It's called "Dongwol Blossom Outsour Manwijah." "The flowers that bloomed in the winter months came from man-made flowers." It is a part of the king's whole school recorded in the 13th volume of the Annals of King Seongjong. On a cold day in January 1471, when Jang Won-seo, an organization for raising flowers used in the palace, offered Yeongsanhong, a type of azalea, to the king, the king said, "The flowers and fruits of vegetation receive the energy of heaven and earth, respectively, and I don't like them in time." Other than liking spring flowers that bloomed in winter, it is a matter of King Seongjong's taste, but I can't help but wonder how he could bloom in winter in the past. Was there a greenhouse during the Joseon Dynasty? It is said that a German greenhouse, known as the world's first greenhouse, was built in 1619.…. However, a book called "Sangayalok" discovered in 2001 gave the answer. This book is a life science book written by Jeon Soon-ui, who served as a medical officer in the mid-15th century, and conveys a lot of information on life such as how to make alcohol, how to cook food, and how to store food along with agricultural technology at the time. Among them, there are three lines of records on greenhouse construction at the time in the "Dongjeolyangchae," that is, growing vegetables in winter." According to this, walls were built with mud and straw on three sides except the south, the floor was made of spheres, and cultivated soil of about 30 centimeters was laid on top of it, and the southern side inclined at 45° was covered with oiled Korean paper on the bars. Then, what was the performance of the Hanji greenhouse during the Joseon Dynasty? Greenhouses must have three conditions: heating, humidification, and mining. Modern greenhouses from Europe use a method of raising the air temperature in the greenhouse by blowing the heated air into the wind from the stove. This method has the disadvantage of putting a lot of stress on plants but not heating up cold ground. Therefore, in recent years, a "ground heating method" has been developed by installing heating pipes on the ground to increase the temperature of the soil affected by the roots. However, ondol was already installed in the greenhouse during the Joseon Dynasty, so the temperature of the soil could be maintained at 25℃. Ondol was heated for two hours in the morning and evening, and at this time, a cauldron was placed on the furnace and water was boiled, allowing water vapor to flow into the greenhouse. This allowed the room temperature and humidity to be increased. Above all, "Hanji" played a major role in allowing Joseon to have an excellent greenhouse at least 170 years ahead of Europe. In the days when there was no pan glass, Joseon engineers used perilla oil on Korean paper used as book paper and window paper as a mining window. In glass or vinyl greenhouses, dew forms at dawn depending on the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor. Cold dew not only lowers the indoor temperature by blocking the morning sun and interferes with the photosynthesis of plants, but also falls directly on the crops, causing great harm. However, the Hanji greenhouse does not have dew. Perilla oil fills the empty space between paper fibers, making Korean paper waterproof. However, large liquid particles such as raindrops cannot enter the greenhouse through the space between paper fibers due to oil, but because perilla oil does not completely fill the space between paper fibers, small water vapor particles are released out through hanji. The oiled hanji may be said to be the origin of Gore-Tex. Also, to be able to function as a greenhouse, light transmittance must be good, but can hanji transmit light? Korean paper is opaque, but oil-filled Korean paper becomes translucent as it becomes taut. The light refractive index of the paper fibers that make up Korean paper and the air filling the space is different. When two substances with different refractive indices are mixed together, light is scattered and reflected. However, the refractive index of oil is similar to that of paper fibers, so the amount of light scattered is reduced, so the transmittance of light is increased. In Hanji Greenhouse, vegetables could be harvested for three to four weeks after sowing, and summer flowers could be supplied to the palace even in the middle of winter. Experiments have revealed that greenhouses in the 15th century of the Joseon Dynasty, which made a mining window with Korean paper and controlled temperature and humidity using ondol, were more scientific than modern greenhouses. But what's even more surprising is that the technology has slipped away without being passed on to posterity. (Science Fragrance: Lee Jung-mo, Scientific Columnist) Guagel Bulferm. From what I can tell, it is not our ancestors that the Korean history is poor, but our responsibility from our great-grandfather to now. History is the mirror of the present, not the past.
