Risk of ideologicalization.

 Under Xi Jinping's strong leadership, a new China is emerging. China is changing into a confident and overbearing look. Countries adjacent to China are already feeling tension with their skin.

It is no exaggeration to say that the past 20 years after reform and opening are the golden age of the People's Republic of China. China enjoyed a period of peace along with unstoppable economic growth. There was hope for liberalization here. Bill Clinton once said, "The more China enters the world stage, the more freedom the world will bring to China."

This period was the era of collective leadership of technology bureaucrats, and China achieved the objectives pursued most effectively. But now everything has changed. The economy is stagnating and conflicts with neighboring countries are escalating. Political liberalization is getting farther away, while the government's control over the people is adding intensity. The collective leadership system is weakening, and new leadership of the work-distribution system is emerging.

China's appearance appears completely different depending on which leadership system controls the Communist Party and the country. 

Mao Zedong's absolute power system caused great confusion and destruction of the Great Leap Forward Movement and the Cultural Revolution. China's economic reform was due to Deng Xiaoping's leadership.

Both of these leaders were leaders of the same style in that they showed strong leadership, but they were completely different styles. Mao Zedong's ideological orientation drove China to a catastrophe, but Deng Xiaoping's pragmatic line brought China's golden age.

Xi Jinping has continuously focused his power on him since he became general secretary of the Communist Party.

At first, the authority distributed throughout China was concentrated in Beijing, then in the party, and eventually all that power was concentrated on himself. Recently, he has been strengthening his status by upgrading himself to the highest conson by wrapping himself up like a hero.

In addition, Xi Jinping began to use ideology. Authenticity is desperately required in a party-dominated country. As economic growth, which had been used as a basis for legitimacy, stopped, it became increasingly dependent on ideology. Xi Jinping advised Communist Party officials to keep the Mao Zedong spirit in mind, instructing them to include ideological activities in their daily work. While gray technical bureaucratic leaders boast economic expertise, the new leader boasts the color of ideology and discipline.

However, we must face up to the fact that ideology is a very dangerous force.

Ideas are made according to political needs, but once the ideology is firmly established, political leaders become prisoners of self-made ideology. Ideology explains history, determines our fate, and allows those who fall into it to accept it all as truth. When an ideology becomes a belief system, both the leader and the people become believers of the ideology.

Hitlerism, Stalinism, and Maoism show how destructive ideology is. By believing in the ideological truth, the cruelest means can also be justified. When a strong leader talks about ideology, it should always be faced with danger.

It is clear that Xi Jinping's ideology is not Maoism. His ideology is the history of China, especially the greatness of the people. In short, the great tradition of China is called China's Dream of China's dream. At the opening ceremony of the special exhibition titled The Road to Revival at the Beijing National Museum in 2012, Xi Jinping first presented the slogan of China's dream. At the event, attended by the newly launched Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China, Xi Jinping referred to China's revival as "the greatest dream in recent history," stressing that "each should think deeply about how to share his future fate with the future of the country."

Xi Jinping's attempt to revive the power and glory ingrained in Chinese tradition in the form of nationalism is bound to be seen as an intention to create a new ideology. In this ideology, the state means everything, and individuals and people become only secondary.

Now, China's dream has become all that people need, and anyone must pledge their loyalty to it. Recently, at the National People's Congress, Prime Minister Li Keqiang emphasized its importance even more, and at the Chinese public broadcaster's New Year's Gala Show, it appeared in a more aggressive form of patriotism.

Ideas can never be seen as pure. If you fall into the temptation of ideology, you will release uncontrollable violence. The ideological long-willed state of exclusion is fundamentally different from the state of a collective leadership system based on pragmatism. The ideology of prioritizing the people over people is very dangerous. China, which has a strong state organization and a leader who combines ambition and ability, cannot be ignored by itself. However, if the leader has begun to arm himself with an aggressive ideology, we have no choice but to fear China.

I'll give you a vacation, so read a book!

 Reading heat is spreading throughout society as it has recently been revealed that reading paper newspapers and books not only increases the probability of going to good schools and workplaces, but also helps a country's economic development. Last month, the Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education trained 400 elementary school principals and vice-principals to read books for young students who had "reading golden time (a time when brain development due to reading is very effective)."Refer to "Read Revolution" on page A1 of March 4 and page A1 of page 29 of this paper.

It is said that there was an atmosphere that encouraged reading socially not only today but also during the Joseon Dynasty. They even built a dedicated building for young and talented tattoos so that they could take time off to read, and that they could visit their friends if they read at home. Let's take a look at how they read.

◇ Scholars who took a vacation to read.

In December 1426, King Sejong called in Gwonchae, Sinseokgyeon, and Namsumun. The officials who stood in front of the king were young graduates with less than five grades, who were evaluated as talented and good behavior. "The reason I gave you the government post of a house porch was to improve your skills by reading because you are young and have a future. But…"

The three servants were nervous wondering what order the king would give. I was just waiting for the next word with a nervous mind to see if I had done. However, each job has no time to concentrate on reading in the morning and evening, so from now on, don't go to work at Jiphyeonjeon Hall and read hard at home to show results and do as I please. As for the norms of reading, be guided by Daejehak Byeon Gye-ryang." "Phew, the Holy Spirit is honored."

The three unknowingly breathed a sigh of relief and stepped down from the front of the king with a happy look. After that day, these three did not go to work at Jiphyeonjeon Hall in the palace, but only focused on reading at home. The system that allows young tattoos to take time off to concentrate on reading at home is called Saga Reading (giving them a vacation to read). Tattoos selected for the Saga Reading System were given at least one to three months of vacation. I didn't record the period separately, but there were times when they gave me a longer "long vacation" when needed.

