Goguryeo Army VS Rome Army - Who is the strongest?

 1. Introduction - Anyone interested in history would have wanted to compare the power of Goguryeo, which had the greatest military power of our people, with the power of Rome, which was the strongest in Western ancient history. I've always wondered if I'm interested in warriors in Bonhae-do, but when I see them argue from time to time, I wrote with short skills to correct unicellular and blind thoughts, not fragmentary, such as "Koguryo has strong cavalry and Rome doesn't have any cavalry. Of course, in conclusion, the history should be a field of thorough objectivity and reason that excludes emotions, although we appreciated Goguryeo's military power more. Based on this thorough data, we only gained the upper hand by analyzing it coolly. However, what I want to say in the article below is not to determine the victory or defeat in the war between Goguryeo and Rome. War is a comprehensive art that requires all factors to be considered, including weapons, strategy, geography, politics, and production capacity, war is meaningless and impossible because it includes numerous unpredictable variables, including total strategy, military power, political power, economic power, social infrastructure, and even ethnicity. If so, is it to determine the victory or defeat of a one-off battle? This is not it either. The most important thing in the battle is also the tactical capabilities of the General (like the Battle of Zama, if Hannibal had defeated and won the Roman army despite the inferiority of cavalry forces, he would have become the best general of the time, as he said. Hannibal's words prove that the most important thing in battle is the commander's ability) What he wants to say as a whole is the difference in the level of each ancient civilization in the East and the West. The nation's all-out power is concentrated in the army, which carries fate on its shoulders at the forefront of the country. Soldiers and officers teach the most efficient and sophisticated strategies and tactics of the civilization of the time, and armament and other equipment reflect the state-of-the-art science and technology of the civilization of the time. Therefore, the overall power of each army is immediately the same as a measure of its civilization level. By comparing the power of the two forces, we want to show a large gap in the level between the two civilizations. (Of course, there is a big difference of more than 300 years in the heyday of the two countries, but it should be taken into account that in ancient times, science and technology advances were not as rapid as modern times, and Europe declined after the fall of Rome.) If it is still unacceptable, why don't we compare the forces of contemporary Byzantine and Goguryeo? 2) 2. The main point (1) Comparing the total forces of both armies. Goguryeo - Goguryeo has no choice but to estimate it. Later, when King Balhae Mu ordered his younger brother Daemunye to play Heuksumalgal, Daemunye refused the order and said, "[Strategy] When Goryeo was in full swing, it was recorded in [Sindangseo] "Balhaejeon", so many people estimate Goguryeo's total force to be about 300,000. However, at the time of Tang Tae-jong's mother's reign, when the Tang army captured Yodongseong Fortress and marched to Ansiseong Fortress, Yeon Gaesomun dispatched 150,000 troops recruited from the southern and northern parts of Goguryeo. Since 40% to 150,000 of the entire country, a simple arithmetic calculation results in a total number of 375,000.150,000 are left because the defense forces must remain in the north.It cannot be said that the entire northern army was mobilized, so it is believed that the total number of troops, including Goguryeo's interceptors and standing forces, will be more than 400,000. (Of course, this is only possible in the late Goguryeo period, and there is no record of all troops before that, so it is impossible to estimate). There are some fragmentary records of how many troops were deployed in an operation, but it's not enough to estimate the total number of troops.) 