the lavatory of Versailles

 The Palace of Versailles, built by Louis XIV, called in local lords to live in the palace, so about 5,000 people lived in it at that time, and there was no toilet in the Palace of Versailles, France. It is said that many nobles who entered and left the palace at the time did not wonder how they treated their excrement, so they used the corner walls of the building, the floor, the grass of the garden, or under the trees to avoid people's eyes.       It is said that these tame people don't end here, but also the famous Parisian Sharre Garnier's Opera House. Visitors had no choice but to endure their own change for hours or else bring their own courage. The reason Louis XIV abandoned his former palace in Paris and moved to Versailles was because it was covered in garbage and could no longer live in it, and in the meantime, there was not a single place in Versailles to call it a toilet except for his private bathroom, and they had to step on the garden's flowers and lawn. It is said that the place where they throw away garbage was also a quiet garden corner, and the excretion of the court gods living in the palace was like this, so the smell of the palace covered with garbage... When attending the ball, women carried portable bowls in large fur pockets, 25 centimeters in diameter, with handles, like bowls of high-rise sauce, sprayed with perfume to hide each other's smell, and then the doorless toilet and our old pig toilet were much more cultural.

About Foot binding, "Sustainability and Change in Chinese Society"

 For women, the most painful first step in becoming an adult was when they were bound by their mothers. Foot binding is said to have originated from the court dancers of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. The dancer lightly tied her feet for artistic effect. The preference for women with Park's feet spread to court women, and they competed with martial arts by pressing their feet appropriately. It was probably during the Mongolian rule that spread to the general public. In the early Ming period, women with large and natural feet became the subject of ridicule, and by the 19th century, 50% to 80% of Chinese women had their feet tied. The women who left their feet untied were either from the poor or from minorities such as the Manchurians and Myo people, or a small group of people with a unique culture such as Hakka. There is also a regional deviation, but Foot binding was not very common in the villages of Bucheon, Fujian, and Honam, whereas in Hanam and Island, beggars and water dealers also Foot binding. Foot binding makes you limp and walk. Wrap your toes down until they bend enough to touch the soles of your toes with a cloth of approximately 5 centimeters wide and 3 meters long.Then, turn the cloth to the heel and tie it tightly so that the front and heels of the feet face each other. Tie it harder and harder until the top of your foot bends up like a bow. The pain persists and blood and pus are cut into the cloth. The flesh dries up and comes off. Sometimes one or two toes fall off. If it goes well, it is only 7.5 centimeters from the heel of the silver to the tip of the big toe. Eventually, the pain is relieved, but a woman with foot binding limps throughout her life, making it impossible to leave without anyone's help. The main reason for foot binding was sexual attraction. Men become increasingly enthusiastic when they see embroidered small shoes worn by a woman wearing footbinding, and become sexually excited when they see the limp of a woman wearing footbinding or her hips rising as she walks. Then they were delusional about caressing "Geumryeon." This is because the foot binding, like the female genitals, stimulates the desire of Chinese men. For traditional Chinese men, beautiful faces are good, but small feet are exquisite beauty. The small feet were not only objects of beauty, but also symbols of style, social status, and culture. Therefore, it was not easy for a woman without foot binding to have a good husband. There is a less well-known social interpretation of men encouraging women's foot binding. By significantly limiting the range of women's behavior through foot binding, women's virtues formalized by new Confucianism in the 12th century have been reinforced and women's isolation has been realized. Women tied to their homes do not need to receive education and do not experience the outside world. Thus, women remain ignorant and become inferior to men. In this way, Foot binding was a means to subordinate women and ensure male dominance. Lloyd Eastman Lee Seung-hwi, "Dolbege 1999 pp.45-47," who continues and changes in Chinese society, personally finds it difficult to agree with the interpretation of the last paragraph.