In 1442, King Sejong also gave reading leave to six servants, including Shin Sook-ju and Seong Sam-mun. From this time on, I was asked to read at Jingwansa Temple (a temple inside Bukhansan National Park in Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul), not at home. This was called Sangsa Reading (Go up to the temple and read it). If you read at home, customers can come and get disturbed, so you let them enter a temple where they can focus only on books.

◇ Make room to focus only on reading

King Munjong gave 11 students a leave of absence from reading the boss in 1451, King Danjong in 1453, and King Sejo, who ascended the throne in 1455. However, when the scholars of Jiphyeonjeon participated in the Danjong Restoration Movement, King Sejo eliminated Jiphyeonjeon in 1456, and the Saga reading system was temporarily abolished.

In June 1476, King Seongjong revived the Saga Reading Festival by giving reading leave to seven officials. After that, King Seongjong created an opportunity to further activate the Saga reading system. King Seongjong, who thought it was not desirable to have young scholars reading books written by Confucian scholars in a temple in Joseon, a Confucian country, issued this order. "Pick a good land outside the castle and build a place to read." Today, Uijeongbu, which is equivalent to the Prime Minister's Office, has been abandoned with a hermitage in Yongsan belonging to the government office, so if you fix it well, it will be a good place to read and rest.

In 1492, King Seongjong built this place to build the first reading hall. The size of this reading hall was about 20 bays (a space surrounded by four pillars), which was not so large considering that commoners' houses were usually built up to 5 bays at the time and 99 bays at the time for well-off noblemen. However, it was a pretty good environment to read because it had both a cool Daecheongmaru and a warm ondol room.

In 1517, Jungjongdo Island had a new reading hall built in Dumopo, the current Oksu-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul. Since then, Yongsan's reading room has been called "Namho Reading Center" and Dumopo's reading room as "Dongho Reading Center."

During the Joseon Dynasty, the southern Han River toward Yongsan was called Namho, and the eastern Han River toward Oksu-dong was called Dongho. According to the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, 320 people were selected over a total of 48 times from King Sejong in 1426 to King Yeongjo in 1773, and received reading leave.

600 years ago, elephants lived in Boseong.(2)

 600 years ago, elephants lived in Boseong.(2)

There is a person with a lot of imagination.Imagination 이란이란 means thinking about elephants.

Once upon a time, elephants lived in southern China.Due to climate change, elephants were destroyed and disappeared.But elephant ivory and teeth in the ground.Ribs etc. are found.Elephants are not here now, but you can think of the elephant's life by looking at the stories that are told and the bones that are excavated.That's the imagination.

It is time for Boseong-gun to create new cultural contents on Jangdo Island, Elephant Island, imagining the elephant story in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty.

Think about the route of the elephant who committed murder in Hanyang and was exiled to Boseong Jangdo.When I left Indonesia, my hometown, and went on the road against it, there were male and female couples.When he arrives in Japan and comes to Joseon, he loses his mate and crosses Hyunhaetan by himself.At that time, Japanese envoys were Japanese monks.

It was the monks of Seonjong of Japan who could write Chinese poems, talk in writing, and write diplomatic documents in the Japanese shogunate.Both the Japanese envoys, Jeongsa and Busa, who came to Joseon as envoys, were Japanese monks.The elephant would have crossed Hyunhaetan and arrived at Busanpo while listening to the sound of Japanese monks' Buddhist chant.

It was also unusual to lead elephants from Busan to Hanyang.I can't imagine the way from Hanyang to Boseong, Jeolla-do after committing murder.How was it possible to travel from Beolgyo to Noru Island by boat?

According to the records, there is no large boat to carry the elephant, so the elephant swims, and several ships tie the elephant to the left.It is said that he crossed by escort from Wu.It is said that the elephant, who arrived at Boseong Jangdo Island, lamented his poor condition and shed tears in sorrow.

At that time, the lives of the people were not abundant, but it was no joke to support elephants who ate more than 70 liters of water from 4.5 horses a day.The Jeolla-do observer raises his appeal again. ..He grazes domestic elephants in Jangdo Island, but he doesn't eat water plants, so he becomes emaciated day by day, and tears fall when he sees people...After reading the appeal, Taejong felt sorry for the elephant's situation and sent it to the land to raise it.They would have listened to elephants taking turns in Beolgyo, Nagan, and Suncheon.

It was a great struggle to feed the elephant, whose hometown is the rainforest, the cold wind of winter and water plants.

In the 2nd year of King Sejong's reign, Jeolla-do's observer posts an appeal again. ..There is nothing beneficial about elephants. Now, four local government officials in the province have been ordered to feed them, but the harm is considerable. Since only the people in the province are suffering, let them raise them on their way back to Chungcheong-do and Gyeongsang-do.

It was an appeal to let the neighbors next to you share the hardships because only Jeolla-do was suffering from elephants.It was the second year of King Sejong's reign, but the power was still held by King Taejong.It was King Taejong, not King Sejong, who allowed the request of the Jeolla-do governor.

According to King Taejong's order, the elephant in Boseong was sent to Gongju, Chungcheong-do.Less than three months later, an observer from Chungcheong-do complained again. ..The princess killed a paper elephant by being dumped by an elephant.There is nothing beneficial to the country, and the way they feed and beans are more than ten times that of other beasts.Two rolls of rice a day.There are 48 islands of rice consumed a year and 24 islands of beans.If you get angry, you hurt people, so there is no benefit, but only harm.Send it back to Jeolla-do Island.

Sejong also asked for elephants while listening to the request of the Chungcheong-do observer.Raise it in a place with good water and grass and don't let it get sick and die.

Under King Sejong's order, the elephant of fate moved back from Gongju to Boseong Jangdo.I spent days of hunger and loneliness in Jangdo Island, where there were only dry grass and water plants. I left my hometown Indonesia, passed through Japan, and Busanpo.Hanyang. Boseong-do.After passing through Gongju in Chungcheong-do, he came back to Boseong Jangdo and ended the lives of many elephants.

