2022년 3월 3일 목요일

Su-eun Kang Hang, a Korean scholar who helped develop Japan's educational culture by transferring Neo-Confucianism to Japan.

 Naesanseowon Confucian Academy, where Sueun Ganghang was enshrined. Gan Yang-rok, the theme song of a popular drama that aired in 1980, was a popular song sung by singer Cho Yong-pil. Ganyangrok, the title of this song, is a diary-type record written by Sueun Kang Hang, a Confucian scholar in the middle of the Joseon Dynasty, who was taken to Japan as a prisoner during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1597. Recently, in a Japanese city, Neugang Port is evaluated as the most remarkable historical figure, attracting our attention. In February 2002, there was a special meeting at Oz City Hall. It invited people from Yeonggwang-gun Office in Jeollanam-do for friendly exchanges in Oozu City, Japan. The relationship between the two regions was due to a Korean scholar from Yeonggwang. He is a person who stayed for a while in Ozu City, a mercury river port. Oz citizens' interest in coercion can be felt throughout Oz City. In front of the Oz Civic Center, there is a Hyeonchangbi monument to commemorate Ganghang Port. Next to Hyeonchangbi, there is an article introducing Ganghang, which describes Ganghang as the "father of Japanese Neo-Confucianism." Father of Japanese Neo-Confucianism! This is why Oozushi, Japan, remembers and honors the strong port. The name of Ganghang also appears in the elementary school textbooks of Ozu City. Tsuneo Murakami, a local historian in Oozushi City, organized the so-called Ganghang Research Society and continued to study Ganghang by collecting collections and materials left by Ganghang. Why are the people of Ozushi so immersed in the character Kang Hang? Tsuneo Murakami said, "We have to inform him somehow after knowing that Kang Hang has delivered such high-quality learning to Japan. The Japanese must thank this person. With this thought, I studied hard for 10 years." Kang Hang Research Members' research on Kang Hang has been conducted from various angles. Until now, the Kanghang Research Association has explored the places where Kanghang visited and excavated them as historical sites. Nagahama Port is the place where the river port, which was brought to Japan, first arrived. Tsuneo Murakami "The family of Kang Hang, who became prisoners in this direction, reached here by boat. At that time, there was no port on this coast. Simosga, Nagahama City, about two kilometers away from this Hajicheon Stream, was the port of that time. It seems that it has landed there." After arriving at the port, Ganghang Port passes through the current Hijicheon Stream and heads to Oozuseong Fortress. The Ganghang Research Association is so devoted to Ganghang that it excavates every single shallow river. On the road next to Hajicheon Stream, where Ganghang Port passed, a wooden sign was erected to mark the land related to Ganghang Port. And next to the wooden sign, Ganghang's Chinese poem was engraved. The people of Oz are sincerely honoring the Joseon scholar Kang Hang 400 years ago. If you look at the supplementary textbooks used by elementary school students in Oozushi, Japan, page 84 introduces Kang Hang in half. However, Kang Hang is not a well-known figure among Koreans now. Moreover, our general common sense is that Toegye Lee Hwang, who influenced Japan in the field of Neo-Confucianism. However, it is a little unfamiliar to us that Kang Hang first conveyed Neo-Confucianism to Japan. Then, how did Kang Hang become dragged to Japan? The process of Kang Hang's being dragged to Japan is described in detail in his book, Ganyangrok. According to Gan Yang-rok, it was in 1597 that Kang Hang went to Japan at the age of 30. Kang Hang, who was in the government post of Hyeongjo Jwarang at the time, took a short vacation and came down to his hometown. At that time, war broke out in Joseon. Hideyoshi Toyotomi, who had dispatched 200,000 troops to Joseon in 1592, attempted to re-invade Joseon again. It was Jeong Yoo Jaeran. At that time, the Japanese army landed in Busan, passed Tongyeong, Gyeongsang-do, and pushed into Jeolla-do. Toyotomi Hideyoshi's strategy was to focus on the Jeolla-do area. Kanghang, who was at his hometown and heard the news of the Japanese invasion, headed to Namwon. Ganghang Port was collecting grains from Yeonggwang area and transporting them to Namwonseong Fortress to procure military rice in Namwonseong