi was sent to exile by the Yeomong Allied Forces (Koryeo was an old soldier who defended the border) to destroy Khitan refugees (Koryeo's long-lived bird and Mongolian kachion formed a righteous brother). -Starting Mongolia carefully treated Goryeo.However, when he recognized the reality of Goryeo, he was rude, such as infinite requisition and armed entry into the palace. In the meantime, he was killed by a low-interest woman who came to Goryeo (Dongjin-guk committed).The attack on Goryeo, knowing that Mongolia considered it. -The first invasion of Uiju immediately surrendered (Cho Sook-chang, son of Cho Chung, surrendered), and passed without much damage.But he resisted in Cheolju. Massacred. The Mongolian army returned home but was canceled due to excellent defense (admiring Mongolia's longevity).The main army bypasses and the Mongolian squad attacks the independence of the rear, but fails (At this time, the general tried to kill Choi for surrender to Choi Chun-myung, but the Mongolian envoy saved him). After that, when Anbukseong Fortress was captured and Mongolian troops came to Gaegyeong by barely blocking it at Dongseon Station, Choi's regime surrendered.Mongolia leaves 72 people worth handling as a sign of surrender. - During the first invasion of Ganghwado Island, rumors of Ganghwado Island came out.At this time, when the Mongolian envoy killed the official because of the negligence of hospitality, the discussion began.Most of them are against management, but Choi is forced to go to Cheondo.At this time, he tried to kill Darugachi, but the northwest residents rebelled and failed. A number of civil disturbances occurred after Cheondo Island in Ganghwado Island.At this time, spreading false rumors that a man named Songlipjang escaped from the Mongolian military camp and invaded on a large scale. -Second, of course, Mongolia should not make excuses about Cheondo with the words of the Songnipjang, but come out of Ganghwado Island. 2. Is it true that Daru values were arrested and tried to kill them? 3. If you want to surrender, get out of the island and greet us, and if you don't like it, let's mobilize the army to fight each other! La Hillchaek. Therefore, Goryeo 1. All the people were scattered and hid due to rumors that Mongolian troops were invading. In order to procure tributes requested by the great nation with not many people, the remaining people must be gathered in Ganghwado Island. I don't mean anything else. 2. They ordered the Darugachi people stationed in Gaegyeong and Seobuk-myeon to treat them generously, but I don't know what happened. 3. I'm sorry I couldn't tell you in advance about my trip to the island, and I have a consistent mind to surrender, so please understand. Answer Ra, but in Mongolia, 1. The king comes directly, or send Choi Young-gong (Choi Yi). 2. Accurately present the requested tribute. 3. Send Cho Sook-chang, and send the pine forest together to find out the truth. 4. Send troops to cooperate in conquering Dongjin-guk. 5. Accurately count the number of households and report them. 6. The words of the Songlipjang are false. What's the real reason for being calm? Are you trying to fight with us until the end? I replied. Again, Goryeo 1. As we wish, but we cannot empty the throne for a day, so please understand the difficult situation. 2. Although it was prepared sincerely, only the sincerity was expressed because there were few offerings collected by a small number of people. I'll send it additionally next time. 3. It is difficult to send Cho Sook-chang after returning from Sangguk (Mongol). He was surprised by the words at the Songnipjang, but when he knew that it was not the will of the merchant, he asked for the crime and sent him to a distant island, but the news was cut off due to the severe waves. 4. We are originally a small country, and there are few soldiers left in the war, and those who survived are injured and sick, so please understand the situation. 5. Most of the people fled due to rumors that the great army was invading, and the mountains and fields turned into lush grass fields. If you allow the existence of the state, I will gather the remaining people to serve the great nation. 6. It is to gather the remaining people to serve the Sangguk, and there is no other meaning. Rahana attack because Mongolia was angry at repeated avoidance answers. However, when Salitai died by Kim Yun-hu in Cheoinseong, retreatment. -Many large-scale civil unrest occurred after the third second round.At this time, a man named Hong Bok-won caused a rebellion, and in the process of suppressing it, he killed an innocent Cho Sook-chang.Of course, it was not intentional, but this broke the peace that was maintained formally. Choi Yi built a palace in Ganghwa and held his own government post. The beginning of the third invasion of Mongolia in 1235.Among the three wave attacks, Hwangnyongsa Temple was burned and damaged a lot.Eventually, Mongolian envoys were sent to Ganghwado Island and documents of surrender were sent.The war barely ended in honor of the Mongolian envoy's hard work.However, the king's relatives demanded by Mongolia were postponed here and there.Since then, Choi has conciliated the bureaucratic group and reduced some of the taxes of the people, but it is only a stopgap measure.Eventually, he started to print the Tripitaka Koreana. -The 4th Mongolia stopped sending envoys and attacked Goryeo, but withdrew when Goryeo sent envoys and killed the nine children. -The middle Choi died and Choi Hang came to power.However, it seems that the response to Mongolia is based on the rule of thumb. Later, when Monkekan ascended the throne, he asked for the king's joining, but he refused, saying the king was old.At that time, Princess Yeongnyeong, who went to Mongolia as a hostage, sent a letter after 10 years, asking to join the king or send the prince or his younger brother (Prince Yeongnyeong went to the hostage, but his political status was great, such as marrying a woman in the Mongolian imperial family).The contents are similar. However, Choi Hang refuses to let go of Prince's younger brother. Eventually, the Mongolian army, which came down preparing for the 5th invasion to the 5th Battle, sends envoys and send them hostage 1. 2. The king should join the army. 3. Investigate and report the household. 4. Set up a counterattack. 5. Support the military and the military. 6. Install Daru Value. Sending the contents of (1/2 is the king's father, 3 is tax, 4/6 is for surveillance, 5 is for money of course), thus avoiding.Eventually, the attack starts.In the meantime, Kim Yoon-hoo succeeded in Mercury again in Chungju, which caused some damage due to Korea's unique guerrilla war (no regular troops).