Golden Age of Nanjing Nationalist Government in China 1927-1937

 About 20 years after the port opened, Japan immediately established a new government through the restoration of the solar plexus. China, on the other hand, tries to reform the Qing Dynasty even after opening the port... The Qing Dynasty was destroyed by the 1911 Shinhae Revolution. However, the warlords who came to power afterwards were not truly the new government... ...but only after 1928, when the Kuomintang, the main force of the revolution, unified China, established a new government. This is a shock to Japan, too, because Japan has long believed that only Japan leads the enlightened Asia. But there was a rival force... ...carrot immediately attacked... ...the Manchurian Incident and the Sino-Japanese War. At that time, most of Asia was a Western colony. Thailand is an independent country and abolished the royal government in 1932 through a coup... ...but it has been a constitutional monarchy since then. For your information, the true new governments of Korea were established only after Rhee Syngman and Kim Il-sung in 1948. The rest of Asia is guilty as well. There are some unusual cases like Mongolia, but that's what I think... ...that Japan is not the only economic democracy, but China, Taiwan, and South Korea are joining... ...and these countries have achieved democratization and economic development since the 1990s.It seems to break the myth of the only civilized country. The Nanking Kuomintang government, which shocked the Japanese Empire in the 20s and 30s, first started the Shinhae Revolution. In 1917, President Chiang Kai-shek, who formed the second government based in Guangdong Province, carried out a "North Korean punishment" in 1926, became the new capital of Nanking in 1926, and when the Japanese army killed Manchurian warlord firewood in 28, his son, Jang Liang, surrendered. In 29, there was a rebellion by warlords called the "Banjang War," but it was quickly suppressed. For the next 10 years from the 37 years until the Sino-Japanese War, the Republic of China of the Nanking government.................................................................................... Hypocrisy! What a golden age to freeze to death when the people starve and the Western imperialists still run wild! Chiang Kai-shek is a bad guy! But, you know, Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang government seem to have done their best in a difficult environment, as shown in the pump below. Of course, due to tremendous corruption... ...in the absence of security... ...in the West, including Shanghai... ...Japan's occupation of Manchuria, which began in 1931, and the establishment of a communist republic led by Mao Zedong... It's a bit of a golden age, though. Eventually, Japan invaded 37-45, and tens of millions of Chinese died... ...but woke up to Chinese patriotism... ...in World War II, all but the US and the Soviet Union were destroyed... ...in 1949, Mao Zedong fled to Taiwan. Ironically, Taiwan was a Japanese colony. It was only in 45 years that China could be reborn as a tiger with such an unimaginable shock therapy, but without such tragic shock therapy, it is said that Chiang Kai-shek has done enough. Chiang Kai-shek was greatly influenced by Hitler in Germany and Mussolini in Italy in the 1930s and decorated the Nanking Nationalist government as a stately fascist government, and created a "blue shirt group" modeled after Hitler's black shirts or Mussolini's brown shirts. Or was it a different color... ...anyway, a national gang that symbolizes the power of the state, the White Gold Squad... ...while controlling China without Manchuria and Taiwan around Nanking... ...to a capitalist paradise. Shanghai was also very prosperous. It is better than Tokyo, Japan. Various libraries and gyms... although 2/3 of the injuries are foreign. China, like in Indiana Jones, was a world full of gangs, witches, warlords, and powerful spies... ...though after the prosperity of these British and British capitalists and their compatible Chiang Kai-shek capitalists, returned to Tibet (35 years and a year). Chiang Kai-shek said, "Japan is on the alert, the Soviet Union is on the red side, so we are close to the rest of the Western powers. However, before I beat the Reds in Mao Tse-dong, I gave up Manchuria to Japan, so Japan would beat them in the next order and let them off the hook... even though it was a formality. The golden age of the Nanking Kuomintang government ended in 37 years when the Japanese army, a fool in the region, entered the mainland of China. The reason why Japan is an idiot is that it tried to eat China as a whole, but it turned a weak country into a powerful country. Chiang Kai-shek, China's only 900,000 troops and a small underdeveloped country... ...but after the U.S. uprising, it increased to three million troops, and Chiang Kai-shek was honored to be with Churchill and Roosevelt at the 1943 talks in Cairo. We were only present, but we had no right to speak, but our provisional government, which was only a small shop in Shanghai until 37 years ago, was also chased around to avoid the Japanese army with the Kuomintang government. With the support of Chiang Kai-shek while settling in Chungking. Chiang Kai-shek's China soon changed to Mao Tse-dong China, and Chiang Kai-shek's