The Greatness of the Westerners Series 9. Social democracy or communism.

 After the French Revolution at the end of the 18th century, primitive socialist movements took place in Europe, and surfaced in 1848 when Marx and Engels issued the "Communist Declaration." Even elementary school students know that Mr. Marx was a Jewish German who fled to France and England and gave birth to German philosophy + French socialism + British economics = communism. Engels is a wealthy German patron. Ironically, he wrote "Capitalism" in London, the capitalist capital of the time, and died there. The first successful revolution in Russia, which was defeated in World War I, Lenin of the October 1917 Revolution. After Lenin's death in 1925, Stalin and Trotsky fought for power in 1928, and Russia, a five-year economic development plan, became an industrial Soviet Union. the first meeting of communism In 1941, Hitler's invasion of Nazi Germany was saved, and the Soviet Union, along with the United States, became the largest victor and superpower. Although another 30 million people died in the process. The number of communist countries, which were only the Soviet Union and Mongolia, increased significantly at that time, and Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and North Korea joined. All thanks to the Soviet army. Except for North Korea, all Soviet troops are stationed there. Russia's subjugation... ...Yugoslvia, Albania, and China were communized as independent revolutions. In the end, North Korea and these countries have taken their own path. Cuba, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Ethiopia and Nicaragua will join later. Here, Nicaragua was helped by the Soviet Union and Cuba, but in fact, it might be closer to social democracy than communism... ...Lao and Cambodia occupied Vietnam, the same communist country. The Korean War and the Vietnam War were representative, and 67 million people died during the Chinese Cultural Revolution. In Cambodia, the same communist Vietnamese army, Jinju, spread around the world in the 4th, 5th, 6th and 70s. In the 6th and 70s, socialist student movements took place in Western Europe (69 Brandt West Germany, 80 years Mitterrand France), and Japan, but they had a great influence on economic and social policy. Income tax for the rich... ...but in France, Leon Blum has 36 years of experience in the left-wing government. Sweden, a model of social democracy, has its roots since the 30s. In Korea, the 1917 Soviet Revolution had a great influence on independence fighters. But the Communists killed the same independence fighter, General Kim Jwa-jin, and so on... influenced my division. Park Heon-young was representative of the left-wing faction, but after liberation, the Soviet army pushed Kim Il-sung, Yeo Woon-hyung was killed in South Korea, and the Communists committed such a great slaughter during the Korean War that "red" became an enemy of the nation. In South Korea, Park Heon-young is soon purged by Kim Il-sung, and in South Korea, Cho Bong-am of the Progressive Party dies by Syngman Rhee... ...... ...the ideological confrontation between South and North Korea is beyond imagination. In the 1980s, South Korea became the first socialist student movement in the wake of the Gwangju incident. Previously, the student movement was anti-communist. However, the pro-communist wave has been widespread since then. However, they were born in the wrong time, when communism in the world was on the path of failure. In 1978, Deng Xiaoping gradually reformed and opened China, and from 1985, Gorbachev of the Soviet Union. As a result, the Berlin Wall collapsed in 1989, and the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and other Third World communists crumbled................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Only North Korea and Cuba are left................................................................................................................................................ In addition, in the case of North Korea, it would be more appropriate to call it a "warlord state" than a communist country due to economic collapse and inheritance of the rich in the 1990s. In other words, Jeong-il has long given up on communist Marxist inspiration in the past... The problem is money. In this situation, the 386 socialist activists in South Korea were shocked by the Nakdonggang River duck eggs in one day. In other words, even if it's communism and the turn system, even social democracy is being pushed down by the United States in Western Europe. bankruptcy and reduction of various social welfare systems. Still, Western European countries will hold out because they are economic powers, but the problem is that social democracy in the third world, including India, is terrible from the beginning to the failure of economic development. Capitalism and communism are also bad for the Third World, no matter what they do. As you all know, social democracy is a system that harmonizes capitalism and communism in a democratic way, but after knowing Korean Confucian familyism and successionism, I've been very wrong: I hate helping people I don't know. Rather, it seems that it will be faster for social democracy to succeed in the U.S. and Japan, which are the magic of capitalism... That is, this is the difference between Korea and China, which value large communities due to differences in civilization. I only accept the concept of "equality" when it is advantageous... ...and I hate it in principle. The history of social democracy and communism................................................................................................................................................................................... =========================================================Purongle. 