2022년 4월 8일 금요일
The highlight of Joseon architecture
Although Korean architecture has less grandeur and splendor compared to those of other countries, it is not only influenced by frequent wars, natural environment, etc.There are some great buildings, too!^^ Suwon Hwaseong is one of them^^ In fact, Hwaseong Fortress was built during King Jeongjo's reign and was destroyed and destroyed a lot during the Korean War, so it was restored relatively recently.;; The restoration of Mars is differentiated from other fortresses and buildings^^ The reason is in the detailed record! As you know, the general director of Hwaseong Construction was Jeong Yak-yong, a collection of silhak, and every brick was recorded at the time of the construction^^It's great that not only the detailed plans of each building, but even the firewood, cowhide, and the names of the workers involved are recorded, right?^^;;(all of them are recorded in books authorizing the orbit of Mars^^) There has never been a construction that recorded the construction process like this before, and the fact that such records remain until now has had a significant impact on the registration of World Heritage along with the use of heavy machinery^^ But scientific sex is not enough! What's important is an aesthetic perspective ^^ well.. It's a subjective point of view, but in my view, Mars is a pretty beautiful castle. It reminds me of an episode I heard somewhere.The officials asked King Jeongjo. "Why do you build such a beautiful castle?" "Little hues, beauty beats strength -_-" That's right.Beauty overcomes strength-_-b is so cool King Jeongjo-0- literally Hwaseong is a castle with a lot of harmony between yu and river and thread and beauty. The sense to make Hwahongmun, the north gate, a great floodgate on purpose on the flowing water of Suwon Stream^^; The spirit of the wind that creates a magnificent pavilion called the Banghwa Guryujeong in a fairly combative fortress -_-; while the great majesty of Janganmun Gate and Paldalmun Gate... A well-hidden dark gate for emergency supplies such as combat, the fact that Bongdon is located in the fortress (a fairly rare form) to provide defense and communication, and even the ornamental pond lava in front of the fire hydrant is used as a moat during combat. In a word, it's a castle that's all around!Ohhhhhh! Come to think of it, I heard that the huge buildings in other countries suffered a lot from the labor of ordinary people! Hwaseong sets an example for others in that direction. -_-+ First of all, King Jeongjo minimizes complaints by purchasing houses or land at the Hwaseong Construction Project site at a generous price. And they consistently pay the people who were drafted into the service, the high-ranking workers (the craftsmen of the time)^^) are paid much more than regular workers. In addition, he set up a temporary house next to the construction site to pay attention to life, and at the same time, he paid wages to the injured while trying to treat the injured. I can't believe that King Jeongjo personally gave medicine to the workers as the heat continued in the summer. It's going to be fun to build a castle^^ What do you think?Doesn't your heart rate increase, your sweat glands expand, and your hands shrink with curiosity and interest on Mars?As you may have noticed from reading this, my love for Mars actually reaches the level of Ppadori-_-haha that's because I'm from Suwon.Actually, every Suwon citizen loves and is proud of Hwaseong^^ We've all had drawing contests at fire hydrants since elementary school, we've been on a castle pilgrimage once a year, and we shoot arrows on the lotus stage when we get older^^There is a castle in the emblem of Suwon Bluewings -_- 어떠세요 How about it? Come to Suwon this weekend to see the castle, see the beacon fire, eat Suwon's famous ribs ^^;, I think you recently restored Haenggung, so why don't you go there and feel the affection of King Jeongjo for Prince Sado?
militarism was flattering and wonderful, but what I got in return for it.
In World War II, Germany and Japan once conquered Europe and East Asia, but after the war, they were like, "Mom. Germany ruled for about five years after the invasion of Poland and before Normandy and Japan for eight years after the invasion of China until the surrender... ...and after the war, Germany took over a quarter of its territory to the Soviet Union and Poland and split the rest into four major U.S. and French states. Britain in the northwest, Munich and Bavaria in the south, and the Soviet Union in the East German region. Three minutes for the U.S. and a little for the French... ...four for the capital, Berlin. Austria also has four divisions. The Tyrol Alps is surrounded by the U.S. from Salzburg, Mozart, and the U.S. from Hitler's hometown, the southern region of Linz, the U.K., and the capital city of Berlin. The capital city and the state of the island are divided into four parts. This was ruled for as long as six years until 51... West and East Germany, West Berlin and East Berlin. Austria is a small neutral country after 10 years of rule up to 55 years. Japan was just eaten by the United States ... ... also ruled for six years until 51 ... in short, it had the military prowess of temporarily dominating the East and the West ... ... but paid the price. Case where there is no precedent for a powerful country to temporarily lose its national sovereignty. France was temporarily occupied