로마. Rome - Rome traditionally did not have regular troops and recruited troops as needed. According to [Romasa], there were about 750,000 men of military service age in the 3rd century BC.In the first century, the number of troops increased to about 500,000 combined with the two armies, but it was only a temporary army, and in fact, after the civil war, Octavian greatly reduced the number of troops and stayed in the standing army. From then to Oh Hyeon-je, about 25-30 legions, about 300,000-400,000 troops, are divided into each defense line. The main force of the Roman Legio was literally Legion, a lieutenant general infantry, and cavalry became the main force of the military after the 3rd century AD to prepare for the invasion of German cavalry. In addition, as Karakala grants citizenship to the residents, the distinction between corpses and standing forces disappears, and the number of troops increases significantly to about 400,000 to 500,000 as they respond to German invasion through the era of military emperors. c. Comprehensive and Remarks - Goguryeo and Rome overlap in times, but it is very difficult to simply compare them to the same time. The 1st and 2nd centuries AD were so-called Pax Romana, and Goguryeo was only in the early days of its founding, and Rome was long destroyed during Goguryeo's reign of King Yeongyang, the heyday of Goguryeo's population and overall national power. Therefore, we have no choice but to compare each heyday. As described above, Goguryeo also had 300,000 to 400,000 troops, and Rome had a total of 180,000 corps soldiers and 350,000 assistants in total during the reign of Emperor Trajan, which had active conquest projects such as conquering Dhakia. Therefore, Goguryeo seems to be ahead, but it is not an accurate figure, so it can be said to be almost the same. Here we can see that Rome's national power has been greatly exaggerated. Roman citizens alone had a population of more than 50 million, and the central government built a well-organized administrative network across the country, built 150,000 kilometers of roads, and stabilized trade routes across the Mediterranean Sea. Why can the level of the country or civilization be measured with the total force? This is because the total force does not simply mean military power, but represents the overall national level, such as the state's economic and technological power, the level of administrative network, and the central government's control. This is because if the central government's local control disappears and the administrative network collapses like the end of Silla, it will be difficult for the military to operate 1,000 people even if the population reaches hundreds of millions. (Of course, it does not apply to modern countries.) Western civilization remained at a terrifying and childish level until the pre-modern medieval period after the fall of Rome, indicating that Rome's civilization and national power were relatively highlighted. Goguryeo also had international trade and relay trade rights connecting the northern people, China, and the Korean Peninsula, and since the reign of King Jangsu, the war with the continent has disappeared, peace and economic power have been greatly prosperous, and the unique fresco technique shown in Grain's construction and murals. Based on the contents of War and History - The Three Kingdoms, I will add and describe the contents of this year. (The opinions on whether this is an honor guard or an actual army are divided, but if this is ignored, there is no data at all.) For reference, the tomb No. 3 of Anak is presumed to be the tomb of Dongsu, which was built in the 4th to 5th centuries.) For reference, most of the knives used by Goguryeo army were Jikdo Island, Hwandudaedo Island. a. Heavy Armored Infantry 1 - He wore a helmet on his head, slanted armor with short sleeves only on his upper body, wore a hook spear on his shoulder, a knife on his waist, and a thin and elongated shield. I think it's a lieutenant general infantry force that creates a dense formation with a thin and elongated shield to stop the enemy from charging cavalry and drag the knight from the horse with a hook window. b. Heavy Armored Infantry 2 - It is the same as the Heavy Armored Infantry written on top, but it is different that the shield is round and wider. Therefore, the formation of this infantry would have been more convenient for white soldiers wielding swords because it was wider than the formation of the above infantry, so it would have been composed of great infantry like Greece with circular shields or Rome with oval shields. c. Police infantry - Police infantry used Dobusu (Monthly Wed), which uses axes, but they are rarely armed with armor or other weapons. Since he couldn't even wear armor, his social status would have been very low and his combat ability would not have been very strong. Rather than bumping into enemies on the first line, it would have been used as a ministry unit, such as attacking enemies who fell off horses or fell on the second line and fell behind allies, or attacking enemies like Roman soldiers. Still, it seems that it was an essential unit, given that axes were found in Goguryeo military sites, including the Achasan Mountain bastion.