Boseong-gun Elephant Island Project.

1. Build an elephant tomb in Jangdo Island, Boseong.

2. Literature works based on elephant ecology and elephant theme by creating a small elephant memorial hall and outdoor exhibition panel.It displays movies, etc.

3. Come to Joseon and contest the name of the elephant who died of hunger and loneliness, and poems and letters to the elephant.

4. Boseong-gun uses historical facts to form a sisterhood relationship with a local city in Indonesia and receive a pair of elephants.

5. The elephant story is made into an animation and broadcasted.

American Indian... The 7th Cavalry... And... "Battle of the Little Big Horn".

 Colombus and his party put their feet down... They mistakenly thought it was India. 

In the land of America, there were peaceful people who lived even before Europeans entered. 

They are the American Indians. 

The people I am historically and emotionally attached to are Mongolia, Manchuria, Turkey and this American Indian.

After Columbus's footsteps, Europeans, who came in from Puritans on Mayflower, who escaped persecution, expanded their territory by beating the ground by establishing a country called the United States. Sometimes with money, sometimes by deceiving, sometimes by killing...

Their enthusiastic way of playing American football is a sport that shows the era of western pioneering in the United States, which gradually expanded its territory to the west after landing in the early East (in other words, it reflects the spirit of pioneering era's challenge, and the blood of many Native American Indians is invisible). - Hereinafter, I will call you Indian.

In the 1800s, when the U.S. government was all-in on picking up new land, 

The main stumbling block was the Indians, who most feared early immigrants trying to advance to the west.

The Indians confronted the U.S. government and immigrants threatening to sell or leave the land, and clashed with immigrants who were constantly trying to advance into the West to secure gold mines and pastures. 

It was a situation. 

The most famous one is "The Last Resistance of the Custer".

Also called Custer's Last Stand or Battle of the Black Hills,  

It was "Battle of the Little Bighorn". 

The battle, in which the U.S. 7th cavalry Lieutenant Colonel Custer and the spiritual idol chief Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse of the American Indians clashed, was a historical event that brought many changes to American society as well as the battle itself.   

In 1870, the United States was incorporated into states in the eastern and western parts of the United States, but some parts of the Midwest were still undeveloped areas. Among them, Dakota, which was located on the border with Canada, is based on the Missouri River. 

The west was designated as an Indian reserve.  The incident occurred in the Black Hills Mountains, located between South Dakoda and Wyoming.

The tragedy began when a gold mine was found in Black Hills, designated as an Indian reserve. Many U.S. migrants invaded Indian reserves in search of gold, and in the process, clashes between Indians and U.S. migrants increased. Black Hills, which was a sacred place for Indians, as an outsider.

When the Sui and the Shaians formed an alliance to protect them from the field and formed a large unit, the U.S. government forcibly pushes the Indians west and dispatches troops to develop the Black Hills area. 

Three commanders, Terry, Kiburn, and General Crook, led the troops to the area, of which Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer was deployed under General Terry as a regiment leader with 657 subordinates.

In June 1876, Brigadier General Alfred H. Terry entered Black Hills with Lieutenant Colonel Custer's 7th Cavalry Regiment at the forefront. Lieutenant Colonel Custer, who was instructed to wait without starting a battle until the cavalry's main unit arrives as much as possible, unexpectedly changes the operation by meeting about 40 Indian warriors by the Little Big Horn River. Lieutenant Colonel Custer, who decided to launch an attack in a hurry before it became known to the entire Indian unit that the U.S. cavalry appeared, plans to attack the entire regiment.   

Lieutenant Colonel Custer disperses the regiment into three battalions, having Major Marcus Reno and Captain Frederick Benteen lead one battalion each, while the remaining 200 lead themselves to the campsite of the Sujok.

However, he did not know that the Indians, which 657 U.S. cavalry had to deal with, were at least three times as many as Custer's solidarity just by the number of warriors due to a large shortage. 

In a fight that was unlikely to win even if the entire regiment was mobilized, ignoring Brigadier Terry's waiting order, he made an irreversible mistake by dispersing the number of people into three units. 

The Indian tribes confronted the great chief "Sitting Bull," his valiant warriors and nephews, "White Bull," "One Bull. 

The Sioux and Cheyenne alliance, led by the legendary warrior Crazy Horse, which was feared by the U.S. cavalry, was the strongest force with 7,000 tribesmen and tens of thousands of warriors.  Thousands of elite Indian warriors with a strong will to fight to protect Black Hills were holding out in front of the Custer Regiment.

Among Custer's troops, 175 soldiers joined the battle. 

It was the battalion of Lee Know battalion. While the main unit led by Custer moved along the river, the Rino Battalion crossed the river and began attacking from the south. However, Lee Know, who faced strong resistance immediately after the battle, was embarrassed by the unexpected strong counterattack and stopped the attack. After a 10-minute battle, Major Reno immediately crossed the river and retreated, and the Sujok and Cheyenne warriors chase them fiercely.

Lieutenant Colonel Custer's 210 troops are also discovered by Indians while Major Reno's battalion retreats urgently. Of the three tribes (Lakota, Oglara, and Hunkpapa), the Oglara, the Hunkpapa, and Cheyenne, led by the great warrior Crazy Horse, are surrounded by thousands of Indians as the rest of the Indian troops pushed away by the Custer unit. 

 Custer, who was pushed to the Last Stand point, instructs his subordinates to shoot the horse they were riding and knock it down when they were unable to break through the retreat. The horse's bodies and horse saddles were piled up to make cover, and they tried to hold out until the rear support unit arrived.  

However, all troops, including Custer, had a numerical advantage and was unparalleled in bravery. 

They are wiped out in less than an hour.  