by the Allies during the Napoleonic Wars... ...and Germany was defeated in World War I by foreign forces except for the French's temporary occupation of the industrial zone of Lourdes in 1923. But this is a loss of national sovereignty... ...a great power =>no state... ...a terrible downfall. the price of an all-out war But they also did... 100 million people who died in World War II... tens of millions of civilians who were deliberately slaughtered by Germany and Japan. A biological experiment is an appendix. You've done too much..................Germany alone has 20 million slaughter of Soviet land and Soviet prisoners of war, 4 million slaughter of Jews, Japan at least 10 million in China. But I don't know if the following Allied retaliation against Germany will be tolerated. It's so miserable........................Soviet Russia deserves to retaliate but why France? The Japanese Poronum deserve this kind of retribution... ...so the Soviets raped a million East German women, and the Czechs raped and slaughtered 300,000 German girls. Scary retaliation..................Park Noja sun went to Norway. At the last Waldor Cup, I said, "You must have thought that you were a Korean-American in the Dead Sea." It turns out that the Nazi... ...real sun was so naive that I didn't like it much, but it was a crock of Dead Sea homophobia. Can't you tell the difference between the real left of Europe and our fake left-wing real yuppie nationalist show.............just read a book or something like that. The same left-wing book only when criticizing the United States.S. ============================================================= The shadow of a just war... How the victors of World War II treated German prisoners Spielberg's film Saving Private Ryan, which was released a few years ago, has almost reached the level of 'famous painting' in Korea. Whenever I think of the movie, I remember the feelings of a famous American progressive historian named Howard Zinn. He says such three-dimensional and emotional propaganda has a greater effect than any propaganda in textbooks or media. In other words, by inducing human sympathy for American soldiers during World War II, the legitimacy of the U.S. war could be further strengthened. Photographs of the collaboration of American tycoons and Nazis/ German soldiers captured by the Allies during World War II. The U.S. military simply left them 'unbearable' to die, and France and the Soviet Union mobilized them for heavy labor. Once the precedent of "just war" is established, it is easy to justify the next slaughter. So it's easy to rationalize a gangster invasion of Iraq by equating Iraq with Pasho Germany by frequently appearing in the media, "Sadam Hussein is today's Hitler." It was Howard Jean-Down, a popular historian who realized that he and his comrades' blood tears helped expand the U.S. empire only after he joined World War II believing it was a legitimate war. "Righteous War".... There was one thing in common between the United States and the Soviet Union, which had different systems. Those who were educated without much interest in history or progressive ideas had little doubt that their participation in World War II was "justifiable." Anyone who publicly expressed such 'doubts' in the past Soviet Union would probably have been treated as a traitor or taken to a mental hospital. It is a sacred belief close to the "civil religion" of both systems that our military, which "liberated the world" by defeating Hitler who attacked the borders of Japan and the Soviet Union, is an absolute good. Education, media, and popular cultural works that spread this pseudo-religion do not usually ask how "absolute evil" has grown to the point of invading the United States and the Soviet Union. Most Americans have no idea that the U.S. chaebol and Hitler's Germany actively traded and cooperated during the war, or that the 1910 Japanese annexation of Korea and Japan was allowed by the U.S. in exchange for the recognition of the Philippines' colonization by the U.S. It is all the more taboo to argue the other side of the 'absolute line'. The slaughter, sex crimes, and extortion of bribes committed by Soviet troops in North Korea or the Eastern bloc are matters that only a few historians know in Russia today. In essence, all kinds of crimes against humanity committed by the defeated side "contribute" the most to the unilateral glorification of the slaughter drama, which is only a global hegemonic battle between Germany, Japan, and the United States and the Soviet Union. However, did the U.S. and the Soviet Union, who believed in the legitimacy of the war and were not suspicious, only "punished" the "criminals" of the victors were relatively less well known than those of the defeated side, and the hands of the confident winners were never clean. Hitler's 'death factory' who massacred millions of workers after exploiting them very efficiently. World War II camps have long been symbols of violence inherent in modern times. Compared to Hitler's meticulously planned camps, the "temporary camps" that the U.S. military, who were on a roll at the end of the war, hastily established in early 1945 near the Rhine were literally "pre-modern." Unlike the German army, the U.S. military, which was indifferent to the long-term exploitation of labor by the Sioux people, only built iron fences to prevent escape, but did not build any facilities. Limitations of the U.S.