individual was demoted again as the leader of a new (?) weak country called Taiwan, but the country of China itself was revived. Anyway, the temporary golden age of Chinese capitalism in 27-37 was the Nanking government... ...if Chiang Kai-shek had more time and had more favorable conditions... Chiang Kai-shek's individual was a bad guy, Mao Tse-dong and Pika. Both of them are very talented  ===============================================================Although the Nanking national government succeeded in suppressing the early anti-government war, the constant civil war caused many disruptions to domestic construction projects. Since then, it has not been possible to have time and space to promote modernization in the face of the challenge of the Communist Party and the invasion of Japan outside. This is because the Communist Party has expanded its power enough to establish its own base and Soviet government in the back of rural areas since the collapse of the first state-run joint venture, and Japan has been reaching for aggression from Manchuria to North China. Since Mo Taek-dong defined Chiang Kai-shek's Namgyeong government as a coalition government of landlords and hawker capitalists who were overthrown by the Chinese revolution, the Namgyeong government has been negatively evaluated for defending bureaucratic monopoly capital. However, according to recent research results, the Nanjing government pursued China's modernization in its own way despite the constrained situation of civil war and shouting. In particular, in terms of diplomacy, although the country's weak power did not restore perfect customs sovereignty or abolish consular jurisdiction, efforts to recover sovereignty lost to imperialist forces, such as defining customs sovereignty in a new treaty signed between 1928 and 1930. With the recovery of tariff sovereignty, the national government was able to raise tariffs and impose a unified consumption tax on industrial products by implementing various industrial promotion policies by setting tariffs to protect domestic industries. In addition to the increase in tariffs and the establishment of a unified consumption tax, the national government increased tax revenue by organizing the salt tax. Compared to the Wonse Revision Government and the Warlord Era, which relied on foreign debt and had low financial independence, the Namgyeong Government succeeded in establishing a power base by securing abundant central tax revenue for the first time in history. In terms of economy, the government also had a capitalist orientation and the support of the capitalist class was based on state power, so it tried to promote the development of Chinese capitalism. Following the golden age of the national industry of the first electricity, import substitution industrialization in which domestic products replace imported products has progressed around the light industry. This industrialization was possible because of the improvement of economic laws, domestic industrial protection policies including increased import tariffs, unification and stabilization of the monetary system, and various industrial policies. The national government's monetary policy was very helpful for industrial development. In the past, coins and bills were freely distributed based on various silver coins, but under this silver standard system, foreign exchange rates rose significantly due to changes in international silver prices, adversely affecting the domestic economy. In 1933, the national government abolished the price-setting concealment based on a certain weight, and in 1935, the abolition reform was carried out and unified into the abolition issued by government banks. Foreign exchange rates stabilized as government banks purchased legal tender. The Chinese economy, which suffered from panic due to the high exchange rate of silver and financial difficulties caused by the outflow of silver coins, recovered rapidly after the abolition reform. Of course, economic development during this period was not always smooth. Influenced by the global panic and Japan's occupation of Manchuria, the number of factories and capital decreased in the early 1930s due to frequent civil wars and natural disasters. However, overall, compared to the previous administration in the era of the Republic of Korea, the national government showed certain results in terms of economic development. The national government also established the Rural Reconstruction Committee and the China Economic Committee to support the Hyangchon Construction Movement, which has been promoted by intellectuals since the 1920s, to solve rural problems. The content was mainly focused on improving life through autonomy and education distribution in rural villages. In addition, Germany and Italy, which emerged from the ashes of defeat after World War I, were the subjects of learning, and promoted a new life movement to restore old morality, sweep away social vice, and practice new life in accordance with the principle of politeness. This was also a political intention to revive its own culture in areas restored by the Communist Party. In general, the national government's Hyangchon Construction Movement or the New Life Movement is evaluated to have failed to solve the fundamental problem of land ownership inequality in rural areas.