1. The origin of socialist ideas is retroactive to ancient times, and can be found in both the East and the West locally. However, modern socialist ideas sprouted from the time when feudal society was disbanded and capitalism developed in the West, and especially from the French Revolution, they grew by the beginning of the idea of freedom and equality. In England, T. More and G.Winstanley R. Owen, F.N. Barbouf, C.H. Saint Simon, F.M. Fourier, P.M. in France.Buonarotti and others can be cited as the founders of modern socialism. In Germany, socialist ideas spread one step later than in England and France due to political and social backwardness, only in the 1830s and 1840s. Representative pioneers include W. Wightling, J.K.Rotbertus, and M.Hess. Modern European socialism aims to achieve an ideal cooperative society that opposes capitalism, whether it comes from philosophical ideals, rationalism, or as a labor or rural movement, and whether it is nonviolent or class-fighting revolutionary. From today's point of view, early European socialism has often seemed utopian in its ideas and adventurous in its way of movement unless it was simple. Therefore, the dreams of socialists at that time could not be realized in modern times. Anyway, early socialism was critically absorbed by modern socialism and achieved an inseparable tradition. Therefore, in the 1840s, the Saint Simon, Fourier, and Owen schools all criticized the defects of the early capitalist system based on free competition, and expressed a series of theories to transform the economic and ethical basis of society by changing the power to organize production, distribution, and labor from individual to social management. Later, however, Marx and Engels concluded that there was no scientific theory or policy to realize socialism, while their socialist theory was systematized into scientific theories such as historical materialism and surplus value theory after 1870. These are not only early socialists, but also senior or contemporary socialists, such as Wightling, Hess, and P.J.Socialists such as Prudon and J.J.Blanc were also branded utopian. Marx and Engels critically accepted L.A. Foerbach's materialistic humanism idea and G.F. Hegel's dialectic philosophy to form private materialism based on this, and absorbed the theory of labor value in British classical economics and developed it into surplus value theory. However, it was the French socialists who had a decisive influence on their socialist ideas. Marx and Engels presented the essence of their socialist revolution theory in the Communist Manifesto (1848), which is considered the most famous essay in the socialist literature. Here they emphasized that they were communists, not socialists, to distinguish themselves from other peaceful and reformist socialists. At that time, the words socialism and communism were used in similar meanings, but the emphasis was slightly different. In other words, socialism mainly meant movement among intellectuals, and communism meant movement between workers. After Marx and Engels, communism quickly became a term referring to Marxism, and Marxism also belongs to a sect of socialism in a broad sense. Marxism, however, points to a transitional proletarian dictatorship, socialization of bourgeois means of production, high productivity, freedom, equality, and materialistic communist society. They called a fully communist society a "high stage" of communism, and the transition period during which proletarian dictatorship took place was the first stage of communism. After that, Lenin named the first stage of communism "socialism," which Marx called "politically, socialism = dictatorship of the proletariat."

Therefore, the concept of Lenin-style socialism is differentiated from other socialist concepts that reject the transitional dictatorship of the proletariat and do not recognize the advent of a communist society in which the end state disappears, and socialism has been used in various meanings. Marx played a limited role in the First International (International Workers' Association: 1864-1872). However, it was during the period of the Second International (1889-1914) that Marxism had a great influence. At that time, socialist parties that adopted Marxism as a platform continued to emerge in Europe, and Marxism became the mainstream of the Second International. However, as the number of Marxist parties increased, so did the branch of Marxism, and socialist parties in each country interpreted Marxism in favor of the movement of their own parties. Regardless of whether they advocated revolutionaryism, parliamentaryism, democratic popular party, or closed avant-garde party, socialist parties were called Social Democratic Party, Socialist Party, or Labor Party. Meanwhile, during the Second International period, the standard of living and status of workers in European countries improved relatively, and socialists were rapidly increasing their seats in the National Assembly due to the expansion of common voting rights. In short, capitalist society was being reformed in the direction of democracy. As the aspect of capitalism changed in this way, the method of socialist movement changed in response to this, and as the method changed, the theory was revised to conform to this. In other words, Marxist views on violent revolution and proletarian dictatorship gradually abandoned, peaceful reform methods and parliamentarism became common in socialist parties such as Britain and Germany and France, and the extreme left fell to minority status. However, things were different in enacted Russia, where there was no democratic basis. The Russian Social Democratic Labor Party was clearly divided into Lenin's Bolshevik faction and L. Martov's Menshevik faction, the predecessor of the Soviet Communist Party, after the 1903 Congress in London. Lenin criticized non-Jaffa social democrats as right-wing opportunists, social reformists, and revisionists, emphasizing parliamentary rejection, absoluteization of violent revolutions, proletarian dictatorship, and war of imperialism. Lenin established the Soviet regime as a proletarian dictatorship after winning the October Revolution in 1917. In 1918, the Bolshevik Party was called the former Russian Communist Party. Here, Marxists from other countries who share Lenin's views also formed their own party under the name of the Communist Party, and called their views and theoretical and political positions communism to distinguish them from other social (democracy) that adheres to peaceful reform and parliamentary democracy. And in the Stalin era, Marxism-Leninism began to be used to distinguish their ideology from social democratic Marxism. Therefore, communism became a reference to Marxism and Leninism within socialism, and developed into a separate political idea or movement that was completely divided and opposed to socialism other than Leninism. Lenin organized the Communist International (Third International: 1919-1943) as an international organization of the communist movement in March 1919, and based in Moscow to unify and guide the international communist movement. However, in the Stalin era, the communist international was reduced to Stalin's diplomatic tool, eager