Romance of Gando [Fresian] Kim Ki-hyup's Periscope <42] From China, the water flowing out from the moon gate at the northern corner of the sky and earth of Baekdusan Mountain falls into Jangbaek Falls, forming Ido White House, a tributary of the Songhwagang River. The Yalu River and the Tuman River do not flow directly from heaven and earth, but because they originate under the main peak of Baekdusan Mountain, these three are cited as rivers with the origin of Baekdusan Mountain. The map of the river is drawn in our heads that the Yalu River flows southward from Baekdusan Mountain, then turns westward to the west or southwest to reach the sea, and the Tuman River flows eastward to the northeast to reach the East Sea. However, when you climb Baekdusan Mountain, the origin of the Tuman River is the valley right next to the origin of the Yalu River, not the east of the Jubong Peak, but the south. In the east of Jubong Peak, the plain plateau, where the flow of water is not clear, spreads dozens of miles, then turns north and descends into a tributary of the Songhwagang River. In 1712, Mokgeukdeung did not accurately identify the origin of the Tuman River, so a monument was erected on the east side of Jubong Peak, the basin of the Songhwagang River. As the inscription said, "To the west, it is 門門 to the east," but it was mistaken for the origin of the "Tomungang River" because it could not explore the fact that the flow east of the main peak turns north from dozens of ri. From the beginning of the founding of the Joseon and Ming kingdoms, it was common sense to see the Yalu River and the Tuman River as the borders of the two countries. This boundary line was extended northward from the Goryeo Dynasty. Until the conquest of Mongolia, Goryeo's landscape did not reach the Tuman River, and most of the current Hamgyeongdo region was the territory of the aftershocks. While Mongolia controlled this area as a general office of Ssangseong, many Goryeo people migrated, and Goryeo occupied it when the Yuan Dynasty collapsed. Under the principle of inheriting the strong soil of the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty reviewed the establishment of the Cheolryeongwi here and caused the dispatch of Goryeo, which ended with the Wihwado Hoegun, but it was recognized as Joseon's territory when Joseon was founded. After the Manchurians, led by the Yeojin people in the past, established the Qing Dynasty and ruled China, the eastern Manchuria area was called the birthplace of the imperial family and banned migration and development. In particular, to the north of the Yalu River and the Tuman River, an unmanned area of several tens of ri was established and a book gate was created and controlled. On maps drawn by Western missionaries who were engaged in surveying and mapping the territory of the Qing Dynasty at the time, the boundary line drawn side by side to the north of the two rivers represents the "civilian line" managed by the Qing Dynasty. In Joseon, there were also large control areas in the Gaema Plateau and Baekdusan Mountain areas, but after the establishment of the political monument, some Chinese claimed that the area was originally the Qing Dynasty's territory. The reason why the Qing Dynasty dispatched Mokgeuk and others to establish a political monument was not because of the greed of territorial expansion, but to stabilize the salary policy. For the Qing Dynasty, which has established itself as a world-class country, it became more important to smoothly establish the world-class system than to expand the realm of direct control, and in particular, the Bonggeum area was an object of preservation rather than development because of its symbolic meaning. However, as the population was smaller than that of resources, Beomwol, especially the Beomwol of Koreans, was increasing, so the monument was erected. Since the purpose of the Qing Dynasty was not to expand but to stabilize, it was considered to prevent the motive of the Joseon Dynasty from occurring, and it seems that there was a genuine gratitude for sending Sageunsa Temple to Beijing during the Joseon Dynasty. Prior to the establishment of the political monument, the Korean people's transmission was always a problem, but after that, the situation can also be seen in the overwhelming increase in the transmission of Chinese people. While the Joseon Dynasty was satisfied with the results of Gamgye in 1712, many complaints were raised among the private sector, especially some scholars. A case in point is that Lee Kyu-kyung said in "Ojuyeon Munjang Jeonsan High School," "I couldn't reveal a word because I fought and lost hundreds of miles of Gangto." This did not mean that the territory that was actually governed until then was lost, but it was criticized that the loss of the nation's ancient soil was made a fait accompli based on the consciousness of some scholars at the time to put Goguryeo as well as Balhae into the category of national history. The prejudice against Manchuria as an inferior orangkae also played a role in this. While the Qing Dynasty's rise was maintained, no conflict over borders occurred between the two countries. Then, in the mid-19th century, problems arose when the Qing Dynasty repeatedly humiliated Western forces and abolished salaries after the 1870s in preparation for Russia's entry. Since the consecutive famine of 1869-70, many Joseon residents have settled in the north of the Dumang River while the Qing Dynasty's control has weakened, which stems from the establishment of a management policy that does not consider Joseon migrants. In 1882, the Qing Dynasty notified the Joseon government, saying, "We will collect taxes from Koreans who settled in Gando and incorporate them into the Qing Dynasty nationality." The following year, the Qing Dynasty's local government announced to Jongseong and Hoeryeong two towns that it would send Koreans who settled in Gando back to the precincts of Joseon. Threatened by this, local Koreans appealed to the government constitution of the two countries to protect their residence rights, and as a basis, they raised Lee Kang-seol that the "門mun" was not the Tumen River. Some scholars have also argued that the Tomun River is a different river from the Tumen River. For example, Shin Kyung-joon said in Dokryu Hajib, "Everyone regards Tomun and Tuman as one river, but