-Soviet War Crimes Tribunal/Soviet poster painted in 1942 after Britain and the U.S. signed a military treaty with the Soviet Union. What is important is that even Nazi prisoners of war, who were supposed to be protected by the Geneva Convention, were innocently strangled. A closer look at the U.S. military action, which seems to have not been taken prisoner, can only conclude that it wants to save food as many as possible among the approximately 920,000 prisoners trapped behind the fence. The toilet was not allowed to be built, so the narrow space behind the fence turned into a sea of poop and a greenhouse of pandemics. Of course, the U.S. military did not provide any medical services to the sick and dying German prisoners. Overcrowded, nightly coldness, pandemics and low-calorie foods of 600-850 calories a day killed about 50,000 German prisoners in a few months. It is well known that the majority of them were conscripted freshmen in their late teens. The U.S. soldiers who killed young people were the true "war criminals." But... as the ancient Latin saying goes, "The winner has no business being judged." The winner, the U.S.-Soviet-led war criminal court, did not deal with the winner's own problems in principle. For Germans, the names of "temporary camps" near the Rhine River of the U.S. military at the time, such as Remagen, sound like a "national tragedy," but it is unknown to most Americans who have never encountered it in education and media. Unlike the U.S. military, which killed tens of thousands of German prisoners simply because it was too much to save, France, which was devastated by the war, actively sought the exploitation of German prisoners of war like the Soviet Union. In 1945-48, France forced hundreds of thousands of German prisoners to work long hours of unpaid "abnormal human power," providing inhumane living conditions for the exploited. In the end, it is estimated that about 160,000 prisoners died at the labor site due to chronic fatigue caused by overwork and an epidemic. One of the reasons is that the French authorities intentionally reduced the supply of food to ordinary prisoners. Some argue that starving ordinary prisoners attracted them to enlist in France's famous "foreign forces." At that time, France was at the beginning of its war against the Vietnamese independence movement, a representative "dirty war" in modern history, and the foreign troops were one of Powell's framing units. It is not easy to confirm such "intention," but it is true that many German prisoners of war were mixed in other foreign units. It is said that prisoners were used not only as "free labor" but also as "bullet holders." In the Soviet Union, which had far more German prisoners (about 2.38 million) than France, their labor force, which had been exploited for five to six years, was considered a "major driver of postwar recovery." I remember that there was an apartment complex built by German prisoners in the late 1940s near the St. Petersburg (Leningrad) apartment where I lived. How many thousands of such "German villages" across the Soviet Union? Nemersdorf, a symbol of Soviet brutality, but the prisoners who were ministryed at the construction site were lucky. This is because it was not common to return alive when sent to mines in Siberia. Most of the 423,168 German prisoners killed in Soviet labor exploitation died there from overwork, lack of calories, and illness.
It would have been obvious that French and Soviet authorities did not know that the use of prisoners in labor for their own country - and that it would be against the Geneva Convention, an international corporation. However, as the saying that enlightened intellectuals liked at the end of the Joseon Dynasty, "thousands of books on universal law (international law) fall short of a single cannon gate," tells the reality of the world dominated by imperialism. Nemmersdorf in eastern Prussia has become a symbol of the brutality of the Soviet army, which claims to be a "liberal force." It was the first German city to enter the hands of Soviet troops in October 1944. Few of the population survived, and the brutality of raping and killing women dozens of times, using bodies as targets for shooting ranges, and tanking fleeing children shocked even some Soviet officers. Solzhenitsyn, a young officer who witnessed a similar scene in another German city, said that it led to the first serious suspicion of the morality of the Soviet regime. After that, Solzhenitsyn's journey to fight against the regime began as he was imprisoned as a thought criminal and exposed the reality of Stalinism with works such as "The Prison Archipelago" after being released from prison. In an era when imperialist countries that consider human life only as a red mother share the world, no slaughter by a modern state can be seen as a "just war." Even if the country's propaganda uses the fact that the other country committed crimes against humanity, it is self-evident that there cannot be a country that respects humanity in principle among modern countries centered on the suppression system. But there is the only 'right' struggle. Capitalism, the source of inhumanity, a modern state, and a non-violent struggle to overcome class society. A full-fledged paper on the post-World War II "German extermination policy" (http://members.iinet.net.au/) on the Allied side and Germany's genocide (http://serendipity.magnet.ch/hr/bacque01.htm)) (the proof of the "intentional "Assa-inducing operation" in 1945): http://serendipity.magnet.ch/hr/bacque01.htm) (http://serendipity.magnet.ch/hr/bacque01.htm)) http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/) Professor Park No-ja of Oslo National University and Editorial Member of Outsider