to abandon internationalist ideology and defend the interests of the Soviet Union. After the war, the Socialist Party, Social Democratic Party, and Labor Party revived the Second International, which disappeared during the war, as a socialist worker international (1923), promoted progressive reformism and parliamentary democracy theory and policy. The Socialist Workers' International did not consider the nationalization of industrial institutions and the collectiveization of agriculture enforced in the Soviet Union to be the realization of socialism, but turned to bitter criticism of the Soviet regime's terrorism, one-party dictatorship, bureaucracy, and bloodshed purge. In response, the Communist International responded that the leaders of the Socialist Workers International were capitalists, labor-class traitors, and opportunists. Thus, these two international organizations confronted each other on a global scale. In the late 1930s, the Socialist Party and the Communist Party attempted to temporarily cooperate with the People's Front movement in France and Espanya to counter fascism, but it did not bring about reconciliation between the two. After World War II, the Socialist Workers International revived as a socialist international (1951) and chose to promote democratic socialism as the ideology of the socialist movement. The Socialist International was formed at a time when Stalin's totalitarian tyranny was seized in the Soviet Union, and people's democracy was enforced in a ruthless way in areas where Soviet troops were stationed, such as Eastern Europe and North Korea. The Socialist International concluded that the Soviet Union and the people's democratic countries betrayed the democracy and socialism they advocated, while economically, it declared that private capitalism was transformed into national capitalism. While emphasizing the realization of a new economic and political democracy, he reviewed the nature of socialism in the humanistic tradition and especially defended the basic rights and democratic freedoms of citizens in relation to the individual and nationalized industries. The Socialist International has been led by socialist political parties in Western European democracies, including Britain, Germany, France and the Scandinavian countries, but is not limited to Western Europe. Socialist International is A.Its ideological characteristic is that it reaffirms the value of democratic freedom through the bitter experience of Hitler and Stalin's totalitarian dictatorship. And he has given up Marxism, though not formally, and has made a strict distinction between communism and itself in terms of ideology and movement. In response, the communist international failed to revive after World War II, and the ideological disputes between China and Russia have led to complicated divisions among communist countries in their own national interests. Thus, communists still advocate proletarian internationalism, but this is only an ideological investigation. Socialist parties in each country joining the Socialist International do not take a position to realize socialism in accordance with certain stereotypes of socialism, but differ in socialist policies and methods depending on the circumstances of each country. Therefore, there are policy differences between parties in each country in terms of nationalization and distribution of wealth, and there are branches within a country. However, parliamentary democracy, industrial democracy (democratic management of industries), broad social security, fair distribution, and the pursuit of civil liberties are common. It should be seen that the movement of socialist political parties under the Socialist International inherits the tradition of socialist ideology, even if the method is gradual. After World War II, many countries in the Third World, including the Middle East, Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia, were not communist regimes, nor were they social democratic regimes, but were socialist, and their national names were changed to socialist republics. This is the case with emerging countries in the region, represented by Islamic socialism, African socialism, and Myanmar's path to socialism. Syria, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, almost all African new countries, Mexico, Myanmar, and Singapore all advocate socialism. In this case, socialism has a strong nationalism and religious color, and nationalization and state-owned enterprises are recognized as socialism. Although it emphasizes democratic freedom and respect for human rights, it actually carries out a one-party dictatorship and is often a military dictatorship. In particular, in the case of African socialism, its ideological roots are found in a unique tribal community before modern society, and efforts are being made to restore it in a modern state. Therefore, parliamentary democracy and the pluralist party system are dismissed as Western European political systems, while rejecting the concepts of class conflict and class struggle. Ideologically, independent socialism is advocated, but there is a question of whether socialism can be defined as a phenomenon in which society is dominated by landlords, large capital, and bureaucrats without aiming for freedom and equality. 2. Socialism The idea of realizing a fair society based on labor and possession of property necessary to produce wealth in a society. The word socialism first appeared as socialism in the publication of the British Owen faction in 1827, and separately as socialism in the publication of the French Fourier faction in 32. In the history of thought and movement, the distinction between socialism and communism is not strict, but today communism is understood as an equal where socialism has developed further. [Utopian socialism] Socialist ideas emerged in Europe in the first half of the 19th century when various capitalist relations were rapidly formed. Britain's R. Owen, France's C.H. Saint Simon, and F.M.C. Fourier argued that a society free of unemployment and poverty could be realized by the organization and dissemination of a cooperative society in which everyone works. [Scientific socialism (Marxism)] In the mid-19th century, socialism was associated with the liberation movement of the working class. Various socialist ideas appeared, but the most influential of them was K.It was Marxism by Marx and F. Engels. They defined socialism as a new society, which is an inevitable result of the development of capitalism.

