Four Civilizations - Hwanghwa Civilization

 The occurrence of the Yellow River civilization.

The Yellow River civilization was a civilization that occurred in the red clay layer of the Yellow River basin, and Neolithic culture took place from around 5000 to 4000 BC. millet rice and millet were cultivated, and dogs and pigs were also raised. The Yellow River civilization is divided into the Longsan culture and the Yangsao culture.

The Yangsao culture (upstream of the Yellow River) is from 4000 to 2000 BC (not accurate). They made and used lacquered earthenware. Representative places of this culture are Yang Sao in Henan Province. That's why this culture is called Yang Sao Culture of Yang Sao culture. 

The Longsan Culture (downstream of the Yellow River) is estimated to be around 2500-1500 BC. Black clayware was used throughout the Yellow River and East Asia. It is called the Longsan Culture because its center is Longsan Mountain in Shandong Province.

At the end of the Neolithic period, bronze was invented and bronze was used. The strong side overpowered the weak side to build a dynasty. China's first dynasty was the Silver Kingdom. Silver uses Gapgol characters and elaborate bronze tools. During the Spring and Autumn Warring States period, the agricultural revolution took place by using iron. As a result, large-scale repair work was carried out, and as a result, farming became efficient, cultivated area expanded, and harvest increased. These promoted the development of the monetary economy, and the development of the monetary economy was also driven by the prosperity of commerce and industry, which brought about the prosperity of the city and the wealth of the state. Various luxurious relics found in China are set in this situation.

The spread of the Yellow River civilization.

From the beginning of history, the center of Chinese culture was in the Yellow River basin through the era of silver and state, and it seems that the same condition continued for some time even after entering the War-Korea period through the era of unification of the short Qin Dynasty. Around the time of Jeonhan's Muje (171 BC to 87 BC), ironware was almost distributed and regional differences in productivity were reduced, and culture was also averaged nationwide. The Yellow River civilization, which has a long tradition, has spread widely and has developed into a uniform culture.

It is questionable why the Yellow River basin, where red clay dust blows, blossomed the brilliant flowers of ancient Chinese civilization. Rather, wouldn't the quantum river basin be good for civilization to come up with? There are also questions like that.

 The ancient Chinese world, where traffic was not developed, was the best place for people to walk in and out of the Yellow River basin due to its relatively flatness and few mountains. Frequent human traffic means that transactions of production and consumption will occur frequently. Five thousand years ago, the Yangtze River basin at that time was an unknown world and remote area for people living in the Yellow River as it showed a subtropical pattern infested with marsh, swamps, shrubs, dense primeval forests, crocodiles, hippos, elephants, snakes, insects and barbarians. The loess plateau in the Yellow River basin was a little barren, but it had very suitable conditions for farming. The thick red clay layer of land had few stones and rocks, and there was no dense forest, so it was easy to cultivate and plow fields. Moreover, the slightly dry and cool climate was optimal for growing wheat and millet.

 In particular, the Shanxi Province, Seomseoseong Province, Gansu Province, and Ningshahui Autonomous Region in the middle of the Yellow River form a thick and continuous sedimentary layer of Ross. The Hwangto Plateau forms a climate point between the wet monsoon regions in the south and east and the desert regions in the north and west, has low humidity, is located at an altitude of 500 to 2,000m above sea level, and winter is very dry and cold. Spring is also very dry, with 70% of precipitation concentrating in July, August, and September.

 Most of the Hubei Plain is formed by the soil flowing down the middle and downstream of the Hwanghe River.The amount of mud contained in the running water is so large that it is called "six muds in a horse of water," that 1.38 billion tons of mud are transported downstream a year.

 In other words, the Yellow River basin in the past was dry with a continental climate and fertile red clay deposited to form a red clay zone, so the Yellow River civilization took place in the Yellow River.

Great Wall of China.

It reaches the western self-defense hall from the eastern Sanhaegwan, and the total length of the map will be about 2,700km, but in fact, it will reach 5,000km. The origin of Jangseong originated from the ritual of the Spring and Autumn Period, and several countries, including Yeon, Jo, Wi, and Elementary, built Jangseong in national cities. When Emperor Xi of Qin unified the world in 221 BC, in 214 BC, the fortress built by Yeon and Jo on the north side was expanded and renovated, and in the south of Gansu Province, the west of the Hwanghagang River, extended eastward along the Insan Mountain Range to Liao-dong's chest. At the end of the 2nd century BC, Muje extended the general to Okmungwan outside Dunhwang, the western end of the territory.