Joan of China? - Mulan: Hwamuran
In Chinese textbooks, there was a story called "Hwamuran." Orangkai in China's chaotic times?He was described as a hero of the nation who went to war on behalf of his sick father during the invasion of the country. Then I came across Mulan, another adaptation of Disney's flowering plant, and I was stunned. Disney's distortion of characters and history is well-receivedI don't understand why the Korean media is being fooled by distorted information and values. As far as I know, the era when Hwamuran was active was called the so-called Five Sixteen Kingdoms Period, which was confused by the era of the Wei and Jin inter-Korean Dynasties. Among them, it was a time when a somewhat settled people who lived in the Northern Wei, who had anti-farm feuds, fought against the invasion of a new nomadic people. The people who invaded are not sure about Hun, Seonbi, Yuyu, Kang, Gal, and me. It's not even clear whether he was invaded or drafted to carry out his conquest. The important thing is that they are not Han Chinese. Whether they fought or invaded, or received, the people are not Han. However, in the Song Dynasty, Han Chinese fundamentalism combined with Confucianism gained power, and it was dramatized and portrayed as a hero of the Han people. Today, along with Akbi, a man, he has become a hero of the Han people who represent women. This is a typical example of the impersonation, extortion, and distortion of the ancestors of other ethnic groups, which are the main features of the Han people. But what depresses the sun is that the people who fought for Hwamuran are directly or indirectly related to us. And Hwamuran's identity is also non-Han. Why do we have to be moved and film reviews and character reviews while watching the Hwamuran series depicted from a one-sided Chinese perspective? What's more interesting is that the media reports that a Korean female actor has been cast in a Chinese movie, an actor who doesn't even know if he has a good or bad role, or if he's a Chinese, is he a hero of France? It is similar to the fact that Anglo-Saxon circles of the U.S., Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, who are descendants of Britain, are happy to be selected as the main actors when France films the main character of the 100-year war. I don't know if it's Bonhae's one-sided view! But I think these behaviors should be corrected.
Seongho Yi Ik's Writing on the Food Culture of the Joseon Dynasty - This is the Political Theory
I am a poor man. How can I not be poor when I am poor, because wealth comes from hard work and hard work must be learned from childhood? It has no choice but to save use. You should not consume anything except that you cannot consume less by thinking enough in your life. If you think it is okay to spend even a penny lightly, it is not right. Even if it is a trifling thing, all the things that are used are money, so what kind of things do you think are worth it? There is one thing in the lyrics, and if you throw it away without waiting for it to be used, it will be to remove the things that heaven has given you, so the virtuous person is ashamed of it. Nothing is more important than grain. Everyone who has a mouth should eat two bowls of rice a day, but it is not obtained from their efforts, so it is worrisome that wealth is always lost due to lack. What is the difference between insects and animals if you try to eat only your mouth instead of your hands being diligent? But a gentleman of the old days sat down to discuss ways and to stand up and do things, for it is the same as hardworking to produce grain, so even if he eats a lot, it will not be regrettable, but if he does not sit down and takes away what others have worked hard to produce My nature loves writing, and although I grumble all day long, every grain of rice is not made of my own strength, so why not be a worm between heaven and earth? Fortunately, there is a dairy industry of the previous generation, so they receive several islands and horses, and among them, they save food and do not eat much. If you take a grain of rice out of a bowl, you can save two hops a day, ten families can save two thousand dollars of food, let alone one household's consumption, and one person's food accumulates in a year That useless consumption is a waste of every hop. What Koreans enjoy eating a lot is the best in the world. Recently, there was a person who was adrift and went to Yuguguk, and the people of that country laughed at him and said, "How poor would it be that your customs always scoop up rice with a large bowl and a spoon of iron?" Usually, they were adrift in our country by the former and already knew our customs well. When I was in the health service, the people on the beach ate enough that they wouldn't be hungry even if they shared one's food with three people, wouldn't the country be in disarray? When you get used to being full when you are young, your intestines gradually grow bigger and you feel hungry if you don't fill them up. If you gradually become a habit and feel hungry, some people will die of starvation. If it becomes a habit and the intestines can grow, it