Balhae was established by Daejo-yeong in 698 and was destroyed by the invasion of Khitan in 926, centering on the politics of Balhae - the cause of Cheondo. His existence is 229 years. During this period, Balhae moved Seoul four times, and the capital city first decided Seoul in the current Donhwa and literature, but in 742, in other words, it was moved to Junggyeonghyeondeokbu during the 3rd King Munhu Daeheummu period. Junggyeonghyeondeokbu was today's Hwagyong-hyeon Seogoseong Fortress for 14 years and moved to Sanggyeong in 755, and Sanggyeong is the current Balhaejin, Yeongan-hyeon, Heukryonggangseong Fortress, where Balhae set it as Seoul and held Seoul for 132 years after the first 30th. Therefore, Balhaejin has become the center of the political economy and culture of Balhae, and relatively many remains remain. After that, he moved back to Tokyo (now Hunchun), stayed here for nine years, and then moved back to Sanggyeong. Therefore, in Sanggyeong, where Balhae's culture remains very much, Korean-Chinese gather on July 7th (Kkamatagi Day), and some of the Korean-Chinese in Balhae, Mokdan River, Yeongan, even Hunchun, Wangcheong, and Domun go there to play sports, rope-dari, and Neolttwigi. The place where the sports competition is held is the 2nd Palace Site (the 1st and 2nd Palace Sites in Sanggyeong are located), which means to play in the ancestral sanctuary. Then, why did we move the capital? Why did Balhae move Seoul four times? The Tang Dynasty has designated Seoul in Jangan and has never moved to the ruined place, whereas Goguryeo and Balhae have moved Seoul several times, and it is believed that why they moved like this has some solidarity, and many discussions are currently taking place. Why did Balhae move the capital four times? There was a specific reason for this, first of all, the reason why the country moved from the old country (now Donhwa) to China was because the country's climate conditions were not good. The average temperature in the old country region varies by 2 to 4 degrees every year compared to the old castle, which is a great difference, and even if you plant rice in the old country, the crops were short, so farming was not good. In addition, Seogoseong Fortress was a place where irrigation projects could be carried out due to the large quantity of water due to the Haeran River. Economic development is necessary for a country's management, and agriculture was the core of the economy of that era, so in order to develop the agricultural economy well, Seogoseong was better than the old country, which is considered the main cause. King Mun moved to Seogoseong five years after his throne, and during King Mu's reign before King Munwang, he ruled the country as Muchi, but during King Mun's reign, a new area without the influence of the old forces was required. Another reason for the move to Seogoseong Fortress seems to have been the need to strengthen and expand the rule over the old Goguryeo area and move to an area close to the original Goguryeo area to receive support from its residents. It is believed that he moved to this area because there is no evidence that he ruled the old country area during the Goguryeo period and the Donhwa area today. Then, why did you go from Seogoseong to Sanggyeong and come back to Tokyo from Sanggyeong? The reason is thought to have come to gain sea benefits. The first reason is that it guaranteed maritime gains through the sea and Japanese roads, and another reason seems to be the fertility of this land. He moved from Hunchunbeol, the widest area along the coast, to develop the economy, but in fact, it was difficult to farm because the sea was close and affected by the sea breeze. When attempts for agricultural development are difficult to make and marine benefits are not greatly obtained, they eventually migrate to Seoul and Tokyo again. Third, when he moved to Sanggyeong, King Mun died and King Seong ascended to the throne, and it is believed that he was ascetic to form a new sphere of influence beyond the rule of the old forces because of the fierce struggle within the monarchy.
