greatness of modern France

 Louis XIV, the 17th-century sun king, established the strongest European country, including centralization, 400,000 standing forces (previously dependent on mercenaries), and the construction of the Versailles Palace, but came to his son Louis XV in the 18th century and played with his wife. After his death while running in luxury, he came to his son's age of 16 and exploded. Louis XVIsen, in fact, showed signs of reform, including the appointment of reformist bureaucrats, but failed due to opposition from aristocrats such as dismissing them. It is as if she has been charged with the sins of her father and grandfather... ...and so is her wife, Marie Antoinette, the Austrian Princess Marie Antoinette. At the beginning of the revolution in 1789, moderate reformers such as Lafayette, the French war hero of the American Revolution, respected kings and queens, but after the king and queen were captured trying to flee to Austria in 1792, they gained superpower. Dismissed and established the First Republic. Prussia and Austria-centered German forces invaded, but they were defeated in Balmi. German poet Goethe participated in the war and said, "Today, a new history has begun..." The following year, Robespierre and Mara and other super-strong forces executed kings and queens and carried out terrorist politics for about a year and a half. A lot of people are guillotine. The problem is the same revolutionary comrades. Robespierre is known as a very upright dictator, but he was finally arrested in 1794 for the Thermidor Rebellion and himself was guillotine. The murder of Marado. Tell them to go after the conservative reformers... ...who are over-meetin. Addictive goods. Enjoy. However, he defended them in "Termidor" by Kim Hye-rin, an old romance cartoon. That's because they have ...Ajumma Bichunmoo writer democratic wind or ....... the June Struggle, as the North Sea stars year, when ssangpal After ..........., Talleyrand, Alfred Foucher and other bureaucratic corruption (Instead, salsanggeuk at least, who's worse ... or neom), Republic of Korea, run in 1799, Napoleon was a coup. Napoleon was 1792 spotlight as the Battle of Toulon after Italy, Wednesday afternoon for Egyptian expedition. Egypt has failed. Napoleon once took office in the Caudillo.. were all over Europe and at war since 1792 France. Drop the Republic of Korea, and 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte emperor by becoming. The first war more aggressively to countries at the same time, then sweep through the transition to the offense, the Europe ............... jjalbang the splendor of the What did I say? If possible, I want all ........... the king of Italian king of Spain and Germany, Netherlands, King children and the Corsica chonneom neundao. But Russian expedition failed and lost the Battle of Leipzig next year of 1812, 1814, Russia, Austria, Prussia after the fall of Paris. For The most notorious Russian troops are coming to Paris. Corsica, Napoleon was once home to Elba near gwiyangga me come back next year. Gooch in the battle of Waterloo peuroisengun he lost the game. In 1815, Napoleon escaping Elba is the opportunistic attitude of the French newspapers until they reached the North Pole, Paris = > ........ "criminals escape the island!" "The general advanced crushing force" "Her Majesty the great osidwa in Paris!" with Alfred Foucher, the epitome of opportunism, and what money for military ................. yakadwa ............., 1821, in the South Atlantic island of St. Helena a British colony near as much as Africa this time until his death have endured your captivity. As a British governor to be insulted. Ssaemtong. ....... but it turns on Allied's largest contributor to Russia are England? About four million people died in the Napoleon War. Half of them are French. Of course, it's nothing compared to the 10 million-unit world war, but except for the war, it's the biggest casualty in European history along with the Thirty Years' War. Louis XVII returned in 1814. The grandson or nephew of Louis XVI? To be exact... ...Pushet was an opportunist and died after a cold reception. On the other hand, Talalang continues to be rich and noble. The French Revolution of July 1830 expelled Charles X, the last king of Bourbon Street, and the spirit of revolution continues. I don't respect Roh Moo Hyun either! This establishes the superiority of the East-West political system. The Jews were also freed from the ghetto... ...before, for example, until the 18th century, Chinese culture was so popular in Europe that the Qing Dynasty of China and Edo of Japan were so popular. Qianlong and others... I don't know about the economic power of the Joseon Dynasty in Korea, but I don't think the political system was bad. However, this established the superiority of politics among all Western fields. During the same period, the Industrial Revolution is underway. Japan only fully accepted it after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, and since 1861, China has pursued the "East West Book Period" (the harmony of Eastern and Western civilizations......it is true, but the reality is absurd) of the 1894 Sino-Japanese War in 1894. After the opening of the port in 1876, we went similar to China, and in 1894, it was the Gabo Police Station, which was a full-scale Western civilization. To be honest, it's too late... ...by the middle of the 19th century, the superiority of Western civilization is clear, but Korea and China will not let go of Eastern civilization until the end of the 19th century. The past system was abolished only in 1894 in Korea and 1906 in China. It would not have been easy for Goryeo to abolish the millennium-old system. ===================================================I've come! Boseam. 