can become a habit and become small. Therefore, some people cut off grain very much and did not eat it, and it is the nature of the habit that the beasts of the mountains and fields do not die well even if ice and snow accumulate. Even if you can't starve all the time, how can you reduce the excess? It is in the mind that it is difficult to endure a paraphernalia, especially a pear. Jung is not emaciated even though he only eats vegetables, but the increase in disease when a merchant stops eating meat is what made his desire sick. Because of this, people can't stand hunger now because they're not stable. What is the reason? This is because war has already become a habit of being distant and complacent. Before the Three Kingdoms, there was no complacency because the war continued, but hunger did not kill everyone. Since there is no time to farm, the clouds are empty, so even if you always wanted to be full, what could you have done? Now people call it breakfast when they wake up early and eat white porridge, and lunch when they eat it firmly in the middle of the day. In a rich house, they eat seven times a day, so alcohol and meat were abundant, and rare food and unique dishes were piled high, so they could feed 100 people even with the consumption of that day. How can the people's livelihood be in need, as the kyodo-il of the hajeung is like that of every house? It is lamentable. I don't think the quick co-efficacy of work is like enduring hunger and not eating. Starving once or twice does not necessarily lead to disease, and one or two loaves of rice increase according to starvation. How foolish and wise would it be to compare it to a man who could not bear a little hunger and fell out of rice and became sick first? [Note C-001] Food: It means to eat less. 《類選》 卷五上 人事篇八 服食門. [Note D-001] HaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaHa: His meditation was more than that of the prince, and he ate 10,000 jeon a day. the epigraph of the Sacred
Royal Navy vs. Joseon Navy
A Study on the Panokseon, shipbuilding, naval forces are still insufficient. These studies can compare the Navy and other countries should properly first. This kind of comparable significance, but ... I'm a bit disappointing having. Is a bit difficult to conclude that the conclusion that the Joseon, naval forces weak. At that time also rose across Europe, all sorts of levels the level of European navy is impossible to compare in the name of ...Even if only comparable to narrowing the Royal Navy and comparison is not an easy one. In 1592, the Japanese Invasion of Korea, and between the Royal Navy and the Spanish Invincible Armada of 1588 are there in a decisive battle at the time of the first of all, compared with the British fleet. By the time they first 1590s still drill without properly a painter of the Royal Navy vessels. I am Henry the Great (Henri geurase, Góa, Damán, and Díu) flagship Some vessels used to 1,000 and close to supermassive min while the rest of the dedicated shipping line drawn from a warship and ships are not such a large lot. The navy is not drill an artist working like at the time of the Royal Navy was shipbuilding the naval forces. The same standard as Chosun, naval forces in the British navy ship in the future of ratings after make rules not only make a boat. After crew members in moderation or according to the number of naval gunfire with number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 only identified by the equation. As a result, one-size-fits-all is very difficult to compare. Except Henry the Great in Drake's Revenge, flagship of the Royal Navy ship in 1588 or Howard's flagship Ark Royal, Regent's 800 tons or more of the daeeong a trap. The Geobukseon and Panokseon displacement is unclear, but Panokseon 227 in the gross tons, according to the calculation of the Korean science professor at Seoul National University, said Professor gimjaegeun, 28.5 tons the turtle ship. It is clear that Joseon's main warships are smaller than the British's large ships. However, even in the British fleet, the number of large vessels approaching 800 tons is very small. At the time of the battle between the British fleet and the Spanish Invincible Fleet, the Royal Navy had only 13 ships weighing more than 500 tons, including the above-mentioned Henry Great and Akroyal, and the remaining 150 ships were all between 100 and 150 tons. And there were about 20 ships that weighed less than 100 tons. Rather, ships smaller than Panokseon were the main force of the Royal Navy, and these ships were not permanent naval forces, but many of them were suddenly pulled out. On the other hand, in 1593, the Joseon Navy had 250 Panok ships of 227 tons. The large British vessels of 800 tons or more mentioned above are also capable of carrying only 20 to 46 cannons in practice, regardless of the maximum number of ships. Considering that the payload of the Panokseon is about 20 to 30 doors and the total blood of the Jwasuyeong Turtle Ship is 36, there is no significant difference in the payload of the ship. It's not easy to judge the strength of the hull, but it's only after the British took complete control of India as a colony. During the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1590, British ships were mainly made of elm trees. The proportion of elm trees is 0.53, whereas the proportion of Korean red pine, the main ingredient of Panokseon, is 0.53 to 0.73. The weakest kind of