The Indians, who believed that if they damaged the body, they would be cursed for not being able to rest forever even after death and walking on the underworld path, undressed the dead US cavalry soldiers, and damaged the body in their own way. However, Custer's body, who was wearing leather clothes instead of military uniforms and cutting his hair short, avoids the Indian curse because of the civilian costume (how much he looked down on it, the commander is not wearing the military uniform, not taking a walk). It is said that only his body was intact among the bodies of the wiped out troops. The Indians, who destroyed Custer's main forces, attack the remaining troops of Captain Rino and Bentin again, but the Battle of Little Big Horn ends as large cavalry escapes and steps down as large cavalry approaches from the large cavalry approaches. 

In a way, it is only a simple battle in which cavalry was smashed by an Indian who looked down on with dog bones due to the commander's mistake in judgment.  27 Indians were killed in the battle, while more than 300 Custer troops were killed.  

But the problem is that this was the deadliest defeat in the U.S. government's anti-Indian combat. 

In the U.S., where pride was hurt, the point of Custer's annihilation 

It was named Custer's Last Stand and used as a political propaganda tool for territorial expansion while heroizing them who were wiped out after fighting until the end. Until then, politicians and soldiers who had been lukewarm or conflicted with Indian policy were justified in Indian oppression. After the defeat, large-scale military action took place, and most of the American Indians were massacred or expelled to Canada, almost disappearing from history.      

Initially, the Black Hills area was an Indian protected area, and the conflict was caused by the greed of white people who invaded the protected area without permission in search of gold, but artificially manipulated all cases by glorifying Custer as a hero. 

The battle broke out to return the Sujok Warriors who had invaded the white residence beyond the protected area to their original residence, and in the process, the Custer unit was adapted into a hero story that was completely destroyed after bravely fighting to the end despite numerical inferiority. Custer emerged as a symbol of patriotism in the American pioneering era. 

But the funny thing is... 

Black Hills (Mountain Rushmore), where Custer's Battle and Little Big Horn Battle took place, has a "big rock face" statue that we all know well.  The rocky mountain, named Mt. Rushmore National Monument, is magnificently engraved with the faces of a total of four former U.S. presidents, including George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt, 18 meters high. 

I don't know if it's because they want to show that they're the last winners, but out of all those vast American lands... 

But the Indians who were the original owners of this land and who had fallen into ethnic minorities. The descendants of the great chief Sitting Bull and the legendary warrior Crazy Horse, they began construction in 1948 to record their own history on a mountain range 27km away from Mount Rushmoa.  

In 1876, he began to make a statue of Crazy Horse, the man who annihilated Custer's American cavalry in the Battle of Little Bighorn and a warrior who died resisting the American cavalry who invaded Indian land to the end. 

171m high and 201m long, making it the world's largest statue. 

One so-called CrazyHorse Memorial was started by a chief of Sujok who visited Polish-American sculptor Kozak Giorkovskiki (1908-1982) who participated in the Rushmore Sculpture Project.

Since Kozak, who deeply persuaded Sujok chief's sincerity, began his first hammering in 1948, construction has been underway since his death. The U.S. government has rejected the U.S. government's offer of $10 million in support and is covering the entire construction cost with tourism income. 

But still, where have you seen or heard the story of the Battle of Little Big Horn recently? 

It will be a movie called Avatar. 

All the motifs of this movie were brought from this battle. 

Substituting the characters, stories, and backgrounds in the play, you will soon see how similar they are.

Now that I think about it, most of the American Western films I watched as a child depict Indians as uncivilized, violent, and cruel people. Like that, I thought the Indians were all bad villains, and cavalry soldiers were cool, righteous, and loyal soldiers. 

However, as I grew up, I learned that it was not. 

So I no longer watch Western films featuring John Wayne and others. The logic of power... In a way, it's one of the historical distortions that glorify the painful and shameful self-portrait of the United States. Macaroni Western, who doesn't even let them join Western films because it's rather crude, draws fairly.

And there is an authentic western film (based on that in the United States) of an old black-and-white film depicting the pioneering era of Shane. The villains in the movie are white gangsters, who bully innocent farmers, drain the ground, and even kill people. Of course, the main character Shane takes care of everything with one hundred people. The scene of the final duel with the villain in the movie and the scene where the kid calls Shane leaving alone and follows him is a famous scene that remains in the history of the movie. Among the famous authentic Western films, it is a rare movie that does not feature Indians as villains. 

The reason for this story is that at that time, the real villains of the Western pioneer era were white gangsters. The Indians never bothered or killed pioneers unless they touched them or the land first. Rather, they taught agriculture and livestock to settle their pioneers and treated the sick. 

However, history is always the winner's own record. 

The history of the winner becomes a political affair, and the history of the loser is reduced to the theory of fieldwork or conspiracy. 

It should be remembered that there is no guarantee that we will not be trapped in a protected area, looking at the percentage of Indians (0.8%) of the U.S. population now. It is a story that we will keep in mind that we have already experienced in the not-too-distant past and are still living in a reality where the influence still exists.

An instrument that makes 100 million sounds.

 We used to prefer 'new'. The same is true of most instruments. However, only string instruments are exceptions. Old instruments made by Italian craftsmen in the 17th and 18th centuries enjoy the best value today. It is common to say that it evolves for the next 400 years and then degenerates for the next 400 years. The ransom of these luxury instruments ranges from 1 billion won to up to 16 billion won. Attention is naturally focused on the existence of those who are expensive enough to wonder if they have sprayed diamond powder, not gold powder. Recently, a large number of "precious bodies" worth billions of won have appeared on Korean soil. This is why old instruments have become one of the main topics in the Korean classical world this spring. 