Gungbyeong - A powerful 120 to 127cm long Macgung was used, and he wore slanted armor with no sleeves at all, and did not use pitching, which is believed to be due to securing visibility. In addition, during the reign of King Sansang of Goguryeo, archery soldiers in Goguryeo could not have been armed with archery because the manufacturing method was complicated and the unit price was very high, but some elite units, officers, and warriors would have been armed with archery. e. Heavy and long-term cavalry - The only areas exposed to the air were faces and hands, Goguryeo's unique 5.4m long and 6-9kg weight, and a knife on its waist (China or nomadic people used about 4m long yarn) and Goguryeo owned a rich iron mine. In fact, King Dongcheon mobilized 20,000 troops when he fought against the official sword forces, of which ironware accounted for as much as 5,000, accounting for a quarter of all troops, so it would not have been too much to occupy the main power of all troops. (There is a controversy over whether King Dongcheon's ironware is simply elite cavalry or mid- to long-term disease, but it is considered a mid- to long-term disease based on the record that 5,000 irons were at the forefront.) f. Gyeonggi-do-Anak Tomb murals are armed with no armor at all, making it difficult to know the exact substance. However, what is certain is that the economic soldiers were operated in contrast to the mid- to long-term cavalry, and they would have carried out a maneuver to cover the charge of the mid- to long-term cavalry and disrupt the enemy. b. Rome: 3~4 kinds of a. Heavy Armored Infantry (Legion) - Originally held an oval shield of 1.2m wide and 1.5m long, but later changed to a rectangular shield. Each two to three meters long spear and one javelin were carried, and the third row of triarii did not carry a javelin. And originally, a single-edged sword was used, but Scipio Africanus accepted Spain's double-edged dagger and carried the famous Gladius, which became the etymology of Gladiator. b. Alarm soldiers (Velites) - almost without armor and armed with knives, catchers, and circular shields, consisting of the poorest four to five classes of citizens. Of the 10,000 soldiers in one corps, 1,200 were in charge of the first neck-and-neck battle, but after the Marius reform, they disappeared from the organization and used foreign allies such as Mallorca dialysis as allies. After the Augustus military reform, it loses its independence and disappears, consists of residents, and is organized in Auxiliaris, a mixture of various diseases such as cavalry and infantry. In addition, there is no record of how Rome operated the archer, but everyone only speculates that there is no organized record like the lieutenant general infantry or the alarm, but only what is known to have been used, so the above-described alarm replaced the role of the archer or included the archer in the alarm. c. Cavalry - There were only sports troops, and he rarely wore armor and did not use a bow. The armed forces were also poor, so there were only catchers, knives, and circular shields, and there was no back, so even with only a spear, it was impossible to carry out a shocking operation to break down the camp, and it was only to approach and throw. In Rome, cavalry mobility and breakthrough were not properly recognized, so they did not value cavalry power, so they did not know how to use cavalry mobility only for battles between cavalry and right-handed tactics, and only used mobility to chase defeated enemies. After Hannibal and Scipio, so-called "genius masters," cavalry detour tactics were used, but as mentioned above, due to the weak armament, they could not exert more power than infantry. After Marius and Augustus' reform, cavalry of Roman citizens almost disappeared, Galia, and Numidia were used as allies. c. Comprehensive and Remark- First of all, Goguryeo is twice as many as Rome in the number of warships, so it can be said that the range of tactics that can be said to be organic. In addition, Goguryeo's heavy and medium-sized cavalry, archer, and airborne infantry are powerful, especially Goguryeo's heavy and Persian cavalry were different from Rome's Parthian and Persian cavalry, and archer learned Parthian rhetoric 360 degrees forward. You can think of Mongolian archer soldiers) Roman troops would have been helpless because they did