The scary Queen Mother of Qing Dynasty.

 Queen Seo lived a very wealthy and corrupt life, for example, one table was for eating and one table was for imagining. Seo Tae-hoo's one meal had 60 kinds of lunch (pairs of bread), 30 kinds of delicacies, and 128 kinds of delicacies. It is said that the cost of Seo Tae-hu's daily meal was 3kg of white silver, and at that time, he was able to buy 5,000kg of rice with this money, and 10,000 farmers could eat a day. There were more than 3,000 boxes of clothes, but he was a luxury man who changed clothes several times a day, and he was so full of lies that he never agreed to install a telephone in the Summer Palace for his dignity. According to Seo Tae-hu, it is because it is not known whether the caller is kneeling or sitting down.    The court ladies, eunuchs, and ministers were very afraid of Empress Seo, but it is said that the father of Emperor Gwangseo was not happy to hear that he was going to put Emperor Gwangseo as emperor, and trembled with fear. And the eunuchs combed his hair after the incident, saying that even a single hair would escape his neck. That's why when she combed her hair, she wore wide-sleeved clothes and combed her hair, but she thought that Seo Tae-hu's missing hair would not fall out because it would fall into her sleeve. Queen Seo was very cruel, but according to an eunuch's diary, an old eunuch once made a mistake and forced her to eat human food. Seo Tae-hoo himself drinks the baby's mother's milk every evening, and every evening, the two baby mothers take a bath and wrap the body with only a red cloth, and Seo Tae-hoo lay on the bed and the baby's mother knelt down to drink milk. It seems that the custom of women being tough on men in China was probably passed down from the West.

1982 Falkland War between Britain and Argentina

 a dispute between Britain and Argentina over the sovereignty of Falkland, a small South Atlantic island about 500 kilometers from the southeastern tip of South America and Argentina. It originated on April 2, 1982, when Argentina (called the Malvinas Islands in Spanish and commonly considered Argentine territory in Latin America) took over the British Falkland after 1833 when it became independent from Espanya in 1816. In response, the UK dispatched a rapid mobile unit to defend the Falkland as an advanced base in Antarctica, and on April 26, it recaptured South George Island 1,500 kilometers southeast of the Falkland Islands. After the UN Secretary-General's mediation negotiations failed on May 20, British troops landed in Falkland, ending the war on June 14 with the surrender of Argentine troops after 75 days of fierce fighting. However, the war has returned to square one without any progress, as the Argentine statement, except "the two sides agreed to a ceasefire and withdrawal of Argentine troops," and it is difficult to reach a settlement of the Falkland sovereignty issue handed over to the United Nations. On the other hand, the lesson left by this war is, first, the expansion of war preparations due to the modernization of weapons. The UK lost 452 casualties, 25 aircraft, and 13 ships, and spent $1.5 billion in war expenses, putting a huge economic burden on it compared to small achievements such as promoting national prestige. Argentina, which has lost 630 casualties, 94 aircraft, and 11 ships, is facing a serious economic crisis, with nearly 60 billion dollars in GNP mobilizing its national power, resulting in more war than Britain. The second is the incompetence of the United Nations and the United States through this war. Britain and Argentina remained open to negotiations after the war, but the United Nations and the United States failed to adjust the interests of the belligerent parties, especially the United States, hastily backed Britain, only heightened anti-American sentiment in Latin America. Britain is a country of considerable accumulation when it comes to war. During World War II, Germany...Asia and the South Pacific fought against Japan. Dokdo is Korean territory! Manchuria and Gando are Korea's land! Tsushima Island is also Korean territory.

Development and Changes in Russian Military Strategy (1945-)

 After the end of World War II, all countries' military strategies developed based on their war experiences.

New military and political situations, the manufacture and introduction of nuclear weapons and rockets, and improvements in other weapons and equipment have fundamentally changed the nature of the war and how to carry out military operations. From this point of view, the United States chose a "maintaining power" policy that maintains an advantage in nuclear weapons and their transportation, and adopted a "massive retaliation strategy" premised on a full-scale nuclear war with Russia since 1953. Under these conditions, Russia implemented an active peace-loving foreign policy and focused on strengthening its defense capabilities, military combat capabilities, and continuous review and improvement of its military strategies.

From 1945 to 1953, Russia's military strategy was developed based on World War II experience, considering the U.S. possession of nuclear weapons and the armed state of Russian troops. Strategic action methods and forms have been prepared based on the increased batting power and the mobility of the unit. Since then (1974-1980), the development of military strategies has been linked to the armed forces with nuclear weapons and propulsion rockets, and the emergence of new military and military units. A fundamental new mission has emerged in military strategy. The important of these missions are as follows.

1. Research on the characteristics and practices of nuclear war

2. Construction of military forces in consideration of the ability to repel large-scale nuclear attacks

3. Maintain continuous and advanced combat readiness

4. Under all conditions in the early stages of the war, we guarantee the systematic deployment of troops.

5. Establishing the foundation of a coalition strategy for the Warsaw Alliance member states

Military strategies in the 1980s entered a new era of development in relation to significant changes in the political and economic sectors, a new understanding of the role of nuclear weapons, and the emergence of new weapons/military equipment with improved quality. Recognizing the legitimacy of all methods, types, and forms of armed struggle, the military strategy focused on strategic defense and the development of defensive and counterattack military action theories.