On the 21st of last month, the Kumho Asiana Cultural Foundation provided three luxury instruments free of charge to three promising new violinists. After two fierce auditions, the recipient was selected. The old instruments that appeared at the ceremony were Guadani Cremona (1794), Guadani Parma (1763), and Dominicus Montanyana (1740). Guadani is from Italy, the home of string instruments manufacturing, and is considered the most precious instrument along with Stradivari and Guarneri. Lorenzo Guadini, who first produced Guadini instruments in the early 18th century, was a disciple of Antonio Stradivari, who is considered to have presented the standard type of violin. Guadani Cremona, which drew attention as it was used by violinist Lim Ji-young, who won the Queen Elizabeth Competition last year, one of the world's top three competitions, will be used by Lee Soo-bin (15), a former member of Kumho Youngjae, over the next three years. Guadani, which was produced in 1794, is now known to be worth 1 billion won. Lim Ji-young will use the 1708 Stradivarius "Huggins" for the next five years due to her injury to the competition. 

These top-notch string instruments, which are traded at astronomical amounts such as Stradivarius, Guerneri, and Guadani, are treated in the form of being purchased by foundations sponsored by companies or specific organizations and leased to high-quality performers rather than general instruments. If the masterpiece player does not continue to play, it needs to be rented continuously to fade. In Korea, the Kumho Cultural Foundation has eight violins and one cello, including Guadani, the Samsung Cultural Foundation has two violins, two cello and one double base, including Guarneri del Jesu and Stradivarius. Guarneri del Jesu is one of the most valuable instruments among Guarneri's instruments, a stringed instrument production family active in the Italian Cremona region in the 17th and 18th centuries, and only 120 units exist in the world, and originally used by star violinist Clara Jumi Kang is currently used by Steven Kim. The Jumi River uses Stradivarius owned by the Samsung Foundation. 

Stradivarius is an instrument name produced by the Italian Stradivari family over the 16th and 18th centuries, and currently has 540 violins, 12 violas, and 50 cello. Unlike Guarnery, which has a masculine and dramatic sound, Stradivarius has a soft and extremely delicate sound. Violinist Jeong Kyung-hwa commented, "No matter how sad Stradivari is, if he is a noble who cannot show tears because he is too noble, Guarnery is like an honest and humble farmer who can sit on the ground and wail when he wants to cry." 

On the 27th, a string quartet consisting of only Stradivarius will perform in Korea at the Seoul Arts Center, drawing keen attention from fans. It is a "Stradivari Quartet" made up of Stradivarius owned by the Swiss Hybrid Tinger Foundation. The organization, formed in 2007 by musicians based in Zurich, Switzerland, is a talented band that stands out in the Lucerne Festival and Wigmore Hall in London. The value of the four instruments held by these performers totaled 13 million euros (about 17.7 billion won). Aurea, a 1715 violin produced in the golden age of Stradivari and called Golden Violin, King George, a 1710 violin, Gibson, and Bonami Dobre-Suji, a 1734 cello produced by Ninety Stradivari, will be on stage.

Pianist Huh Seung-yeon will play Schumann's piano quintet with them, along with Mozart String Quartet No. 2 of Stradivari Quartet and Adagio for Barber's string.

So, what is the most expensive string instrument in the world now? The main character is Stradivarius. In 1721, the Stradivarius Lady Blunt won the world's best ransom, recording as much as $15.9 million (about 18 billion won) at a Tarzio auction designed to help damage the Japanese tsunami in 2011. At the 2014 Sotheby's auction, Stradivarius "McDonald" Viola, which had the lowest bid price of about $45 million (about 51.5 billion won), was expected to break the record, but the 2011 record is expected to remain for some time as no one responded to the bid.

Hannah Arendt.

 It is not as easy to meet a problematic thinker as Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) in the 20th century. Problematic here means that Arendt's idea has asked fundamental questions to humans and the world. Arendt raised and responded to questions about what human beings are and what the nature of politics is, opening up new horizons of political theory and political philosophy.

The concept that made him famous, the ordinaryity of music, properly shows Arendt's characteristics as a problematic thinker. In "Eichmann of Jerusalem (1963), which was written after watching the trial of Eichmann, a Nazi war criminal, Arendt refers to the normality of evil. What he discovered was that Eichmann was not a devil, but a normal person. His conclusion is that Eichmann's actions that faithfully carried out orders and did not think about what they meant brought about genocide. Arendt recalled the importance of thinking by asserting that unthinkable incompetence from the other's point of view is the source of evil.

Some call Arendt the 'second Rosa Luxembourg'. The two are similar in that they were Jewish intellectuals. However, if Luxembourg walked the path of revolution, Arendt lived a philosopher's life. Rather, Arendt, along with Simon de Bovoir and Susan Sontaek, is reasonable to evaluate her as a representative postwar female theorist. In addition, in the philosophical quest of modern democracy, he deserves to stand shoulder to shoulder with John Rolls and Jürgen Habermas.

Arendt, who was born in Germany, moved to the United States under the oppression of the Nazis, lived stateless, and worked with citizenship, was a citizen of the world in Western society. In some thinkers, life against the times itself, as well as theory, gives us reflection and comfort. Arendt is such a thinker. Arendt, who has lived in a "dark era" like a phrase from his book title, was a thinker who passionately defended "Amor Mundi" against the darkness of the times.

■ Rediscovery of human conditions and politics

Arendt's representative works include The Origin of Totalism (1951), The Human Condition (1958), and Eichmann in Jerusalem. The reason why we pay attention to "Human Conditions" here is that it achieves the starting point of Arendt's political thought. Arendt distinguishes three activities that make up the 'active life' of humans. These are 'labor', 'work', and 'action'. Among them, the most important thing he values is behavior. Actions refer to activities that make humans human, in other words, to approve others, share communication, and realize public values within the community. He argues that the historical prototype of this act can be found in the polis of Athens, Greece. What Arendt emphasized was the separation of the public and private areas in ancient Greece. The public domain is a space where free citizens discuss together for the public good of the entire polis, and this act of discussion is none other than the original meaning of politics. What Arendt was concerned about was the dissolution of the "division of public and private affairs" in modern Western society. With the emergence of modern capitalism, labor overwhelmed other activities and the private sector began to dominate the public domain. Arendt's diagnosis is that this modern process has brought about "world alienation" in the dual sense of escaping from Earth and escaping from the world.