In other words, in capitalism, the productivity of society grows rapidly and large-scale production takes on a social character, but this intensifies the contradiction of labor exploitation by capitalists and leads to poverty, unemployment, and periodic panic. This contradiction is resolved only through the abolition of private ownership of means of production, its socialization, and planned and organized management of the national economy. Marx and Engels said that the transformation into socialism is achieved by the working class, and linked socialist ideas to the popular movement of the working class and emphasized the need for political organization and movement of the working class. According to them, the transition from capitalism to socialism requires a revolution, and the victorious working class needs their own state to organize socialism and develop productivity rapidly. They said that the class struggle continued after the revolution, and that proletarian dictatorship was necessary during the transition period to defeat the resistance of the old ruling class. When society's productivity is further developed and people's moral standards are improved, the communist principle of "each works according to ability and receives as necessary" is realized, and then the state, which is a powerful organization, disappears. Marxist socialism was called scientific socialism because it was based on scientific analysis of history and capitalist society and economy. [Socialist Movement] Founded in 1864, the First International was a group of various socialists from each country, and Marx and Engels played a leading role in contributing to the internationalization of Marxism. However, after the Paris Commission was suppressed in 1971, it was disbanded in 1976 due to oppression by governments. Founded in 1989 as a coalition of socialist political parties in each country, the center of the Second International was the German Social Democratic Party. In the 1980s and 1990s, the Labor Party, Socialist Party, Social Democratic Party, etc. were formed one after another in many other European countries. These political parties had Marxism as their guiding ideology as a general trend. These socialist parties influenced the political process of each country and improved the social status of the working class, but after the Paris Commune in 1971, there was no revolutionary situation in many European countries except Russia. The Second International was based on international solidarity of the working class, but when World War I broke out, the majority of socialist parties decided to support their own war policies, splitting the parties and collapsing the Second International. With the success of the socialist revolution in Russia in 1917, socialism entered the process of realizing in one country in terms of ideology and movement, and the socialist movement as a movement entered a new stage. It was the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, a leftist leader led by V.I. Lenin, which was renamed the Russian Communist Party in 19th to clarify the difference from the right-wing socialist party. In the same year, the Third International (abbreviated as Comintern) was formed by the left-wing Social Democratic Party and the Communist Party of each country, and the name of the party that joined became the Communist Party in principle. Comintern and the Communist Party of each country supported the Russian Revolution and the Soviet regime, initially using the Russian Revolution as a model for the revolution in many European countries. However, in the Second International Social Democratic Party and Socialist Party, the right-wing took the leadership, criticizing the Russian Revolution and the Soviet regime, and taking a reform path rather than a revolution. In 33, the Nazi Party took power in Germany and suppressed all parties other than the Nazi Party, and fascism was established, which severely damaged the socialist movement. In 1935, the Comintern decided on an anti-fascist united front line, and the atmosphere of cooperation with the Communist Party was heightened between the Socialist Party and the Communist Party in France's People's Front Government was dissolved in 1938, and Spain's People's Front Government collapsed in 1939. From the end of World War II to immediately after World War II, several Eastern European countries established a communist-led united front based on the anti-Nazis united front formed during the war. In Asia, new communist-centered countries were established in Vietnam, North Korea, and China, and they also became socialist countries. Comintern was disbanded in 1943, and in 1943, amid intensifying tensions between the beginning of the Cold War and Eastern and Western Europe, Cominform was formed as a communication coordination agency for the Soviet Union and major Eastern and Western European countries. However, the Kominform was disbanded in 56 years without concrete results due to guidance ignoring the situation of each country. Socialist international organizations were re-established in 1951 as Socialist Internationals, with most of the Socialist and Social Democrats joining them breaking away from Marxism, especially the Social Democratic Party of West Germany abandoning Marxism leadership in 1959. [Developing countries and socialism] After World War II, socialist ideas spread to developing countries that were former colonies and subordinate