1789 Jeremy Bentham published a preface on the principles of morality and legislation. 1789 George Washington was elected the first president of the United States. 1792 King Gustav III of Sweden was killed. 1792 Russia and Prussia invaded Poland. 1794 Robespierre executed. After the reign of terror, the Thermidor Rebellion began. For centuries, the world's political history has been filled with countless examples of ambitious people who try to overthrow or overthrow the regime, and monarchs and kingdoms who reign. At the end of the 18th century, a new phenomenon began to occur. The common people stood up against the monarchy that ruled them...Then he won. These were important revolutions that took place in major countries such as Britain and France, not just unrelated examples that took place in neighboring countries. First of all, the British colony of North America declared independence and emerged as a new country. Next, the French people, tired of the tyranny of the House of Bourbon kings, revolted against Louis XVI, who had ruled as the fifth king of Bourbon since 1774. Both the middle class and the poor have long been dissatisfied with the rule and privileges of the aristocracy, but it was Louis who declared that he would exempt them from taxes that ignited their anger and led to the revolution. On July 14, 1789, a huge crowd swept through Bastille, a prison in Paris. At that time, Louis XVI, who was staying at Versailles Palace, was surprised but helpless when the people declared themselves citizens of France and no longer subjects of the King of France. Louis XVI did not know to what extent the people were dissatisfied because he had not been in touch with reality for so long. Marie Antoinette, a similarly foolish Austrian-born queen, said, "Then eat the cake!" when she was told that the people were angry because there was no bread to eat. As the revolution accelerated, anarchy broke out in France, especially in Paris. The king, queen, and her family were detained in parliament and later imprisoned. Finally, in the winter of 1792-3, they were decapitated from guillotine one by one. Monarchs of neighboring countries such as Austria, Prussia, and the UK threatened to invade the new republic, which is now ruled by a committee known as the National Convention. Finally, Prussia launched an attack. Not only did the French Republic defeat Prussia, but it also attacked the Netherlands and captured Savoy. However, in his home country, the central coalition that overthrew the king began to divide. In 1795, the National Council was replaced by another committee known as the Director-General (Directoire). However, this system failed to create a truly democratic republic. In 1799, the First French Republic failed. Although the Republic did not recover until 1848, and would not return until 1871 and become permanent, the absolute monarchy of Bourbon was gone forever. Eventually, the seeds of reform were sown that would bring down all the absolute monarchy in Europe. 1. French Revolution - Rebellion - 1789 Events - New System - French and European Revolution and Counter-Revolution - War, King's Execution, Terrorism - Governor's Government and the Spread of Revolution 2. Others... ♣France-Prussian War ♣ The French Revolution, a major revolution that shook France from 1789 to 1799. It reached its first peak in 1789. Therefore, the commonly used word "1789 Revolution" refers to the end of the Angsien Regime in France and is also used to distinguish it from the later revolutions of 1830 and 1848. Although historians do not agree on the motives of this revolution, the following factors are generally cited. ① France had the largest population in Europe and could not feed this population enough. ② The wealthy bourgeoisie, who was expanding their power, was more thoroughly systematically excluded from political power than in any other country. ③ Farmers were seriously aware of their situation and tended to support anachronistic and burdensome feudal system. ④ Philosophy advocating social and political reform has spread more widely in France than anywhere else. ⑤ As a result of France's participation in the American Revolutionary War, the nation's finances were completely destroyed. Rebellion began to take shape in February 1787, when the finance minister, Charles Alexandre de Kalon, convened a prestigious society (a parliament of high priests, great aristocrats, and a handful of bourgeois representatives), proposed increasing taxes collected from privileged groups to create fiscal deficits.