According to Elizabeth Young-Brull, who wrote Arendt's biography, Arendt wanted to title the book "Human Conditions" as "World Love." World love refers to human dignity and revenge, and an attitude toward the common good that exists in it.

By emphasizing world love in response to "self-love," which is consideration for existence and soul, and "world contempt" of ideology and subjectivism, Arendt tried to lay a new foundation for normative political theory of philosophical anthropology and politics on human conditions.

■ Arendt and Modern Political Ideas

Interest in Arendt's thought has increased since the 1990s. The primary reason was the rise of the Western New Social Movement and the fall of Eastern socialism. Social theorists who value civil society and democracy rediscovered Arendt's theory of the public domain and reevaluated Arendt's criticism of totalitarianism. Since then, Arendt has established himself as one of the most important political philosophers after the war to the extent that it is called the Arendt Renaissance.

The reason Arendt's idea is not old even in the 21st century is its profound insight into human existence and social publicity. What impressed me the most was the evaluation of historian Tony Jut. According to Jut, there are internal contradictions in Arendt's theory, conceptual and historical explanations are poor, and there are no specific alternatives to solve real problems. At the same time, however, Jute's conclusion is that Arendt's theorization of republican reasons, including the restoration of politeness, moderation, and public discourse, can be used as a new start for modern political theory.

Arendt's idea has a weakness of neglecting the economy. However, Arendt paid primary attention to human public activities and contemplative life and provided new possibilities for rediscovery and reconstruction of politics by presenting a comprehensive theory. Arendt is a thinker who is difficult to attribute to either conservative or progressive. He respected freedom and at the same time valued publicity. Whether in life or in society, he tried to establish a new bridge between humanities and social science by wary of both "politics without philosophy" and "philosophy without politics."

"Multiple humans who live, move, and act in this world can only experience meaning if they can talk to themselves and others and understand them." It is a phrase Arendt wrote in the introduction to "Human Conditions." The "communication of multiple humans acting" would be the insight Arendt has given to modern political thought.

The light and shade of returning to Korea.

 The light and shade of returning to Korea.

King Sukjong.

In addition to the history researcher of the National History Compilation Committee,

Zoom in on Sookjong's image 1.

One of the important topics penetrating the history of the late Joseon Dynasty is the party dispute. It was a key factor in determining the direction of various phenomena ranging from state administration to ideological orientation and human relations such as fellowship and confusion.

The bias and the conflict resulting from it are close to human fate. And there are not only negative factors. One driving force behind development is difference and debate. A pure and consistent society is not far from tyranny totalitarianism.

Therefore, Joseon's party strife can be accepted as a natural phenomenon. The key question may be what factors such bias and conflict occurred and what processes and consequences led to.

In terms of political history, the word that summarizes King Sukjong's reign is 'Hwanguk'. The expression, meaning "change of political phase," accompanied by party replacement, policy change, and disposition of human life. A familiar topic related to Heebin Jang was a representative event that occurred in the process.

1. Personal information.

King Sukjong (1661-1720), the 19th king of Joseon Dynasty, is the only son of King Hyeonjong, and his mother is Queen Myeongseong, the daughter of Kim Woo-myeong, Cheongpungbuwon-gun. Hwi is Yi Sun, and the ruler is Myeongbo.

He was born on August 15, 1661, in Hoesujeon Hall of Gyeongdeokgung Palace, and was proclaimed as the Crown Prince in the New Year in 1667. On August 23, 1674, at the age of 13, he died at Jungbokjeon Hall in Gyeongdeokgung Palace after 46 years of reign, the longest period until then. It is enshrined in Myeongneung (located in Seoorung, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do).

King Sukjong had three queens leading to Queen Ingyeong, Queen Inhyeon, and Queen Inwon. However, they did not get a prince, and Heebin Jang and Sukbin Choi gave birth to princes who became King Gyeongjong and King Yeongjo, respectively. The complex conflict of the court, a characteristic of the reign, was a result closely related to these objective conditions.

2 Kyungshinhwanguk - The Losing of Men and the Appointment of Seoin (1680)

As mentioned earlier, the central event of Sukjongdae was returning home three times. According to the year's Ganji, the subjects of the incident, called Shin-sin (1680), Sukjong 6, Gisa (1689, Sukjong 15), Gapsulhwanguk (1694, Sukjong 20), were of course the king. This aspect shows that King Sukjong's royal authority was very powerful, but there are mixed views on the judgment and necessity of the case.

First, Gyeongsinhwanguk was an incident in which men were ousted and Seoin was appointed. The man had won the A-in Yesong, which took place in 1674 (the 15th year of King Hyeonjong's reign), and had taken control of the court. King Sukjong, who ascended the throne in the very year, was still young at the age of 13, so he continued to trust his major servants during his reign of King Bu. 

In addition, he appointed Oecheok centered on Kim Seok-ju and stayed close to Bokchang-gun, Bokseon-gun, and Bokpyeong-gun, which were called Sambok. They are the three sons of Inpyeongdaegun, the third son of King Injo, and Bokseongun was most promising.

In the early days of King Sukjong's reign, the male leader was Heo Jeok of Yeonguijeong Pavilion, and the central figure of Oecheok was Byeongjo Panseo Kim Seok-ju. It was in the 6th year of his reign (1680) that political affairs around these two axes changed rapidly. The superficial start was the profanity of Heo Jeok.