With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia experienced extreme changes in its internal and external security environment. In the external security environment, the separation of 15 republics, the spread of Islamic principles in Central Asia, the deepening of ethnic/religious conflicts, and the expansion of U.S. military power over these regions remain unstable.  In this situation, Russia's political and military leadership understands that Russia's internal and external military and political situations are related to the following characteristics. (1) Spread of WMD and transportation (2) Comprehensive conflict with Western countries in the process of pursuing economic interests (3) Mutual partnership between domestic and international terrorism and increasing the military threat of terrorism.

The current political and military leadership has set most of the factors that could develop into direct threats to Russia in the southern front, focusing on ethnic and territorial disputes and religious conflicts in the southern Caucasus and the development of Caspian oil resources. On the other hand, however, China's military power, Japan's rearmament and MD system, and territorial disputes are perceived as geopolitical security threats.

The basic concept of implementation of Russia's domestic military policy after the establishment of the federal government is to reorganize and rebuild military power to maintain and strengthen the combat capability of navigation. Through the revision of the new national security concept, the revision of the military doctrine, and the October 2003 terrorist attacks, the Russian military is taking measures to improve the military strategy and improve the Russian Federation.

A. N. Zakharov: "The Beginning of the Russian Military Semester"

B. A. Mikhailov, B. M. Resovoy: "Military Strategy Fundamentals"

Kim Tae-woong: "Military reforms and changes in military policy in the Russian Federation during the post-Cold War era."

Development and Changes in Russian Military Strategy (1921-1945)

 It was the domestic situation in Russia and the international situation around Russia that greatly influenced the military strategy after the civil war.

It was thought that the nature of the war advocating the defense of the socialist state of this period was due to the incompatibility and determination of the armed struggle, that the war could be long-term, highly mobile, and carried out by a coalition of states. An important type of strategic behavior was concluded as a strategic attack in the form of continuous front operations carried out in close mutual cooperation between all units. At this time, an important role was assigned to tanks and mechanized units operated in close mutual cooperation with the Army, especially the Air Force. The Navy's main strategic mission was set to conduct operations throughout the coastline and cooperate with the Army.

What had an important influence on the development of military strategies in the 1930s was the rapid improvement of means of war. In particular, they were bombers, tanks, field guns, and automatic weapons. In a group of countries, these have emerged new strategic concepts based on the idea that they have a minimum of troops but are armed with modern military equipment, or that victory can be achieved by certain means of war, such as aircraft or tanks.

At the same time, Germany's military strategy developed the most strongly. Germany had already established a concept of large-scale maneuvering of aircraft, tanks, and process units to surprise the enemy without declaration of war and launch a strategic offensive into the center of the end of the war.

Before June 1941, the first German military strategy was a clear success. However, during the war against Russia, the German military's strategic behavior and overall war plans began to change. In the first stage of the war, Germany attempted to achieve its strategic goals on all axes at the same time, but after being hit near Moscow, it aimed to achieve its goals step by step by focusing its power on one major axis. Later, it was converted into a strategic defense practice that firmly defended the position and secured and destroyed the main goals.

Germany's strategic initiative in the first phase of the War of Control (1941-1942) was to prepare for active defense, to induce fatigue, crush enemy airways through decisive counterattacks, and carry out partial offensive operations.

In the second phase (1942-1943), the expansion of the depth and width of the defensive zone was attempted, and in the third phase (1944-1945), military strategies began to carry out continuous military operations across the front lines under the conditions of improving military combat capabilities and securing large reserve resources. The frontline group internally created and operated a new form of operation involving 100-200 divisions, 20,000-400 cannons and mortars, 3,000-6000 tanks and self-propelled guns, and 2,000-7500 aircraft. These operations were carried out on the most important axis, characterized by clarity of goals, expansion of space, and achievement of military/political goals. Some of the operations were carried out at the base of 800-1000 km and 500-600 km, with the goal being to surround and annihilate large enemy groups of enemies.

During the war, Russia accumulated strategic command experience for large-scale troops when carrying out military activities on a wide range of fronts.This ensured the unification of government functions and military command, and realized timely and prompt decision-making and efficient performance of decisions.