Fortress. However, Namwonseong Fortress was captured three days after being attacked by the Japanese army. The atrocities committed by the Japanese army in the Joseon Dynasty at that time are described in detail in the Dongguk Express Samganghaengsildo. She cut the neck of a woman holding a child and cut her hands and feet off. And the elderly and children were brutally killed regardless of whether they were old or young. Ganghang Port is surrounded by Japanese military ships while getting two ships, loading food, and heading to Chilsando Island with their families. In the meantime, Kang Hang suffers the pain of his young children being killed by the Japanese army. The Kanghang family, who became prisoners of the Japanese army, was taken to Japan. He tried to escape by the time he passed Suncheon, but the result was a failure. Afterwards, amid intensified surveillance, the Kanghang family continued their difficult journey and eventually arrived in Oozushi, Japan, in about 10 days. Although it was already a war 400 years ago, records and paintings at the time show how many people died miserably. But one question arises here. At that time, the Japanese army brutally killed women and children regardless of whether they were women or children. But why did Kang Hang try to lead Japan without killing him? Japan, which caused the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, focused on looting cultural properties such as books, woodblock prints, and crafts of Joseon at that time. And the number of Koreans who were captured and sent to Japan reached 100,000, most of whom were potters and craftsmen. It was to loot Joseon's advanced technologies. And many intellectuals such as Kang Hang were also taken to Japan. Then, why did they take Joseon intellectuals who did not have special skills, such as potters and craft engineers, into captivity? Kinzan Shooting Century, about 30 minutes by car from Ozu Province, is a place with a deep connection with Kanghang, who was taken prisoner by Japan 400 years ago. There is a Joseon bell hanging at the entrance of the temple, which is said to have been looted together when Ganghang Port was brought to Japan. Perhaps Ganghang soothed his longing for his hometown by looking at this bell. However, the reason why Ganghang enjoyed visiting this place 400 years ago is not only because of the bell of Joseon. This is because of a monk who was practicing Buddhism here. Keikei, the fifth chief monk of Keizan, met Ganghang and exchanged Chinese poems to build friendship, and he also showed Ganghang a national map of Japan, a national secret. According to Gan Yang-rok, Japanese society at the time seemed to value martial arts, so if there was a scar on the face that fought with a knife, it was respected as a courageous person. In addition, such records are seen in Ganyangrok. He called it a bookkeeper who killed his enemies after arguing with each other, and the descendants of those who were good at using swords were respected by people and obtained precious confusion. This social atmosphere peaks in the middle of the 16th century when Hideyoshi Toyotomi took power. For Hideyoshi Toyotomi, who had the ambition of a continental invasion, the warriors to be sent to the battlefield were important resources. Therefore, the warriors, who had already had strong power since the Warring States period, became powerful forces in Japanese society even after Hideyoshi Toyotomi took power. Youjo Mizobuchi, "When Ganghang Port was taken prisoner, Japan was an era of barbarism in terms of the era of force. At that time, Japan continued to fight between parents and children as enemies, and brothers. From the moral point of view of studying abroad, it was common for Japan to kill each other at that time." According to Ganyangrok, the armed forces, who were powerful in Japanese society during that time, did not read a single sick book properly because they did not know the writing. In this era, Japan's only intellectuals were monks. Monks, who are knowledgeable in Japanese society, studied various disciplines other than Buddhist scriptures. So at that time, Japanese monks had all the functions of doctors, fortune tellers, and diplomats. Among these Japanese monks, many were interested in Neo-Confucianism. However, Neo-Confucianism was not widely distributed in Japan at that time. In contrast, Neo-Confucianism was deeply rooted in life in Joseon, where Confucianism was used as the state religion. Kang