red pine is similar to the average elm tree. It is difficult to make a final conclusion on hardness only by the specific gravity without the flexural strength value, but if the specific gravity is this much, the basic hardness will be advantageous for Korean red pine. The thickness of the outer plates of various ships during the Joseon Dynasty is 4 to 7 inches from the original. This is about 12-18cm. This thickness is thicker than that of modern wooden ships, and among the three Eastern kingdoms, Korean traditional ships make the outer plates of ships the thickest. It's one of the advantages of Panokseon. There is no direct data on the thickness of British sailboats in the 1590s, but with the exception of 13 large vessels with displacement of 500 to 1,000 tons, the rest of the British ships are likely to be thinner than Joseon Panokseon. Moreover, given that the proportion of red pine itself is higher than that of elm trees, at least British ships must have thicker outer plates than Joseon ships to have similar strength. If the British ships are structurally advantageous for ocean navigation because they are sailing ships, the Panok ship, a ship of the Joseon Navy, has many advantages for coastal navigation. While the Royal Navy has a inherent limitation in using monotonous tactics centered on Danjongjin, the Joseon Navy can use various modified tactics using the small turning radius of the Panokseon. In particular, if you fought in waters with severe tidal differences along the coast of Joseon, the Joseon Navy will not be at a unilateral disadvantage. It's not easy to tell the difference between the two. At the time of the battle with the Spanish fleet, Calverin was the most loaded cannon in the entire British fleet at the time, with 1,530 guns, 344 Demi-Calverin, 55 Canon-Perrier, and 43 guns. In total, the British fleet has about 2,000 guns. In the case of the Joseon army, there were about 10 to 30 ships on the Panokseon. In 1593, the year after the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1593, when the Joseon navy boasted the strongest, there were 250 Panokseon ships of the three provinces of Gyeongsang, Jeolla, and Chungcheong. Excluding miscellaneous ships such as post-ship and narrow-line, the Panokseon alone produces a huge payload of 250 ships x 20 doors = 5,000 doors. In the case of the projectile, Canon's shell, the largest diameter in the Royal Navy, was 68 pounds (51.408 kilometers). On the other hand, Daejanggunjeon, the largest projectile of Joseon, is 56 geun, which is not less powerful than the cannonball of the large-caliber canon. The number is 18 pounds (13.6 pounds) of shells from the flagship British city of Calverin. In the case of the Joseon Navy, like the British Navy, the main focus was the rather small-sized Hwangja Führer, and it was equipped with many toys and bulanggi systems. The weight of the Hwangja-gun projectile, Piryeongjeon, remains, but the Hwangja-gun is 40mm in diameter and never loses to Calverin. The monolith (stone bullet) fired from Joseon's toys is about 11 to 30 geun. Calverin has a maximum range of 2,000 meters and a maximum range of 300 meters, and the maximum and maximum range of Canon is 1,500 meters and 250 meters. In the case of Hwang Ja-chong, regardless of the maximum range record, the actual test result of the close/hail was about 1,600 meters when the iron ring was fired. Considering that the actual results of the experiment are shorter than the record at the time, there is a high possibility that the range will be longer. It doesn't make a big difference at the intersection. The projectile at that time was a simple, explosive shell-Solid Projectile. If the European Navy used a chain shell-like Expanding Projectile, which is not in the Joseon Navy, the Joseon Navy had a series of Genjangjeon, a super-arrow projectile that is not in Europe, so the ship is not inferior to the projectile. At that time in Europe, the transition from crude assembly to battlefield casting was complete, and the technology of casting was already completed in the East. During the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, Europe was ahead of Joseon in the technology of Hujangpo, but overall, the technology and performance of the warship were not unilaterally ahead of the East. One crucial difference is that the Korean navy failed to innovate qualitatively during and after the Japanese Invasion of Korea, while the technological revolution that began in the 15th century continued to explode in Europe, at least in the early 17th century, in the early 1600s. While Joseon was in place, the European Navy, led by Britain, was in the midst of a qualitative revolution. If the Joseon navy fought a naval battle along the coast in the 1590s, it was clear that it had such a powerful force that it was hard to distinguish between the British navy and the British navy at the same time. But in just a few decades, the Royal Navy is able to overwhelm the Joseon Navy. And the Royal Navy is not just a European powerhouse, it's the basis for building a world empire. The Royal Navy had a virtuous cycle of investing heavily in foreign trade that made Britain rich, but the Joseon Navy was a defensive force to defend pirates, so despite the huge investment that destroyed the country's economy, it did not have much direct economic benefit. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This is from Shin Jaeho, an expert in this field.