Japan knew that King Gojong refused to Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905.
When the ▲ Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905 signing was unilaterally declared, Emperor Gojong (left) dispatched secretaries to countries around the world to deny it.The photo is a secret letter that Emperor Gojong tried to deliver to England through a British Tribune reporter.In January 1907, this secret book published in the Korea Daily News began, "The emperor did not know from the beginning the five treaties signed by the Japanese ambassador and Park Je-soon instead of the outside." The Independence Hall of Korea, which provides photos, said, "I also knew King Gojong's rejection of Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905." This year marks the 100th anniversary of the signing of Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905. For us, Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905 is a "covenant" (a forced treaty) that has been robbed of diplomatic rights, but there are still voices denying it in Japan. Japan itself was the one who knew better than anyone else about the illegality of Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905, although it was the logic that it should be considered in detail under international law. In terms of international law, in order to determine the validity or invalidity of the concluded treaty, it is necessary to determine whether one party has made an 'expression of intention by compulsion'. However, there is also a difference in the concept of compulsion. In the case of Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905, there are subtle disagreements over whether compulsion is pressure on Emperor Gojong's individual, pressure on the state of the Korean Empire, physical threats, or even mental stress. From the 29th to the 2nd of last month, the "100-year Hawaii Conference" was held at the Kauai Resort Convention Hall in Hawaii, with Chinese, American, and Japanese scholars as well as North and South Korea participating to intensively deal with the issue. The theme of this conference is "Was the Korea-Japan 1905 Convention Compulsory?" Lee Tae-jin, a professor of history at Seoul National University, strongly criticized Professor Tamaki Harami's recent claim that Emperor Gojong was not reluctant to sign the treaty. Professor Harami cited various records, including Il Sung-rok, the official diary of Emperor Gojong, as the basis for the fact that Eulsa's 5th enemy's appeal, "We negotiated according to the emperor's instructions," and that the emperor's critical comments were not noticeable. The logic is that even if it was not active consent, at least it did not object. However, Professor Lee refuted that Emperor Gojong's vivid voice could not be published from the beginning, citing that most of the authority to write records related to the emperor, such as Il Sung-rok, was handed over to the Japanese at the time of the treaty. Kang Sung-eun, a professor at Chosun University in Japan, who attended as a representative of North Korea, tracked Ito Hirobumi's "Revelation Letter," who led the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905. In the reinstatement, Ito recorded it as if King Gojong had agreed to the treaty, but the draft written by Ito's chief of staff Keiroku Suzuki at the time was different. In the draft, it was found that the phrase "The Korean emperor does not agree" was clear and there were even traces of revision by supplementing it. This is evidence that Emperor Gojong knew exactly that the fact that Emperor Gojong refused the treaty from the beginning and Emperor Gojong refused it could be a problem even later. One of the Japanese participants, Professor Noriko Kokubun of Aichi Prefecture, approached the treaty from the perspective of domestic legislation and legal ideology of the Korean Empire. It is a question of whether Emperor Gojong's authority was absolute. In other words, it is pointed out that Emperor Gojong did not have the authority to sign the treaty by compulsion, not free will, because he no longer adopted a political system different from the pre-modern absolute monarchy after modern reform measures such as Gabo Reform.(D.C. History) What the so-called key figures would argue...LOL) Professor Kim Ki-seok of Seoul National University indirectly proved his compulsion by hearing that Emperor Gojong actively campaigned to invalidate the treaty. After signing a treaty, Emperor Gojong risked his life to send secret services to the powers of the time, including the United States and Russia. One of them is the dispatch of Hague Milsa, which has become famous for his secret suicide. Dr. Hulbert, who was dispatched to the U.S. as a secret agent, also mentioned in 1942 at the "Korea Freedom Conference" that "Keep the emperor's immortal loyalty forever" supports Emperor Gojong's persistent efforts.(D.C. History) So-called key figures, wake up...)) The issue of invalidation of Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905 is also closely related to the problem of simplicity, which is the goal of the Northeast process. If the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905 is invalid, of course, the simple agreement that Japan signed with China on behalf of the Korean Empire will be invalid. Therefore, if it becomes clear that the Republic of Korea has succeeded the Korean Empire and the Shanghai Provisional Government, the issue of Gando's sovereignty will reach a clear conclusion under international law. Of course, the issue of representativeness of the temporary Shanghai government, the international legal interpretation of whether the invalidation of the treaty means a return to its original state, and the issue of international political reality are matters to be discussed separately.