Balhae's river zone problem has been around for 229 years, so its river zone is very wide. The Balhae people had Goguryeo as the ruling class and were allied with the Malgal people. Since it almost occupied the entire area of Goguryeo and even the Malgal area, there were Goguryeo and Malgal people with ethnic ingredients. Then, which culture did you inherit? This is different from what you see in China, what you see in Korea, what you see in Japan, and what you see in Russia. The 1st and 2nd generations expanded their territory by force, strengthened their national power through political reform from the 3rd generation, and in the 10th period, the river was very strong. Because of its strong national power, it was called the country of Haedongseong Fortress in history. In this way, how far the river has come is now being discussed very much in academia, and the first book to raise about the river area issue in Balhae is Shindangseo. In Sindangseo in China, the Balhae River Station is connected to the Tang Dynasty, bordered by Bakgak-gu, Jangnyeong Innam, and Jangnyeong, he said. Bakgak-gu is now Gangdong-gu, and from near Gangdong at the mouth of the Yalu River, it goes to the current Gwanjeonhyeonhwan, Inam, then Deokhoe, and then Buyeo. This is what Sindangseo says, and it is written that the south is bordered by Niha (Ryongheunggang River). By this mechanism, later people have believed that the river of Balhae would have generally become like that. Wang Seung-rye's book, who was now the director of the Gilimseong Institute of Social Sciences, was translated in Korea, originally Balhaegansa, but the translator translated it as Balhae History. It was translated by Song Ki-ho, who lives at Seoul National University, and the author set the river of Balhae as raised in Sindangseo. After that, the Japanese questioned the river and began to change gradually based on historical facts. People like Sonyeongryang and Rijeombuck in Gilimseong now said they have crossed Yoha to the west. However, there are two requirements: one is standing and one is a children's song. However, it is not accurately argued whether it has exceeded the nursery rhymes or not. Because he is inexperienced, he cannot say how far he went and where he crossed. Anyway, he pushed a little further west than Wang Seung-rye. In addition, Ryu Jeong-chun, who is at the Heukryonggang Institute of Social Sciences, proposed for the first time last year (94) that the Liaodong Peninsula is the land of Dvalhae, and I agree that this view is very correct. And scholars in the north point out several times that "the entire area of the Liaodong Peninsula is all land of Balhae." There are both archaeological and literary grounds here. On the other hand, this is a question of where to attach it from the north of the Daedong River to the Yalu River. Therefore, this is currently being discussed, but there is no reply yet. My view is that Niha and Niha are near Wonsan now, and Niha, that is, the entire Liaodong Peninsula north of the Daedonggang River, is the land of Balhae. This is one of the issues under discussion now. How far will it go to the north? Most scholars say that there is a river that flows eastward with the confluence of the Songhwagang River and Heukryonggang River in Heukryongsa Temple in China, and that it is to the south. I don't think this is accurate either. Because there were South Heuksumalgal in the south of the Heukryonggang River and North Heuksumalgal in the north, and Balhae controlled all of the Heuksumalgal and collected them in his own field, so why can't the land collected in his field enter Balhae? I think I'm coming in. Therefore, I think that all areas where Heuksumalgal belonged, whether it was south or north, should enter the area of Balhae. There are many guidance books on the river in Balhae, so please take a closer look at them.
Balhae's culture - Balhae's politics, economy, and culture, centered on letters and ancient tombs, have developed a lot, especially culture to a considerable extent and has definitely developed more than Goguryeo. Now that culture has developed, the problem of writing is being discussed a lot, but was there or not Balhae's own text? The first person to write about this problem was Lee Kang, and he believes that Balhae used only Chinese characters and there were no unique characters. However, if you put all the fragmentary characters written among the relics of Balhae together, there are Chinese characters and some are not Chinese characters. There are quite a few letters that I don't know. Then, what would you call these unknown letters? There is a discussion about whether it is a separate system of Chinese characters or a character that Balhae made independently. I'm thinking like this. Balhae used Chinese characters a lot. I mainly used Chinese characters. This is because most of the letters on bricks and tiles used Chinese characters, followed by tombstones of Princess Jeonghye and Princess Jeonghyo (the second daughter of Princess Mun of Balhae, called Princess Jeonghye and the fourth daughter Jeonghyo), all of which were written in Chinese characters and used a lot of Chinese characters. This seems natural, and in addition to that Chinese character, Balhae itself raises the question of whether he created and used characters that fit the characteristics of his own people. Because when Balhae envoy sent a envoy to Japan, when Balhae envoy went to Japan, he saw Balhae envoy and asked, "What's your name?" "My name is Dolseokja in the well pavilion" and "What's your name?" So I couldn't think of this name. Stone is called Ishi and wood is called grow. Therefore, there is still a record of the Balhae envoy saying, "There is definitely a scholar in Japan." Therefore, this seems to be a culture created by Balhae itself. Second, among the letters on bricks and tiles found in Balhae ruins, there are many such letters that cannot be interpreted in Chinese characters. Therefore, it is difficult to completely conclude that Balhae did not use characters independently.