not have enough soldiers to respond to Goguryeo troops and could not respond tactically with existing ones like elephant units. In addition, Goguryeo forces dominate the Roman army in terms of the quality of each disease. Above all, Roman cavalry could not carry out a shocking operation because they had no back and only swords and spears, and even the cavalry could not be a rival to Goguryeo's mid- to long-term cavalry or archer. In addition, Goguryeo archers were armed with powerful and powerful Macgungs, so their existence was unclear and Roman cavalry armed with crude dangungs could not be compared to Roman archers, and Roman cavalry, who rarely wore armor, would fall under the full fire of Goguryeo archers. In addition, the Roman army itself was weak against the royal army, perhaps because it did not put meaning on the history of the royal army and did not use it much. For example, you can see from the battle of Karay, where all troops below Krasus were completely wiped out, except for Casius' 500 cavalry, who fled to Parthia's second-class army and few archers. However, it is unknown because there is no record of Goguryeo's heavy general infantry's proficiency, social position, and military system, but the largest number of soldiers could not be composed of nobles or professional warriors, so it could be conscripted less than Roman legions who were trained and social status. This is the same for Gojoseon, Buyeo, Baekje, Silla, and Daeshinra before Goryeo, but we will refer to the organization of Goryeo, which was the closest to Goguryeo with existing data and promoted internally and externally to inherit Goguryeo. The minimum unit of Goryeo-gun was 25 people, under the direction of Daejeong, the 9th class of the bell, and the top unit was under the direction of Gyowi (or Owi), the 9th class of 50 people, and on top of it, there were 200 unit units (name: Jeon Ji-so), and five deputy generals gathered. Theorem: 25 people (명) - 50 people (() - 200 people (장) Nangjang Unit - 1,000 people ()) - There is one example that shows the possibility that Goguryeo actually achieved such a detailed organization. In 645, when Tang Tae-jong's mother-in-law captured Liaodongseong Fortress and marched to Ansiseong Fortress, Yeon Gaesomun supported 150,000 troops in the northern and southern regions to the point where Dang Tae-jong jumped up in surprise. At this time, Ko Yeon-soo, the commander of Goguryeo forces, surrenders with 36,800 Goguryeo troops, and Tang Tae-jong Lee Se-min takes 3,500 officer-level warriors out of here and escapes them to the mainland and releases all the rest. (The reason for the release of the remaining 30,000 is that without an officer, it becomes a completely useless army.) 36800335001010.5, which shows that every 10 people had one sergeant-level commander or officer. b. Rome - Rome's organization has changed about three or four times, and I will describe the organization from the expansion period, Marius Reform, to the Caesar Period, and from the heyday of Augustus to the present era. After the Marius Reform, Manipulus, which tied the Caucasian, almost lost its meaning, and the Cohors, led by Tribunus Militum, emerged as the backbone. Two 100 white troops under the command of Captain White (Centurion) gather to form Manipulus, and three Manipulus gather again to form a 600-member cohort under the command of Tribunus Militum. (Manipulus remains in name and has no commander) Ten Cohors gather to form Legatus. It is almost the same after the Augustus military reform, but the six Caucasian Taiwan members of the first cohort of each legion consisted of 160 people, and the remaining 54 Caucasian groups of the second to 10 Caucos consisted of 80 people. Theorem: 80 to 160 Caucasian- 480 to 960 Cohores- 6,000 Corps c. Comprehensive and Remarks - What Roman forces outperform Macedonian and Greek Palanx is that organic tactics were possible by taking the Caucasian as the center and using the Cohorse as the minimum strategic unit, which is incomparably loose compared to Goguryeo. Goguryeo Army, which had one commander in almost every 10 people, would have been able to do much more organic and comprehensive tactics. (4) Comparing the tactics of the two armies. Goguryeo - In fact, there is no record of Goguryeo's own tactics. Let me describe a very standard tactic referring to the disease described above.

