The basis for understanding the Middle East and Western history in the Middle Ages is the Christian world and Islam.
Islam, which appears as a rival to East Rome after the division of East and West Rome and the fall of the Western Roman Empire, forms two major mountain ranges of Christianity, politics, religion, and culture, and history leads to a process marked by conquest, confrontation, and war of the two forces. These two major conflicts, which are deeply located in today's world situation, still have a lot of homework left.
In that sense, let's leave behind Christianity, which is familiar to us, and first find out about the birth of Islam.
Islam.
Islam or Islam is a religion that has Muhammad as a prophet and Allah as a single god. Allah means "God" and "God" in Arabic, and is one of the world's top three religions along with Buddhism and Christian faith. "Islam" means "obedience and obedience." Muslims are called Muslims for men and Muslims for women.
The scripture of Islam is Quran, which is said to be a record of Allah's words received by the prophet Muhammad from the angel Gibril. Representative sects of Islam include the Sunnis, which account for 80-90% of all Muslims, and the Shia, which Iran represents. Shiapa accounts for 10-20%. Muslims in the Balkans, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia have many Sufi Muslims. All Muslims within the Sunnis have homogeneous rituals, but there is invisible distrust between other sects.
The birth of Islam.
In the story of the founding of Islam related to Cain and Abel, Cain in the Bible killed Abel and then left for another country and continent, where Cain lived, Muhammad, a descendant of Cain, founded and spread Islam a few years later.
Mecca, a sacred place in Islam, is a city located in a barren valley about 80 km from the central Arabian Peninsula and the coast of the Red Sea, and was the main point of Daesang-ro from the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean coast. There have been scattered Jews since ancient times, and minor Christians such as the Evionists, the Maryamists, and the Nestorian Church lived in Arabia to escape the oppression of the Roman Church. Mecca was the religious center of the Arabian Peninsula, centered on the Temple of Kaba, so many objects and pilgrims visited it every year. Mecca's ruling class was the Quraish from the nearby wilderness around the end of the 5th century, and Muhammad was from the Hashim family. In Hashimga, there lived a man named Abdul Mudalib, who had ten sons and the youngest was Abdullah. Abdullah married Amina, and Muhammad was born between them. Before Muhammad was born, his father died, and his mother, Amina, also died of illness on her way back from visiting Medina. Muhammad returns to Mecca holding the maid's hand and is raised by his uncle Abu Ddalip when his grandfather dies. Uncle Abu Ddalip was poor and had many family members, so Muhammad left for Syria with uncle Abu Ddalip from an early age.
At the age of 12, Muhammad follows his uncle to Syria. There, you meet a Nestorian monk. Bahira said Muhammad, who was riding the Qaraban, had a sign of a prophet.
At that time, Jews and minority Christians lived in various parts of Arabia. Sabbaths also lived in Arabia, where they gave religious inspiration to each other. It was the religious influence of Sabism that fasted in September, when it was called the sacred month. Although monotheistic ideas were passed down to the Arabian Peninsula due to the influence of Jews and minority Christians, most still lived with polytheistic faith. There were 360 idols in the temple of Kaba, who served as mediators to get closer to Allah. This name "Allah" is very important in Islam, and in Arabic, it means "God." In other words, it means "God," the absolute being of this world. Allah is the only object of worship in Islam.
Muhammad found a profitable job thinking of his poor uncle Abu Ddalip, and with the introduction of his uncle Abu Ddalip, he entered the employee of the rich widow Khadija and left for Syria for trade on her behalf. Muhammad's trade was a great success and returned to Mecca after finding specialties from the current Syrian region. Khadija was deeply impressed by Muhammad's honesty and faithfulness and proposed to Muhammad, who was 15 years younger. Muhammad, 25, Khadija, 40, married the two. Khadiza's marriage, who was rich, gave Muhammad wealth and honor, and Muhammad adopted Ali to ease his uncle's financial difficulties.