It is said that Silla used biceps, and Goguryeo also had biceps, so I wonder if there were any biceps for the people who were established later than Goguryeo. After Balhae, the Yeojin people established the Geum Dynasty, and the Geum Dynasty also had its own characters, and the people who established the Qing Dynasty after that also wrote their own characters, so they wrote them together with Chinese characters. In view of this situation, it is believed that there was generally an independent text of Balhae. Most of the remains of our Balhae are in China. There are some in North Korea and some in Russia. The center is in China, and among them, the center is Yanbian. In recent years, it has been very difficult to excavate the remains of archaeology. Among them, one recently discovered is the Balhae Tomb in Dongcheong in Ando Prefecture, and a stepped stone wall tomb was excavated at the Balhae Tomb in Dongcheong. The stone wall tomb is also seen in Goguryeo tombs in the house, and it is a form of stone steps around it and covering it with stone blocks, and does not cover the soil with soil, which is called a terraced stone wall tomb. This is being excavated from the Dongcheong tomb. Looking at this, it is thought whether it inherited Goguryeo's culture or the tomb. And in the middle of the tomb, a pit of dirt, was dug and buried, and makeup was applied to it, which is often seen in the Malgal people. There were many Malgals living in the area, and there are also rings of Malgals. Therefore, the mainstream is Goguryeo culture, but the peripheral is the basis for considering that Malgal culture was also mixed. Thus, the excavation of the Dongcheong tomb has no less significance than the tomb of Yukjeongsan Mountain, Princess Jeonghye in Donhwa-hyeon, and is evaluated by the Ministry of Science. In addition, the tomb of the Balhae period was excavated in Yangsu, and the tomb of Yangsu is buried underneath with a couple's tomb together and a woman is buried on it. The one below is a tomb that has been buried from the beginning, and the one above is relocated and brought from another place. However, the above one was placed on top of the woman lying down, and what is presumed from this is that this man had a concubine and a mother. However, it can be seen that the wife died later and the wife died first, and the wife who died first was buried somewhere else, and then the wife was moved to the top of the deceased wife and laid down. This is a very rare thing. Anyway, in general, it is the head of the village, and in the middle of Balhae's tomb, there are two or one stone placed in the tomb and many bones placed next to the bridge, next to the bridge, or next to the head. Many speculate that this was the death of slaves, but in China, it is viewed as a family funeral, not a funeral. Family funeral means that when people die in a family, they bury them here and there, but when their father or grandfather dies, they put them all together again at the place where they died. In addition, the south gate site of Eohwawon, which had not been discovered so far in Sanggyeong, was excavated in 1993, after not knowing where the gate was until now. Next, there is a tomb called Samryeongchon, and as a cemetery where the kings were enshrined when they were holding Seoul in Sanggyeong, a half-body lion was found in Tomb No. 1. The lion is half-body, but if you analyze it well, the lion is called a prehistoric or particulate stone statue. In 1949, two lions also came out of Princess Jeonghyo's tomb, from which were seated, seated stone statues, and a lion sitting on its buttocks, and the lion from Samryeongchon, which was discovered this time, was a prehistoric. This is a very precious thing. For the first time, this came out, and it can be seen that the prehistoric person was placed outside in this cemetery. And I went east about 30 meters from Samryeongchon Village, found a large tomb, and excavated it, and a mural came out. This mural is very rare, and so far, the murals from Princess Jeonghyo's tomb have been excellent, and the excavation of this mural shows the degree of development of Balhae culture at that time. We conducted a geological exploration last year, and there are several large tombs around it, and we plan to excavate them in the future. Geological exploration was also conducted near Princess Jeonghyo's tomb, and it can be seen that there are about 20 tombs around it. In the epitaph of Princess Jeonghyo's tomb, there is a word called Baejangwoo Yeomgokji Seowon. It means that Princess Jeonghyo was buried on the western hill of Yeomgok, and the letter Baejang means that people who are higher than me are enshrined. In addition, the tomb of Princess Jeonghye in Yukjeongsan Mountain also says Baejangwoojinneungji Seowon. In the word Jinneung, a royal tomb is attached to the king's tomb, and Jinja seems to be referring to his grandfather.