For now, Gungbyeongdae will be placed on the first line to form a fire net and fire all together to protect our cavalry, while breaking down the enemy's cavalry charge and breaking Yebong Peak to prevent infantry from advancing. When the enemy's central advance began, the archer would retreat behind the ranks of the lieutenant general infantry, shoot until just before the close battle, abandon the bow, and arm yourself with a knife after the shooting. Middle- and long-term cavalry, divided into two sides, would have aimed at the enemy's side and rear, while Gyeonggi soldiers would have moved with mid- and long-term cavalry to disrupt the enemy's side and rear with quick mobility. (If the enemy infantry's power is weak or in terrain, heavy and long-term cavalry may be placed in the center to make a full-scale breakthrough. If the enemy has mid- to long-term cavalry, it will face each other, but Rome has no mid- to long-term cavalry, so if it succeeds in breaking through the front or rear, a powerful mid- to long-term infantry will completely crush the enemy's camp or destroy the enemy's left and right forces quickly. These tactics are the basis of the completely standardized basics, and if you look at the soldiers of Mugyeongchilseo, including the famous Handicraft, Yukdo, Samryak, Owi Gongmun, and many other soldiers written before Goguryeo's fall, are they only gangsters and complicated? Goguryeo was also learning China's sophisticated and exquisite military techniques, and it can be said that it was freely used to the extent that it fought against the Chinese military and won the field. b. Rome - Before the Persian invasion of Greece, the Persian looked down on the Greek army because the number of cavalry was very small, they didn't know how to use it, they were infantry-oriented, and all the tactics were left-wing tactics to overpower the right-wing, which could not be defended with shields. (In fact, it was only twice that the Persian army lost to the Greek Army in Marathon and the Battle of Platai, and the Greek army was not significantly inferior to the Persian army in numbers in those two battles. Temistocles also gave up resistance on the ground and completely gave up Athens City.) Rome was not much different from Greece, but the organization was more subdivided and relatively organic, and the four rows of missions were divided into four rows: Belites, Hastati, Principes, and Triarii.Jooha didn't know he would use siege operations using cavalry, such as chasing cavalry. After Hannibal and Scipio, they finally opened their eyes to a bypass operation using cavalry mobility, but failed to utilize the cavalry's breakthrough power because they did not know the stirrup until the end and did not use the mid- to long-term cavalry. The basic tactics of the Roman army are as follows. When the first-line alarmists (Velites) start a neck-and-neck race, such as throwing a spear and flying an arrow, and the lieutenant general infantry begins to advance, the alarm escapes between the ranks of the lieutenant general infantry and is located in the rear. Once Hastati, located at the forefront of the Lieutenant General Infantry Corps, approaches about 20m, he throws a throwing spear and deploys a hundred troops with a knife, and Prinquipez, the best player, is put back on the front in time. If Prinquipez, the backbone and elite of the corps, does not win or allies are pushed back, veteran Triari will form a dense formation with a spear to secure allies, Hastati and Principes will step back between the Triari ranks and launch a full counterattack with Triari. When the enemy begins to lose, the alert returns to the battle line and pursues the enemy with the cavalry. c. Comprehensive and Remark - The Roman army faced only the same soldiers as alarmists, heavy infantry, cavalry, cavalry, and cavalry, and overall, it was not comprehensive with organic tactics. (Except for Alexandros), the middle army, and the right army. In other words, inefficient tactics were used by dismantling the battle of artists in a bad sense, such as fighting the same soldiers, losing infantry, and winning the cavalry, making the overall division of victory and defeat ambiguous. There is an anecdote that explains the strategy of our grandchild (maybe Son Bin) to compete with the opponent's middle horse, our middle horse against the opponent's hippo, and our hippo against the opponent's upper horse in the king's horse race. If these organic comprehensive tactics were used in the East, including China and Goguryeo, Greece, Rome and the West remained at a childish level, where detailed matches were blurred and overall matches were blurred without a clear scenario. Only Alexandros will be free from this criticism, and the so-called "genius master," Piroz, Hannibal, Scipio, and Caesar, were better, but they are only rudimentary steps compared to the more detailed and complex oriental military methods. Perhaps if an ordinary general from ancient Eastern times went to the West, he would have become another "genius master", and if the "genius master" from ancient Western times went to the East, he would only be a commander of the regiment. 3. Conclusion - I don't have much to say because I've said everything in the introduction and main story above, but I'd like to point out once again that Rome's national power and civilization level were exaggerated, and that Goguryeo was another brilliant Eastern civilization country against China. And as explained in the introduction, the level of an army in a country soon becomes a measure of the level of civilization, and as compared to the above text, Goguryeo troops overwhelmed Roman troops in almost every way. It objectively proves that the so-called Goguryeo civilization is ahead of Rome's civilization, which reaches the highest point of pre-modern Western civilization, but at least it is not bad. However, it was reduced and accepted because there was a bigger force called China right next to it, and it was not recognized properly because there were not many records left until now and we had poor history education, but if you faithfully enter the data, you will see the above results. I want to try to make the day come when I can know Goguryeo accurately and clearly enough to extinguish the burning light of intellectual desire for Goguryeo, which I will realize its greatness the more I know it.