countries. In some countries, the idea of overcoming economic independence from Western European countries and their social and economic backwardness emerged in a socialist way centered on the exclusion of private economies dominated by foreign capital and merchants and the development of the state-owned economy. Developing countries with guiding principles such as African socialism, which modified Marxism to meet regional conditions, and Islamic socialism based on traditional religions are countries that aim for socialism. Until World War II, Russia and Mongolia were the only socialist countries, but the number of socialist countries increased significantly after the war, reaching 16 in the mid-1980s. Among the socialist countries, Albania was closed, and China confronted the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1970s. Since the 1970s, cooperation with the United States and the West was more important than socialist countries, and after the Vietnam War, relations with Vietnam deteriorated. Meanwhile, Vietnam, Russia, and China were at odds over the Cambodian issue. The basic reason why the mutual relations of socialist countries were not smooth is that there was a large difference in historical and social conditions in each country. The socialist countries are divided into the Soviet Union, which has already passed 60 years since the revolution, the countries that started socialist construction in the late 1940s, the late 50s, and the countries that became socialist countries in the mid-1970s. In addition, it will take a long time to resolve the differences between countries with already established socialist systems, countries where socialist construction has just begun, and developed countries according to the degree of economic development. Most socialist countries are economically and socially inferior to Western capitalist countries, and these countries have implemented the socialist industrialization line focusing on rapid industrial development to overcome backwardness. In some countries, the so-called socialist fund-raising policy to finance industrialization in agriculture has hindered the development of agricultural production, and the expansion of proletarian dictatorship and personal worship. In the late 1960s, the words "developed socialism" and "mature socialism" appeared in the Soviet Union and various Eastern European countries. This means that socialism is stable as a system and has a high level of economic development, but only the Soviet Union has developed socialist countries based on this standard, and Eastern European countries are in a transition to developed socialism. However, in the 1990s, even the Soviet Union was seeking new socialism with the dissolution of the Communist Party after the failure of the August coup in 1991 by the military in the process of attempting to open itself to the West due to economic problems. [Socialist economy] The socialist economy is characterized by basic means of production and national ownership in the basic economic sector. In agriculture, production and agricultural cooperatives are common, but in Russia, the proportion of state-owned farms increases, and the role of call hoses, a production agricultural cooperative, is decreasing. In the Soviet Union, individual management is recognized only for certain handicrafts on the condition that no one else is employed, but most socialist countries recognize family-centered individual management in commerce, service, and handicrafts. In the rural sector, workers play a large role in the production of vegetables by performing small side business management at the family level. What supports an individual's life is income from labor, and what is needed for daily life is privately owned, but in principle, urban houses are state-owned, municipal, or cooperative-owned collective houses. The center of the socialist economy is the state-owned economy, but in most socialist countries, state-owned enterprises and their integrated bodies are not state-owned and independent management units directly managed by government agencies. There are various methods (models) for the management of the state-owned economy, among which the system created in Russia in the 1930s has long been a common model. According to this model, state-owned enterprises operate according to various indicators directed by government planning agencies, and most of the profits they earn are returned to the state and used for fiscal investment. This centralized method, in which government agencies have the right to decide on basic matters of business activities, has greatly contributed to industrialization and the external development of the national economy. It can be seen that the average annual growth rate of gross industrial product of socialist countries and developed capitalist countries from 50 to 74 years was 10.1% in socialist countries and 5.2% in capitalist countries. However, the development of new products by the quality and diversification of products (especially consumer goods) and the introduction of technological innovation has left socialist countries behind in some socialist countries. This is because the conventional state-owned economic management method did not adequately respond to today's situation, where production was concentrated by improving and diversifying production, introducing science and technology results, and implicit development of the national economy.