The council rejected Kalon's reform proposal and instead called for a triad of clergy, nobles, and third members that had not been convened since 1614. Despite this resistance, when Kalon's successors tried to push ahead with reform, a rebellion of "noblets" broke out. In particular, the resistance of Parlemang, the High Court, was strong, but the power of the High Court was reduced by the edict of May 1788.In the spring and summer of 1788, there was a disturbance in Paris, Grenoble, Dijon, Toluse, Forens, etc. King Louis XVI yielded to this and summoned Jacques Necker to the cabinet. Necker promised to convene the Triad on May 5, 1789. In addition, he actually allowed freedom of speech, and France was flooded with brochures containing various ideas for national reconstruction. The Trinity election, held between January and April 1789, coincided with the growing unrest due to poor harvest in 1788. In fact, no class was excluded from the vote. Voters filled out a petition containing their complaints and wishes. The delegates elected to the Trinity were 600 third-party representatives, 300 aristocratic representatives, and 300 clergy representatives. The Triad was convened at the Palace of Versailles on May 5, 1789. They soon split over the fundamental issue. Are we going to use plagiarism based on the number of people? The third status was advantageous if the former was decided on whether to use the voting method for each status, and if the latter was decided, the two privileged classes were to press the third status. In the fierce battle over this legal issue, third-party delegates gained the support of the aristocracy, which the king showed favor with. The third status ignored the king and held a meeting on the tennis court on June 20 to raise his family's pledge not to be separated until a new constitution was enacted in France. The king reluctantly gave in and encouraged clergy and nobles to form a constitutional National Assembly by incorporating a third status. At the same time, however, they began to call up troops to disperse them. The fact that they tried to deceive each city and province for two months at a time when the problem of continuous food shortages reached its peak made each city and province angry. Rumors that the king and the privileged had set up a "noble conspiracy" to overturn the Third Reunion led to the Grand Peur in July 1789, and the farmers were terrified and out of their minds. When troops were deployed around Paris and Necker was dismissed, riots broke out in Paris. On July 14, 1789, the crowd occupied the Bastille, a symbol of the tyranny of the king. This incident was no longer a riot, but a revolution. The king had to give in once again. When he visited Paris, he showed that he approved national sovereignty after wearing a tricolored hat. During the Great War in July, farmers rose up against landowners in the provinces. Now the nobles and the bourgeoisie were terrified. The National Assembly realized that there was only one way to calm farmers, and on the night of August 4, 1789, it promulgated a feudal system and a decree abolishing the 1/10 tax. He then adopted the Declaration of Human and Civil Rights (8.26), proclaiming freedom, equality, inviolability of private property, and the right to resist oppression. The king refused to approve the decree of August 4 and the declaration of human and civil rights were very innovative. The crowd in Paris rose again and marched to Versailles on October 5. The next day the crowd brought the king's family to Paris. The Constitutional National Assembly was newly established with the court officials and worked on a new constitution in Paris. [New system] The Constitutional National Assembly has abolished the feudal system and abolished the old order. Civil equality (only in France because of the continued slave system in the colony) was achieved, and equality of rights was established to qualify for public office. The decision to attribute church-owned land to the state in order to liquidate public bonds led to extensive redistribution of wealth. The bourgeoisie and self-employed farmers undoubtedly benefited the most, but some agricultural workers were also able to buy land. The National Assembly, which deprived the church of its source of income, decided to reorganize the church by enacting the Framework Act on Civil Affairs for Priests as the next measure. However, the Pope and most of the French clergy rejected the law. This began to cause division, fueling violence along with controversy. The complex administrative