Korea reflected in the eyes of medieval Arabs.
1. There is a country with many mountains called Silla at the end of China opposite the kingdom and road construction general-even Hurdadbi Kansu (Gwangdong?) The country is divided into permanent residences. The place is rich in gold. Muslims who came to this country and settled permanently did so because of various advantages there. But I don't know what is beyond Silla." "At the end of China, there is a country called Silla, which is rich in gold. When Muslims settle here, they do not want to leave." 2. Guide to China and India-Sulaiman "There are islands called Silla on the coast of China." Residents there have fair skin and send gifts to the Chinese emperors. Otherwise, they believe that the Chinese emperor will not rain. No one in our colleagues has been there, so they can't know more about them. They also have white hawks. 3. A valuable list of valuables - Even Rusta There is a country called Silla at the end of China. It is very rich in gold. Muslims who arrive there don't want to leave there. 4. Golden meadows, jewelry mines, learning and opening-masudi "No country or city is known except for Silla and its books on the other side of the sea across China." Foreigners who have gone from Iraq or other countries do not want to leave because the air is clear, the water is good, the land is fertile, and the resources are abundant. The residents there have a good relationship with the Chinese, so they send gifts to the Chinese emperor. The residents of the place themselves are Amour (the son of Yapet in the Bible). It is said to be a descendant of Genesis 10). "As already described, the Chinese Sea ends in Silla." "The eastern end of the land is Silla. That's where the Jangseong (The Great Wall of China) founded by Alexander the Great ends." "The 7th ethnic group is China and the countries around it, and they are descendants of Amour, son of Apet, Noah's son. They all serve one king and use the same words (the medieval Arabs divided the world into seven) 5. Genesis and History Bon-Mutahir Even Tahir Al Makdish "There is a country in the east of China, where the air is clear, the land is fertile, the water is good, and the characteristics of the residents are good." Residents there decorate their houses with silk and embroidered cloth, and it is shown in the "Kingdom and Road Construction Overview" that they use gold bowls for meals. 6. The walk-al-Idrish of those who dream of crossing a distant country goes from this island (unknown). The island consists of several islands that are closely related to each other. There is a city called Kaiwa, and foreigners do not want to come out again when they settle down, because it is very abundant. Gold is so common that the residents of the area also make gold from the chains of dogs or the necks of monkeys. They also make and sell clothes on their own. 7. The wonder of creation, the rarity of existence, and the trace-Zakariya Kazwini Islands left by the empire consist of numerous islands. When Muslims land there, they do not want to leave because of the various advantages there. There are large amounts of gold, gray, and white hawks. The island's specialty is that the kings of Silla send gifts to the emperor of China. Otherwise, they believe that it will not rain in their country. It is said to have been proven several times. He reported in Even Al-Pakki's book, "Silla is a very pleasant country at the end of China. The air is pure, the water is clear, and the soil is fertile, so you can't see the bottle' If they spray water on the house, it smells like pumpkin. Infectious diseases are rare, and there are few flies and flying animals. It is said that a patient on another island will be cured when he comes to this island. Muhammad Even Zakariya Alaj said he would not leave because anyone would live on this island. Only God knows the truth. There is an island called Silla in the surrounding oceans in the eastern extreme of this area. This island contrasts very much with the lucky island (Atlantis) in the surrounding oceans in the western extremes. The latter is an uninhabited island, while the former is an manned island. The eastern end of the Silla archipelago is Sankai Island. On the monument on this island, it says, "There is no road behind it." The eastern end of the island is about 180 degrees, and to the south of the island is the golden island (Sumatra), which Ptolemy mentioned. 9. General History-Rashduddin Padrala's third shinq (castles) are Kaoli and Kaokaoli, kingdoms in the border. The king's name there is called Wankra. Kublai Khan married his daughter (Holdogemiresil) to him. His son (King Chungseon) had a close relationship with Khan and did not become king. 10. The present-day Jeongseon-Dimashki "The Chinese Sea" about the wonders of the continent and the ocean borders the southern coast of China and ends at the eastern edge. There are Silla Archipelago and Ustikun Country here." According to Ptolemyus and others' opinions, there are six islands called Silla Archipelago in the eastern part of the Chinese Sea. This archipelago has a good stratum decorated with various types of steel and precious jewels.Foreigners who have stayed here once remain happy," "There are six large islands called the Silla Archipelago in the eastern sea beyond the Ammonian Islands and the lower part of China. There are six islands called Silla in the east of China, which are the ultimate purpose of literary art in November, after being scorned by Alifa (Shua) Umayya Califjo. Some of them are said to be the descendants of Ali, who fled from Umayazo's persecution. 12. According to the Imperial Guide List-Abulpida, Silla: Canun (Principal-Biruni's Book Morphology and Astronomy), Silla is 170 degrees east longitude and 5 degrees north latitude. Therefore, Silla is in the middle of the first zone and the upper east of China. It is comparable to the "island of eternity and happiness" of the West (Atlantic Ocean) in terms of location.