Muhammad's marriage was happy, but misfortune began to strike Muhammad. The four daughters grew up well, but their sons continued to die as infants. At that time, Arabian society preferred healthy boys because it was a time when healthy (big and strong) men left the target trade and became heroes to succeed. Because of Muhammad's wealth and honor, people had good relationships with him.
Economic wealth gave him room, and Muhammad began to fast and contemplate and seek truth. Then one day, Muhammad made his first revelation in the Hirasan Cave. Muhammad seemed to have returned home in fear and died, but his wife Khadiza calmed down Muhammad and explained the situation to Warakaven Naupal, his uncle and Evionist Christian. Waraka said Muhammad was the angel Gibril (Gabriel), and said Muhammad was God's prophet. Khadija returned home and informed Muhammad of everything his uncle had said and acknowledged his position as a prophet. And he (Muhammad) becomes the first Muslim in Islam.
After receiving the first revelation, Muhammad's adopted children, slaves, and close friends gradually converted to Muslims, and in the third year, Muhammad gathered his friends and relatives and proclaimed his belief in Allah (God). However, friends and relatives criticized and insulted him, ignoring Muhammad. Then Muhammad began to convey the idea of a single god to pilgrims coming to Mecca, and tribesmen who earned income from pilgrims guarding Mecca's Kaba temple began to persecute Muhammad.
Muhammad gained great sadness in 619 AD. Khadija, the first Muslim and his big supporter, died. Also, uncle Abu Daulip, who was his shield, dies that year. Muhammad decided to make the Muslim community stronger to counter persecution and persecution that do not decrease even in pain, pushing for marriage with his friend, Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha. At this time, Muhammad was 50 years old and Aisha was 9 years old.
The persecution got worse, and in 622 he went to Medina, about 400km north of Mecca. The believers also fled to Medina around this time and were housed in the homes of their collaborators (Ansar). This line of Medina is called Hizra ("migration") in Islam, and this understanding is the origin of the Islamic power.
Upon arriving at Medina, Muhammad bought Suhail's orchard land where his horse stopped and built the first temple and his house. And five times a day, Allah (God) bowed to Mecca, reciting that he was great. Muhammad judged that in order to establish the authority of the prophet in Medina and dream of unification of Arabian tribes, a form of Islamic organization that does not distinguish between religious and secular affairs is necessary. In other words, Muhammad pursued a society of unity.
In 628 AD, Muhammad decided to go on a pilgrimage to the Temple of Kaba in Mecca. In March of that year, it was an unwritten rule not to wage war as a sacred month in the Arab world, but the people of Mecca are concerned that Muhammad will wage war, so they demand a peace treaty of two to ten years and Muhammad responds to the demand. And two years later, in 630 AD, 10,000 Muslims headed to Mecca without weapons, eventually achieving bloodless entry into Mecca. Muhammad, who entered Mecca, shouted "Allahu Akbar (God is the greatest)," and Muslims shouted after him.
Muhammad destroyed all the idols of the Temple of Kaba and promulgated that there was no god other than Allah, the only god. At that time, all the idols in Mecca's house were destroyed.
Muhammad spent 15 days in Mecca and returned to Medina and went on an expedition to Tabuk, northwest of Arabia the following year. In 632 AD, Muhammad died of a serious fever while returning to Medina after visiting Mecca's Kaba temple.
----- Excerpt from Wikipedia-----
After that, the leader who succeeded Muhammad was elected, and the expansion of Islamic forces took place in earnest.
The beginning of the confrontation with the Christian world was the entry of Islam into the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD, which was mentioned in the previous episode.
The Crusades and the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire...The construction of the great empire of Osman...A spectacular and interesting history continues.
Before modern times, religion was effective in promoting ethics and order because it was barbaric and frequently violated human rights. However, in the modern and future era, the development of strong artificial intelligence and natural science is enormous, and religion will no longer be able to dominate human thinking and values.
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