 

The generals of the Jin-Han period stretched far north than the current ones, and the reason why they moved south to their current location was to prepare for the invasion of Kitan and stone palaces. In other words, the northern latitude reinforced the fortress in the early 5th century, and another fortress wall was built near the capital Pyeongseong in the middle. In addition, in the middle of the 6th century, Bukje built a fortress from the northwest of today's Dung and Sanhaigwan, and then built a neutral fortress in the place corresponding to the current Neichangcheong. On the other hand, Jangseong Fortress, which runs south along the Taihang Mountains in the northern part of the border between Henanseong Fortress and Sanseoseong Fortress today, seems to have been built around that time as a defense measure against Bukju. After that, the Su Dynasty built a general on the south side of Ordos and expanded the game to much north of the general during the time, so it did not need a general as a defense line, and after the five generations, it was almost neglected because it was under the occupation of the northern people.

 

It was in the Ming Dynasty that Jangseong had the current scale from Sanhaigwan to Jawigwan. Reinforcement began from the Yeongnak Year (1403-1424), and the Jangseong Fortress on the south side of Ordos was contracted during the orthodox Year (1436-1449), and the Jangseong Fortress on the south side of Ordos (1522-146) was completed through the western end of Ordos in the mid-15th to early 16th century. The Ming Dynasty divided this Jangseong area into nine military districts and established a solid inertia in the transportation hub through the Jangseong, that is, Yenmungwan, Zhu Yunggwan, Gubaikou, and Jangjakou.

After the Qing Dynasty, military significance was lost, and it became only a political and administrative boundary line between mainland China and Manchuria and Mongolia. On the other hand, the materials for construction are sun-dried bricks, pancakes, and stones, and the walls are 6-9m high, 4.5m wide, and 9m wide. It is listed on UNESCO's World Heritage List.

Qin Shi Huangneung Royal Tomb.

It is also called Yeosanneung Tomb as the tomb of Qin Shi Huang, who founded the Qin Dynasty. With a height of 116m, a length of 2.5m, and a length of 600m on all sides, as many as 700,000 prisoners were mobilized to carry out the construction.

The coffin was cast in the east, and the inside of the tomb was filled with models such as palaces and pavilions and various rare treasures. In addition, the mercury modeled after the Yellow River, the quantum crown, and the sea, continued to flow, and the sun, the moon, and stars engraved with pearls sparkled in the ceiling to spread the world on the ground. In addition, candles were made from whale oil and lighting facilities were set up. In addition, a bow was installed inside so that it can be automatically fired immediately when a thief invades. When Qin Shi Huang died and was buried in the tomb, all concubines were buried alive, and immediately after the burial, all the doors in the tomb were locked to keep it secret, causing all those who participated to die alive, and trees were planted on the tomb to look like mountains.

In addition, tens of thousands of thefts, including servants and servants who worship Qin Shi Huang, guards, and war horses, were placed inside the tomb, and some were even made by covering copper water boiling alive.

 

Banpo ruins.

It is the standard relic of the Banpo-type Yangsao culture. It was discovered in 1953 and excavated and investigated five times from 1954 to 1957 by the Archaeological Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to discover many remains and relics such as houses, tombs, and storage pits. The site of the house is rectangular, circular, and oval, and its structure is semi-basement and flat knowledge. 250 tombs, including wooden tombs, jar tombs, and wooden coffin tombs, were found.

Most of the relics are earthenware, including grayish brown earthenware, red clayware, and black clayware. There are many animal patterns in this saturation, but you can also see geometric patterns. It is rich in stoneware and bone fragments, and there are many horses in stoneware, while there are few banmas and other products. In addition, bones such as pigs, dogs, deer, sheep, etc. were excavated from millet habitat and tombs, indicating that grains and vegetables were cultivated and livestock were raised.

 

The ruins of Maodigou.

Neolithic ruins in Maodigou, San Hsien County, Hunan Province, China.

It is located in the south coast of Qinglongjen, 2,8km southeast of Sanshen Province. It was discovered in 1953 as the remains of two cultures, Yang Sao and Longsan, and was excavated and investigated twice in 1956 and 1957.

At the bottom of the ruins, representative types of Yangsao culture were excavated, including the main foot type and bowl-type earthenware of the black colored gate characterized by leaf-shaped curved patterns called the Maodigou type.

On the upper floor, relics representing the early days of the Longsan culture, named the second culture of Moudigou, were excavated. Residential sites, key sites, Hwagang, and graveyards were found in this ruins, and earthenware, stone tools, and bone carvings were excavated. In addition, the emergence of new agricultural equipment and the discovery of livestock patterns such as cattle and goats in addition to pigs and dogs in the past prove the development of economic life. In addition, the discovery of this relic proved that the Longsan culture developed from the Yangsao culture.