system of the Angsien Regime was swept away by the Constitutional National Assembly, and instead, a reasonable system was established in which France was divided into states, counties, districts, and communities to rule by an election-based parliament. The principles that form the basis of the law's progress have also changed fundamentally, and this system has been introduced into new administrative districts. The judge was appointed by election. The Constitutional National Assembly tried to establish a constitutional monarchy system in which the king and parliament share legislative and administrative powers. This constitutional monarchy might have been possible if the king had sincerely wanted to rule with new authority. But Louis XVI was weak and indecisive, and was nothing but a prisoner of aristocracy and advisers. From June 20th to 21st, 1791, he attempted to escape France. But he was stopped in Baren and sent back to Paris. A series of events in France gave new hope to revolutionaries in the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, and other countries that suffered from the devastation years ago. In addition, everyone who wanted change in Britain, Ireland, Germany, the Hamsburg Empire, Italy, etc. sympathized with the revolution. Revolutionary clubs have been rigged in all these countries. Many counter-revolutionaries in France, nobles, priests, and some bourgeoisie, abandoned their domestic battles and fled. Many of these "refugees" called up troops near the northeastern border of France and sought support from European monarchs. European monarchs were initially indifferent to revolution, but became impatient when the French National Assembly declared the revolutionary principles of international law: that each citizen had the right to self-determination. Pope Avignon was reintegrated into France on September 13, 1791, in accordance with these principles. France and other European countries' goals have only deepened. Foreign supporters of the revolution were collectively referred to as Jacobians, and on April 20, 1792, France finally declared war on Austria and Prussia. In the first phase of the Revolutionary War (1792-4-9), France repeatedly lost. The Austrian-Prussian coalition crossed the border and advanced quickly toward Paris. The French revolutionaries believed that the king and nobles had betrayed them, and on August 10, 1792, they occupied the palace where the king lived, and imprisoned the king's family. In early September, the Parisian crowd attacked prisons and slaughtered nobles and priests who had been imprisoned. Meanwhile, as the revolution awakened democracy, volunteer forces continued to flock to the army. The French held back the Prussian army on September 20, 1792, with all their might. On the same day a new parliament - National Convention was convened. The next day the National Convention is the monarchy has declared and the establishment of a republic. The Revolutionary Armed Forces in (9 to 1793, 1792. 4) the second phase of the war troops defeated the enemy. The French, Belgium, Savoy, Savoy, the occupation of the Nice and abolished the feudal system here. In Korea, factions were divided into the Girondists, who hoped to build a bourgeois republic in France and spread the revolution across Europe, and the Lovespierre Mountainists, who wanted to give more political and economic power to the lower classes, but limited their revolutionary activities to France. King Louis XVI of the National Convention, despite efforts of the Girondins of treason, and on trial in which the death penalty is executed on Jan. 21, 1793. In 1793, spring, the Revolutionary War entered its third phase. The French, beaten more and more prosperous again. England formed a (First alliance called off later.) coalition, the alliance, Prussia and Austria joined almost all European monarchs. The invading troops displayed the Paris and hand over the Rhineland and threat to Belgium, France. The reversal of the charter as extremists in 1792 and strengthening the forces of the consequences. Girondins leaders have ostracized by the National Convention, and sans-culotte (workers, with craftsmen and a small trader, elbowed out, agricultural workers, etc.), supporting sanakttang thermidor Revolutionary calendar and power two years maintained power by the time (1794. 7. 