There was a pagoda on Princess Jeonghyo's tomb, but there was no pagoda site on Princess Jeonghye's tomb, and there was a site where a house was built on the tomb. Based on the size of the pagoda's foundation, it seems that this pagoda was larger than the Manjeokdal Pagoda. So far, three places have discovered the pagoda site of the Balhae period. First, Princess Jeonghyo's tomb tower, second, the Majeokdal tomb tower, and third, the Ryeonggwangtap Pagoda in Jangbaekhyeon. Among the three, the Ryeonggwangtap Pagoda still remains. It stands very tall and has five stories. The Manjeokdal Pagoda collapsed in 1921, which was a seven-story pagoda based on expectations. Therefore, it seems that Princess Jeonghyo's tomb tower was larger than the Imajeokdal pagoda, and from this, it is thought that it was at least a seven-story or nine-story pagoda. Then, what made the tower built on the tomb? It was influenced by Buddhism, and in the Tang Dynasty, a pagoda was built and sarira was placed on the roof of the pagoda, a burnt Buddhist temple, or a Buddhist script was placed, but Balhae did not, but the body of a royal nobleman was put. This is thought to have created something new to suit the characteristics of one's own people, one's own country, and one's own province by accepting Tang's culture as another characteristic of Tang and Balhae. Currently, China values Princess Jeonghyo's tomb very much, so in order to protect it, a brick house is built, an iron door is built, and no one can enter. In addition, it comes twice a year to inspect the interior of the mural, so if it is damaged, it is first painted and taken action to protect it. (This is a summary of Professor Banghaebong's lecture on the second historical trip in 1995) If you go to the site of the historical site of Balhaesa Temple, you will be able to see explanations different from our knowledge of Balhaesa Temple. Chinese scholars' explanations on the information board of the museum or Princess Jeonghyo's tomb in Sanggyeongseong Fortress are completely different from what we knew. This is because the arbitrary interpretation of the nationalist position on Balhae Temple itself is strong. Just as they argue that objects without owners are mine, the historical view of the neighboring countries on the Balhae ruins is in favor of their own country. Currently, Balhae's territory spans China, Manchuria, Russia, Maritime Province, and northern Korea, and the Balhae region belongs to any country in terms of territorial territorial rights. At the same time, the Balhae region belongs to the periphery of any country. This emphasizes the importance of historical interpretation of Balhae history. Therefore, we need a position to understand Balhae Temple in light of the fact that North Korea further recognizes the historical tradition of Balhae Temple and claims that the reunification of Goryeo's Later Three Kingdoms is the first unification in our history. Looking at the basic perspective of Balhae Temple, China and Russia view Balhae as Malgal countries, while South and North Korea view it as Goguryeo countries, and Japan as Goguryeo countries, but it is not clear. Considering this, it is important for us to reveal the characteristics of Balhae history research, especially the succession of Goguryeo in Balhae culture, and North Korean ruins (e.g., the recent discovery of Omeri Jeolgol - excavation at the foot of Abhaesan Mountain in Sinpo-si, Hamgyeongnam-do) Although they have different views, about 1,000 papers have been studied so far, of which Russia is 4%, China is 53%, South and North Korea is 20%, and Japan is 23%. Unlike Korea, China and Russia define Balhae Temple as Malgal's history. China, which has conditions that we cannot have, that is, the conditions that we can touch Balhae ruins and relics right away, has groundbreaking materials for Balhae history research, but only a few have been officially reported in academic journals. In addition, investigation of historical sites to foreign scholars, especially Korean scholars, is prohibited by law. This is also due to China's closed and ethnic position. For this reason, we should immediately inform the Korean-Chinese living in the river area of Balhae of our history and treat the results and processes of their research on Goguryeo history and Balhae history more importantly. In addition, when history is associated with the current political and social usefulness, the meaning of historical facts varies depending on the arbitrary interpretation of each country, and the aspect that the closed position is further strengthened should be considered. Therefore, we should not forget that not only Balhae Temple but also part of ancient history remains part of Chinese history and is a victim of this logic in Chinese history. Give me an example. In the tombstone of Princess Jeonghyo, which we have not seen before, there is a part that describes her father, King Moon, as "Hwangsang." This means the same as the emperor, indicating that Balhae was advocating for the emperor country. Therefore, the view of Chinese scholars described as a local government in Chinese history becomes invalid. For this reason, scholars studying Balhaesa Temple were asked not to mention the sovereignty of Mt. Baekdu, including Balhaesa Temple, at the Yanbian University conference hall in August 1991, and Chinese scholars are also avoiding mentioning the phrase. (Source: Finding Balhae - Manchuria, Exploring Maritime Province, Song Ki-ho, 1993), Therefore, we must ask for active national support for Korean-Chinese scholars' research papers or academic activities, and draw general attention from the public.
The history of Balhae we see should not be obsessed with the national relevance of the current country, but should be understood as the form of Balhaein at the time when he adhered to the tradition of history and tried to blossom a creative culture.
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