The Second Great Thing of China's Yangmu Movement
The Yangmu movement has been underestimated in many ways, but... ...the last time I posted the North Sea Fleet's military prowess, as well as this international student trying to learn the West... ...the effort is formidable. I know that a large number of Japanese students went to Western countries after visiting Britain, France, and Germany in 1871. But China's efforts are no less... No, they're bigger. In the early days, China failed because its efforts were not welcomed by the domestic water polo pain and soon lost the Sino-Japanese War (the efforts were not very failed because they were the talents of the Republic of China), but it is wrong that Japan was steadily inherited and developed. The Chinese who wrote that book, they say that modern-day Japan is superior to China in Western culture, and China is a formidable force! Moreover, traditional cultural properties are no match for numbers! I want to make this argument... ...that is, I want to reverse the conventional notion of Japan's success after modernization and China's failure. At times like this, our Joseon...........................YES. Of course, China just imitates modernization like that, but its science and technology are way behind. I just have a lot of money. Japan has great science and technology skills, but it can never be guided by Western copy. But we can't give out business cards at all. Of course, there were many talented people in the late Joseon Dynasty. The problem is the commercial capital and awareness of Western culture to support it, the science and technology that have been handed down for hundreds of years (Western and Japanese, but we...) have no soil. ================================================== Source: The Dong-A Ilbo, "In the two years of 1880 and 1881, Yale Rowing Team won consecutive Harvard-Yale Rowing matches with the longest tradition among American universities." Looking at the record, it was a victory for Yale, which was not much. This victory was attributed to the helmsman Jung Won-Yao. The helmsman had to curse and speak loudly to the crew, but Jungwon Yao was only sitting on the boat in a very mature manner. When the instructor continued to say that the helmsman must learn to shout and swear, one day he suddenly shouted without any accent. "Hey, you punk! Hey, you punk!" The crew was puzzled and suddenly burst into laughter.》 Jungwon Yao was one of 120 young children aged 9 to 15 who went to the United States as state-funded students under the first early study abroad project conducted by the Qing government in 1872. The project at the end of the Qing Dynasty was an exceptional condition in which the government paid all expenses for food, clothing, and shelter for 15 years of studying abroad and appointed as a government official after returning home from school. The kingdom of Heaven, which regarded exchanges with foreign countries as "the whole world comes and inquires," pushed for such a project at the national level. Liu Yu, who left for the U.S. following a national-level study abroad project at the end of the Qing Dynasty, absorbed Western culture as well as Western advanced military power, science and technology for 10 years. They later played a major role in China's modernization. From the left photo, Yoo Jung-won Yao (middle row), a helmsman with his colleagues at Yale University's rowing team, and Yoo Jung-dong met again in China on Christmas Day in 1890. Photo courtesy of Sinibooks This project was an ambitious project planned and implemented by Longhong, the first Chinese student to study in the U.S., who graduated from Yale University, and they did not disappoint the expectations of the Qing government. A few years later, more than 50 of them entered prestigious universities such as Harvard, Yale, and Columbia. However, the project ended in 10 years in the face of strong opposition due to changes in the situation in China, and the students were summoned home during their studies. It was not what the Qing government had hoped for to become a rowing team helmsman like Jungwon Yao. Yoo Dong-deul took off his silk jacket, wore sportswear, cut his hair, and parted his hair. As the days went by, he fell into an exotic atmosphere, and some of the movements crossed dangerous boundaries, such as entering Jesuits. On their return to China, they were excited about the hot welcome ceremony, but had to feel despondent when they saw strangers looking at them without a smile. However, Liu returned from learning Western advanced military power and science and technology and contributed greatly to China's modernization. They opened China's telegram business, and the first railway built by China itself also began with them. Tang Shao-yi, who became the first prime minister of the Republic of China, and Tang Guoan, who served as the first president of Tsinghua School, the predecessor of Tsinghua University, were from Yumi Yudong. Jung Won-Yao, a former helmsman on Yale's rowing team, served as a diplomat for many years and was the first to drive a car in Shanghai. The book traces the stories of young students who went to study in the U.S. at the time and shows them vividly. The story was made into a five-part documentary on Chinese CCTV in May last year, touching Chinese people. The authors traveled around Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing, New York, Philadelphia and Austin to collect fragments of history and restore the mournful life of the fluid. This book also examines the history of the Yangmu Movement, which tried to promote China's self-strengthening by introducing Western modern technology in the late Qing Dynasty, and the deep concerns of the main characters who led the Yangmu Movement, including Jeung Guk-bun and Lee Hong-jang, who dreamed of reform. The comparison with Japan, a competitor who was running fast to introduce foreign cultural properties at the time, may be the real message this book aimed at. In 1871, a year earlier than China, Japan sent a large government inspection team to countries around the world, which included 50 international students. Japanese Emperor Meiji also personally sent a nine-year-old girl who was going to study in the United States. Where was Joseon at the time when China and Japan were rushing across the sea to accept advanced civilization? At that time, at the end of Heungseon Daewongun's 10-year reign (1864-1873), Joseon insisted on the policy of closing down the country and was building monuments throughout the country. '留美幼童-中國最早的官派留學生'(2004).