according to Yongbi Eocheonga, there is Tomungang River north of the Tuman River and a day away from Hoeryeong, so it seems to point to the Haerangang River. Of course, people at the time would not have known that the origin of the Haeran River was 150 ri away from the main peak of Baekdusan Mountain. Yi Ik objected to Lee Kang-seol and said in the Seongho editorial, "The soil is Tuman." People in Korea want to expand the land to the north, but in the past, all the northern regions were Malgal lands, and now river stations have been decided, so why are you trying to cause trouble by arguing over unnecessary lands?" Lee Kang-seol forced himself to see it from the greed of Cheokji. In 1883, Eoyunjung, the Northwest Gyeongryuksa Temple, ordered people to explore Baekdusan Mountain and sent inquiries to the Chinese local government office, which claimed that the stream of water flowing eastward from the location of the political monument and then turned northward to Odobaekha in the upper reaches the Songhwagang River. It is said that Wien Sky, who was stationed in Joseon at the time, was dumbfounded, saying, "Then do you want me to present the entire Jilinseong Fortress?" As a result of two reduction talks in 1885 and 1887, Joseon admitted that the Tomun River was the Tumen River, and the Qing Dynasty decided to implement an inclusive policy, such as lending land to Koreans who settled in the north of the river. With the Qing army stationed in Joseon since the 1882 Imo War, it was difficult for the Joseon side to take a tougher stance, and it was originally raised because of the local living rights, so the Qing Dynasty's reclamation policy seems to have eased its motivation to continue the dispute. As the Qing Dynasty's power collapsed due to the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) and the Uihwadan Incident (1900), the Joseon-Korean Empire brought back the quiet border issue for several years. In 1897, a North Hambuk observer was ordered to investigate the current situation again, and in 1903, Lee Bum-yoon was dispatched as a Gando administrator on the north side to collect taxes and train troops. This was basically a measure to protect migrants in response to changes in the situation, such as the weakening of the Qing Dynasty's administrative power and Russia's entry into Gando Island after 1900, but it also seems to have meant to expand national taxes with Japan and Russia on the back of the Qing Dynasty's decline. Japan, which stole the Korean Empire's diplomatic rights through Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905 after the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, used the Kando issue ahead of the Korean Empire in provoking and pressuring the Qing Dynasty to advance to democracy. The so-called "Gando Convention" in 1909 recognized the Tuman River as a border when Japan acquired Manchuria's railroad construction and mining rights, so it can be said to be a compromise between Japan and Qing Dynasty. In a newsletter sent by Rep. Kim Won-woong a few days ago, he proudly wrote that he submitted a resolution to the National Assembly on the confirmation of the fundamental invalidity of the liver agreement. It is not understandable how the resolution of the National Assembly of the Republic of Korea will affect the 1909 "Picture of the Dogang River." However, I can't help but feel mixed up with the words "our land to be restored, Gando." Since the unification of Silla, the state of the Korean people has not continued to conduct administration in the Gando region across the Tumen River. It was also in the Joseon Dynasty that the border was expanded to the Tuman River. And it was after the 1870s that Koreans migrated to the Kando region on a large scale to form a society that protects Joseon culture. Since the 1880s, amid the weakening of the Qing Dynasty's power, the Korean-Chinese society has caused the Gando dispute, but it ended with the Gando Convention at a time when the annexation of Korea and Japan is just around the corner. If it claims the fundamental invalidity of the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905 under coercion and claims compensation for Japan's exploitation based on the treaty, success or failure is meaningful. It is meaningful to acknowledge even the claim to invalidate all external treaties derived from Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905. However, it is incomprehensible to argue that it is "our land to be restored" for that reason, taking issue with one simple agreement. Why is Gando our land to be restored? In the Gando dispute after the 1880s, the "Lee Gang-seol" that the Tomun River is another river north of the Tuman River was the main pillar of Joseon's argument. This is only due to the biased views of some scholars because there is no other way to solve the frustrating circumstances of local migrants. If the Tomungang River is not the Tumen River, which river is it? Do you mean that Mokgeukdeung acknowledged that there are only three rivers originating from Baekdusan Mountain, but the Songhwagang River flowing north through the middle of Manchuria is the Tomungang River and the east is all Joseon land? Another reason is that this is Goguryeo and Balhae's ancient land.
This is what makes my mind really complicated. If Goguryeo is revered as the origin of national history, it is sufficient to strive to inherit its culture and spirit. If we claim that it is "our land" because it was once occupied by our ancestors, what is the difference from the Japanese imperialists who justified the invasion of Joseon under the Im Na-il Headquarters? Since the Japanese Emperor's family flowed from Baekje, there would be nothing to say even if they were asked to release the old land of Baekje. It is even more worrisome that many lawmakers who are self-confident of reform tendencies participated in the resolution proposal. Reform is trying to make a better tomorrow come than today. However, if better is only good for oneself and bad for others, it is just selling reform for self-interest. The real reform is to try to make the world better regardless of you and me. The self-proclaimed reformer's mindset, which is ridiculed as "romance if I do it, affair if others do it," is also seen in the claim that "Gando is our land." Kim Kihyup / Historian
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