27) rebound on March 9. The sanakttang jirongdeu party and they will be queen are liberal bourgeois as lot of pressure, and also radical in order to meet the needs of defense against the enemy and adopted liberal economic and social policy. These are the best plan to introduce (the government limit to limit the), levies on the rich and poor or economically better Government subsidy was paid to people who should be free and mandatory education, and declared that In addition, the exiled nobles and commandeer property sale. These special measures is strong opposition among the Vendée The counterrevolutionary revolt, in Provence, Normandy 'a federationist.', Lyon and Bordeaux's rebel uprising of the field, in Brittany olppaemidang a series of counterrevolutionary riot of (chouans) protest movement. However, the resistance was crushed by the politics of terror. Terrorist politics arrested at least 300,000 suspects, 17,000 of whom were sentenced to death and executed, and many more were killed in prison or without trial. At the same time, the revolutionary government recruited more than a million men. Thanks to the supplemented army, the Revolutionary War entered its fourth phase in the spring of 1794. Thanks to a brilliant victory over the Austrian army in Pleurus (1794 June 26), the French retook Belgium. With victory, terrorist politics and economic and social sanctions seemed meaningless. Robespierre, the "clean man" who oversaw various sanctions, was overthrown by the National Assembly on the 9th day of Thermidor, the second year of the revolution, and executed the next day. Following his downfall, the highest price system was soon abolished, and the royalist's "white terror" took place in the western and southeastern regions. The royalists tried to take control of Paris, but they were defeated by the young general Napoleon Bonaparte on the 13th day of the fourth year of the Revolutionary calendar. A few days later, the National Council was dissolved.

The Three-Year Revolutionary Constitution, passed by the National Assembly, stipulates that five presidents have executive power and legislative power in both houses (also known as the Senate and the 500-member legislative court). The bourgeois-Republican system of governance could have developed smoothly if the struggle between revolutionists and counter-revolutionaries had not continued throughout Europe throughout the war. However, wars worsened the existing hostility between the presidential and legislative governments, and often created new animosity. These conflicts ended with a coup d'état in the 5th year of the Revolutionary calendar, on the 18th day of Fructidor (1797 September 4), and a coup d'etat in the 8th year of the Revolutionary calendar, on the 18th day of Borumer (1799 November 9). The first coup abolished the governments themselves. The French army, which won the Pleurus, continued to advance to Europe. Rhineland and Holland were occupied, and in 1795, Holland, Tuscany, Prussia, and Spain negotiated peace. In 1796, when the French army led by Bonaparte entered Italy, Sardinia soon gave in. Austria was the last country to surrender (1797–Cammo Formio Treaty), and most of the countries occupied by France became "sister republics" and had a system that mimicked France. Peace on the European continent did not end the spread of the revolution. Most of the presidents listened to the appeal of foreign Jacobinists, taking over the wishes of the Girond Party, which tried to spread the revolution to Europe. Thus, in 1798 and 1799, the French army advanced to Switzerland, Papal States, and Naples, establishing the Republic of Helvetia, Rome, and Partenope, respectively. However, Britain was still at war with France. The Ministry of Finance, which could not expect a British landing, decided to threaten India's British government by occupying Egypt at Bonaparte's request. Bonaparte's expeditionary forces easily captured Egypt following Malta, but the fleet escorting the expeditionary forces was destroyed by Horatio Nelson's fleet on 1 August 1798 at Abukir Bay. The great powers, anxious about the progress of the revolution, were encouraged by the crushing defeat of the French army and formed a second alliance. The alliance, joined by Austria, Russia, Turkey, and the United Kingdom, won a great victory over the spring and summer of 1799 and forced the French army to retreat to the border. After returning to France, Bonaparte took advantage of the reputation of the government, which had been tarnished by military defeat, and his great reputation, overthrew the general government in a coup d'etat on the 18th of Brummer and established a government. Although Bonaparte declared that the revolution was over, he immediately spread a new form of revolution to the world.