In March of that year, Heo Jeok held a feast to commemorate his grandfather Heo Jam's death, and when it rained that day, he brought and used the palace's Yuak (oiled tent) without permission. It would have been an act of believing in the status of Yeonguijeong and the trust of the king.

However, unexpected variables intervened, and the incident led to tremendous results. Sukjong also instructed Yeonguijeong to bring Yookak when it rained, but he was already angry when he learned that he had taken it. This is the case of the remains of the famous ruins (this case appears in Yasa, but is not recorded in the Annals).

Huge events are often triggered by accidental and trivial occasions. At that time, it is easy to observe the epidermis to directly connect such an opportunity to the fundamental cause. Shin Gyeong-hwan-guk should also be regarded as an event caused by a combination of Kim Seok-ju's intention to take control of the regime, various events that occurred in the process, and Sukjong's judgment formed through such a process.

The return of the country progressed rapidly. The first measure was the replacement of military power. King Sukjong appointed Kim Man-ki, the father-in-law of the state-king, as the training captain, Shin Yeo-cheol as Chongnyongsa, and Kim Ik-hoon as Suosa, and handed over military power to Seoin (March 28). Major government posts have also been replaced. Kim Soo-hang was appointed as Yeonguijeong, Jeong Ji-hwa as Jwauijeong, Nam Gu-man as the chief monk, and most of the three temples were replaced (April 3).

The incident that led to the destructive consequences of the return to Korea took place two days later. It is the so-called Sambokbyeon. As mentioned earlier, Sambok is Bokchang-gun, Bokseon-gun, and Bokpyeong-gun, and a complaint was received that Heo Gyeon, the grandson of Heo Jeok, colluded with them (especially Bokseon-gun) to decorate the role. It was a serious incident involving a man and his relatives.

The case was dealt with immediately. The two leaders, Bok Seon-gun and Heo Gyeon, were executed (April 12). Bokchang-gun was also killed and Bokpyeong-gun was exiled (April 26). The most important fact is that Heo Jeok and Yun Hue, the two key figures of the man, were killed (May 5 and May 20, respectively). 

Soon after, Yoo Hyuk-yeon, who took control of the military as a training captain and general loan officer, also received a poison (September 5). Less than three months after Sambok's mutation, the man suffered a severe blow in which most of the main figures were removed.

Jungkook naturally changed rapidly. The main government posts were replaced by Seoin. The king invited Song Si-yeol, the head of Seoin, to give the best courtesy (October 12). Coincidentally, the change in national marriage took place at a similar time. 

When Queen Ingyeong passed away in October 1680 (the 6th year of King Sukjong's reign), Min Yu-jung's daughter was beaten as Queen Inhyeon in May of the following year, and she was also from a representative Seoin family.

As a result, Seo-in dominated most of the national spirit and major government posts. This situation lasted for nearly 10 years.

3rd Knight Hwan Guk - Hee Bin Jang's appearance and Man's reign (1689)

The crack surrounded the crown prince's bookshelf. One of King Sukjong's biggest concerns at the time was that there was no latter son yet. The king was not even 30 years old until the return of the knight, but the special situation of the royal family increased the burden and impatience of the king.

However, the problem was soon solved. On October 27, 1688 (the 14th year of King Sukjong's reign), Jang of the cow (the latter Heebin Jang) finally gave birth to the prince (the latter Gyeongjong). The joy of King Sukjong, who was 27 years old, was extreme.

Such joy led to a rather hasty measure. In January of the following year, the prince was appointed as an atom and Jang was appointed to Heebin. The crown prince's book peak was such a significant event that it was called determining the national record (the basis of the country).

Seo-in, of course, strongly opposed it. On the surface, the reason was that the king and queen were still young and could produce enough princes, but the key reason was that Heebin Jang was close to men. Song Si-yeol, the leader of Seoin, opposed the king's intention head-on, saying that there is no such precedent in China.

King Sukjong carried out a surprise and massive purge again. First of all, on that very day, Song Si-yeol's government post was removed and expelled outside (other than Seoul), and replaced the public who did not impeach him (February 2). Major government posts such as appointing Kwon Dae-woon, Mok Rae-seon, and Kim Deok-won to Samjeongseung and Min Jong-do to Daesaheon were also replaced by men (February 10).

The main characters of Seoin were killed or punished. Kim Ik-hoon and Kim Soo-hang, who served as Yeonguijeong, were imprisoned or killed (March 11 and Yoon March 28, respectively), and Nam Gu-man was exiled (April 13). The identity of the previously punished major men was also achieved. Heo Jeok, Yun Hue, and Yoo Hyuk-yeon recovered their official works and sacrifices were held.

The most shocking measure for Seoin in the return of the knight was the expulsion of Yi Yi and Seong Hon from the tomb. March 18) and Song Si-yeol's envoy - The king made the sinner voluntarily take poison. It will be June 3rd). 

They were figures of the past and present that symbolized the West. In particular, Song Si-yeol's death in Jeongeup while being sent from exile is thought to be a measure that deeply shows Sukjong's political management method and personal psychology.

The king wrapped up the return by dealing with the royal issue, which was the cause of the incident. King Sukjong abolished Jungjeon Min as a Seoin and sent him out as a private house (May 2) and made Heebin Jang a queen and informed him of Jongmyo's resignation on May 13).

As a result, the national spirit and central government, which were dominated by Seoin, were replaced by men at once.

4-Gapsulhwanguk - Heebin Jang's abandoned monument and Seoin's re-retaking (1694).

The last return occurred in the middle of King Sukjong's The man took power by returning to power, but failed to show a suitable aspect for the ruling forces. There were no heavy substitutes like Heojeok and Yunhyu, and due to repeated experiences of returning to Korea, they consistently obeyed the king's will.