Since the mid-1960s, Russia and several Eastern European countries have undergone economic reforms in the direction of expanding corporate independence and combining government planning and market principles in the most appropriate form, but in most cases, they have not achieved results. Therefore, as we entered the 80s, we attempted a fundamental reform of economic management. In Yugoslavia, the aforementioned method was called bureaucracy and state interventionism, and it fully introduced market principles into corporate activities by giving companies or their internal economic organizations full independence. While this market socialism has revitalized economic activities, it is causing repeated inflation and chronic unemployment. Yugoslavia denied the concept of state-owned land and used independent management socialism as a guiding principle to entrust companies to the independent management of their employees. In most other countries, the concept of socialist independent management is emerging, while leaving the decision-making power to government agencies or corporate executives appointed by government agencies. Under the situation of emphasizing the independent management of the production unit as such, the idea that the corporate unit or the worker group, which is the internal organizational unit, is a basic unit of the socialist society, that is, a cell, is emerging in many socialist countries. In socialist thought and movement, the prevailing idea was that socialism eliminates contradictions in productivity and production relations, and the economy develops smoothly, but the reality shows that socialism also has contradictions in productivity and production relations. [Socialist Politics] In a socialist country, the center of politics is the Communist Party of each country with Marxism as its guiding ideology. Although it varies from country to country, the Communist Party's central organization decides the country's long-term policy in the form of a long-term plan with the cooperation of its subordinate agencies, government agencies, and research institutes. The party's decisions are embodied and implemented by state agencies and social organizations, when the party's subordinates and members play an active role in implementing the decisions. In the above process, various factors inside and outside the party work, and social classes and social groups with their own interests influence this process. Experiences in socialist countries show that the leadership's dogma, underestimation of objective conditions, neglect of political and social consciousness, neglect of social science achievements, and infringement of democracy and socialist democracy temporarily succeed, but in the long run, bring chaos and retreat. Marxism is the fruit of modern rationalism, which in some countries has emerged as an authoritarian individual worship that deifies the party's supreme leader and uses his words and actions as an absolute guideline for politics, but individual worship is collapsing with the death of the leader. The central authority of the socialist state is the central and local councils formed by public elections. The focus of the parliamentary election is on the process of selecting candidates. In general, more and more countries are using a method of asking voters for their confidence by voting with only a fixed number of candidates, but more than a fixed number of candidates are giving voters the final choice. Most of the lawmakers are workers with their original jobs, so they cannot concentrate on their activities. As a result, bureaucracy and inefficiency continue to be a problem, as governments elected by Congress and other executive bodies under their leadership play a greater role in actual governance. Trade unions and youth organizations play a large role in most socialist countries. These organizations participate in policy formation, representatives are elected as members, and representatives are also participating in various administrative committees and councils. Since social organizations are large nationwide, the will of ordinary workers is not directly reflected in politics. Therefore, in many socialist countries, reforms have been carried out based on the socialist political system of a group of corporate workers such as factories. In Yugoslavia, for example, there are two types of legislators: those elected at the workplace and those elected in the region. In Russia, workplace rallies are a place to select candidates for elections, review their eligibility, and review political issues at hand. The importance of such workplaces is called factory democracy in Hungary, and the role of regional residents' meetings is also becoming important. [Socialism and Freedom] Most of the socialist state's constitution stipulates in detail the rights and freedoms of individuals (citizens) and emphasizes respect for them. According to the majority opinion of socialist countries so far, the center of individual rights is social and cultural rights such as the right to labor, the right to receive wages corresponding to labor, the right to rest, social security, free medical treatment, and free education. The achievements of socialism are embodied in these rights, and political freedom, such as freedom of speech and publication, helps strengthen the system that guarantees the above rights. However, some people place the primary importance on individual political rights in socialism, and they place individual rights, including voting rights, at the center of the human rights system. The third view emphasizes that freedom of expression of press and publishing has an independent value apart from the right to participate, and suggests strengthening its protection. The reality of most socialist countries is that individual thoughts on politics are systematically reflected throughout the group and organization to which they belong, and it is not institutional guaranteed that individual intentions are freely communicated and exercised social influence outside the group and organization. Information is the material for the formation of individual intentions, but important information about politics is sometimes communicated only within the organization and not published. Corrective work on the above situation began in several socialist countries in the 1970s, and information disclosure, the right to information, and the right to know appeared in the Constitution and the decisions of the Communist Party. In addition, there is a growing tendency to place importance on the will of the uninstitutional people, that is, public opinion, and political reform of socialist democracy and development has become a challenge in many socialist countries since the 1980s.