Hang-do also learned Neo-Confucianism from his brother, and Kang Hang's brother Kang Jun is a person who continues Toegye Yi Hwang's academic background. This is why monks, the only intellectuals in Japan, tried to build friendship with Kang Hang. If you look closely at the picture of the Joseon Tongsinsa's visit to Japan in 1590, seven years before Kang Hang was taken to Japan, you can see a Joseon Tongsinsa on a horse writing to the Japanese. According to the records of Joseon Tongsinsa, "I wrote to a monk named Hyunso in Japan..."It is known to people and it is written that those who seek writing flocked like clouds in front of the accommodation, which is a clear example of the Japanese being thirsty for the advanced culture of Joseon at the time. In particular, in the case of Neo-Confucianism, Joseon is rooted in not only political ideology but also in the lives of the people, that is, Neo-Confucianism. However, Japan was a study that only some monks could access. As a result, in Japan, scholars with advanced knowledge such as Kang Hang were needed. And these intellectuals were given special treatment compared to other prisoners. Ganghang, who was taken to Japan as a prisoner, settles in Oozushi. Japanese armed forces gave him a two-story pavilion house and even deployed servants to listen to him. However, Kang Hang was not easily assimilated into Japanese society. It is said that he always dressed as a Joseon scholar and did not lose the dignity of a disciplined Confucian scholar while discussing his studies with monks of Shootseonsa Temple. According to Ganyangrok, Ganghang often climbed the Seongru of Ozseong Fortress and looked west to soothe his longing for his hometown. Eventually, Kang Hang tries to escape. He met a Korean prisoner who ran away from Kyoto and escaped to the west. However, he is on the verge of being discovered by Japanese soldiers and executed. However, just before being executed, Tacadora Dodo, the lord of Ooz Province, suddenly ordered Kang Hang to stop the execution, and he barely saved his life. This was because Kai Kei, a monk of Kinshan Shoot Century, who had built a friendship with Kang Hang, was a person Takadora respected. The Japanese, who were sentenced to extreme punishment for Korean prisoners who attempted to escape, were as generous as Kang Hang because they highly appreciated Kang Hang's learning and tried to learn his knowledge. However, at that time, Ganghang had no choice but to return to his hometown. So he said he didn't even learn Japanese.

Meanwhile, a monk named Seika Fujiwara, who lived in Kyoto, visited Ganghang Port and took him as a teacher to study Neo-Confucianism in earnest. The two, whose language did not communicate, discussed Neo-Confucianism through writing. Kang Hang also writes a special theory book for Seika Fujiwara, who wanted to learn Neo-Confucianism very much. In Ozu City, Japan, there is a building from the Edo period left. This building, called Terrakoya, where Confucius's wooden tablet is enshrined, was a place where Neo-Confucianism was taught in Japan like a Confucian academy in Joseon. Following Hideyoshi Toyotomi, Tokugawa Iyeyatsu, who dominated Japan, opened the Edo Shogunate and focused on establishing human relationships by Neo-Confucianism in order to stabilize social order. In other words, it was intended to end the era of war and open the era of peace. Tokugawa Iyeyatsu brought Seika Fujiwara to Nijoseong Fortress and had a dispute with his close aide, Seisho Jotai, for a paid-and-paid debate. Through the debate between Confucianism and Buddhism, Yi Ye-yatsu learned that Confucianism was specifically important. After the Edo period, a school called Teracoya was established, and it was the achievement of the debate between people and people who taught Neo-Confucianism there. It was not until Seika that Neo-Confucianism began to spread to Japanese society. If Neo-Confucianism took root in Japanese society due to Seika Fujiwara, it was Kang Hang who sowed seeds so that Neo-Confucianism could take root. "Toyotomi Hideyoshi invaded neighboring Joseon with guns and knives." However, Kang Hang passed on the great educational culture to Japan through his studies." Ganghang, which had to be placed in an unexpected fate during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, but the traces he left on Japanese land should now be remembered and honored by us.

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