As the driver's return country did, the key factor of the sudden return country was also a problem with the court. At that time, an important change in the palace was that in April 1693 (the 19th year of King Sukjong's reign), the long-cherished Choi (the 19th year of King Sukbin's reign) was proclaimed and began to be favored. In other words, Jungjeon Jang's position was narrowed that much.

In 1694 (the 20th year of King Sukjong's reign), Gapsulhwanguk began as a high place. On March 29, Kim In and Seori Park Gwi-geun, who studied abroad, argued that Jang Hee-jae, the brother of Jungjeon Jang, tried to poison Sukui Choi.

The process and result after that were to reverse the return of the driver. First of all, Kim Ik-hoon, Kim Seok-ju, and Song Si-yeol were restored (April 3rd and 6th, respectively), and Yi Yi and Seong-hon were again engaged in Munmyo Shrine (June 23rd). Major men, including the Yeongui regime Daewoon, were expelled from government posts or punished.

The replacement of the heavy war, which was a key problem, was also immediately made. Jang was demoted to Heebin again, and Min returned to the middle ground (April 12). It is also worth remembering that Sukui Choi, who had been favored so far, produced the prince (the later King Yeongjo) shortly after (September 20).

The royal conflict over power ended tragically seven years later.

Queen Inhyeon died in 1701 (the 27th year of King Sukjong's reign), and it was revealed that Heebin Jang and her family had cursed the Queen through magic. King Sukjong immediately envoyed Jang and executed Jang Hee-jae (September 25).

After that, King Sukjong's reign ended with Seoin leading the way, although there was a conflict between Noron and Soron. However, as shown by Hwan-guk, who replaced the leading party at once, the most powerful person was Sukjong. He was a remarkable exception to the Gunyak Singang, a political characteristic of the late Joseon Dynasty. 

However, there were many aspects that important political changes were ultimately closely related to the royal conflict, and that emotional factors intervened and proceeded unexpectedly and violently. This is pointed out as an important part to consider when evaluating the reign of King Sukjong.

5. Slits and limits.

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Neungmyeongneung Royal Tomb of King Sukjong, the 19th king of the Joseon Dynasty, Queen Inhyeon, the 1st queen, and Queen Inwon, the 2nd queen. The tombs of King Sukjong and Queen Inhyeon are arranged side by side, and the last tomb of Queen Inwon is on the hill on the right. Located in Deokyang-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do. Historic Site No. 198. <Source: Cultural Heritage Administration website>

During the 46-year-long reign, King Sukjong made several achievements. First of all, it is noteworthy that the Daedong Law was expanded to Gyeongsang-do (1677) and Hwanghae-do (1717). It was also an important policy to survey and measure the land subject to taxation in Gangwon-do (1709) and Samnam (1720) and to measure the land across the country except for parts of the northwest region.

The expansion of the main player is also a meaningful achievement. Sangpyeong Tongbo, which has been used since January 1678 (the 4th year of King Sukjong's reign), was distributed as a representative currency in the late Joseon Dynasty. These policies are evaluated to have contributed significantly to the economic and commercial development of the late Joseon Dynasty.

Several changes have also appeared in defense and military issues. First of all, the Oh Gun-young system was established by integrating the training annex and Jeong Chocheong to establish Geumwi-young. This was a measure that completed the reorganization of the military system promoted after the Imjin War. 

It was also a meaningful achievement (1704) to equalize the Gunpo burden of Yangjeong, which was not equal to 1~4 fils by preparing Gunpo Station Jeolmok. Bukhansanseong Fortress was greatly renovated to strengthen the defense of the city (1712).

They also actively interacted with Japan. Telecommunications companies were dispatched (1682, 1711) and the ordinance of the Japanese Bank used in Waegwan trade was finalized. In particular, it is noteworthy that the Japanese were guaranteed a ban on entry to Ulleungdo Island by the shogunate (1696-1698).

One characteristic of the late Joseon Dynasty was that the justification and loyalty were emphasized as Neo-Confucianism intensified. It was a representative result of installing Daebodan Altar in Changdeokgung Palace to repay the grace of the name and identifying the victims of various sensitive events. King Danjong, the Six Martyrs, and Crown Prince Sohyeon's reinstatement were representative examples of the latter.

The southern snow of Seowon was also a phenomenon close to this trend. During King Sukjong's reign, more than 300 Confucian academies were newly established and 131 were royally chartered, and it was pointed out that there were positive aspects of local academic promotion, but there were more negative aspects that it became a hotbed for party disputes and economic privileges.

Certain criticisms have also been raised in King Sukjong's rule. The most representative part is related to the validity and effectiveness of returning home. In the pre-modern monarchy, the overall political change following the king's dogma existed in the principle of its identity. 

However, it is pointed out that the return of King Sukjong was essentially more due to the political strife of the court than to the confrontation of policies, and the method was too sudden, and the result was also destructive and consuming.

It was also an important limitation that the problem of Yangyeok (airspace imposed on Yangin Jangjeong), the biggest nuisance at the time, could not be solved for a long time. Hopoje, which imposes Gunpo on all guardianships, was eventually frustrated by the opposition of the noblemen.

Finally, it is worth adding that Jang Gil-san, a widely known thief, was active at this time. The Janggilsan Mountain group first appeared in Hwanghae-do, but moved to Pyeongannam-do around 1692 (the 18th year of King Sukjong's reign). 

The court ordered the observers and soldiers to arrest them and bet a lot of prize money, but they were not caught. Seongho Yi Ik, along with Hong Gil-dong and Im Kkeok-jeong, cited him as one of the three major thieves of Joseon.

Looking at the party strife in the late Joseon Dynasty, I think that the specific scale of each case should be accurately verified. Comparing it with the political purge (representatively a series of historical paintings) of the early Joseon Dynasty will be an important criterion for assessing the overall characteristics of the two eras.