The story of a gladiator in Rome.

 Among the modern professional martial arts, the mixed martial arts match called MMA and NHB is reminiscent of the Roman Colosseum due to its primitive and radical appearance. Most of the associations may be caused by the movies Spartacus (1960) or Gladiator (2000), but anyway, the current heterogeneous martial arts and organizations often associate their origins with mixed martial arts in Greek and Roman times, and often find the motif of stage design in gladiatorial games. Above all, it is not wrong to fight in front of tens of thousands of spectators, of such a variety of races, in an open rule game that embraces any martial arts style on Earth, since the Roman era. That's why the exterior of this website, which claims to be a heterogeneous fighting site, symbolizes gladiatorial fighting in the Roman era.   To explain why the design of the homepage was used as a speculative site in the Roman era, I wrote lightly about gladiators in the past, but I am writing again with little knowledge because I think there is a lack of description of gladiatorial games.   It seems that theories are still divided about when and from what the gladiatorial match of ancient Rome originated. In general, the origin of the game was found in Eturian's funeral customs as part of a ritual to inherit the spirit of the deceased and soothe the soul of the dead by offering blood offerings. It also finds its origin in Pancration, a mixed battle of the Greek era that has been held since 600 BC. However, the Romans seem to find its origin in Etturia, an ancient Italian rather than the colony of Greece.   It is the first time that a history of gladiatorial games in the Roman era has written that "a gladiatorial game was held in Campania in 310 BC." The official first game is recorded in 246 B.C., and the gladiator game has become the most popular game and part of the lives of the Romans, along with tram games for about 700 years since then. As if combining the Greek civilization that praised the beauty of the trained body and the virtue of courage with the more extreme customs of Eturia, the Romans picked up the robust among the slaves who had been held after the conquest war with the immigrants and fought for their lives.  Rome was a fairly sublime empire until the Roman spirit was lost and destroyed by the mercenary system, and even the emperor of the enacted era could not be elected without the consent of the army. In this atmosphere, the gladiator's fighting match, which had always sought courage with death on the verge of death, captivated the Romans.     The gladiatorial games were held very often, and most of the box office companies were influential or celebrities in the city, and tried to compete with as many gladiators as possible. Romans, who only worked until noon and valued afternoon leisure activities, often spent most of their leisure time watching tram games and gladiatorial matches. Not only watching, but also gambling or betting in anticipation of the game.     Thirty matches were held in five days, or 40 matches in four days. It was the pleasure of the Romans to run to the stadium and watch a gladiatorial match while drinking wine because it was difficult to work in the summer when the heat was raging.  According to the records of Pompeii, one of the Roman cities, competitions were held on 4,8,9,10,11,12,20 in April, and 2,12,13,14,16,31 in May, and there was a series of gladiatorial agreements if there was any reluctance to commemorate, such as the Apollo Games. Modern mixed martial arts matches are only a couple of hours once a few months, but if the match is a little longer, modern people will be bored, while the records of so many gladiatorial matches seem to have made the Romans enthusiastic about gladial arts.   gladiatorial games were one of the nation's important populist policies, with most free and bread distributed. In particular, the new emperor's inauguration, anniversary, and victory ceremony had to be held at the mercy of the general or emperor, and if he ignored it, he had to be criticized by the people. As a result, many political interest groups have invested money in gladiatorial box office success to gain popularity and support from the people, leading to the formation of professional occupations in gladiatorial contests such as box office workers, gamblers, managers, sponsors, and producers.     On top of that, gladiator, trainer, doctor, musician, referee, etc. It can be said that all jobs found in modern professional martial arts have already been formed at this time. In particular, in the Roman era, when there was no rejection or prohibition of dissection as in the Middle Ages, doctors' surgical techniques were more developed than ever due to the treatment of gladiators and overflowing bodies.   In the early days of Rome, the treatment of slave gladiators brought from conquering lands in Gallia, Germanic, Greek, and North Africa was inhumane, and the overflowing slaves left no shortage of manpower, and life struggles continued, and the slaves' complaints and fears piled up.  Finally, in 73 B.C., a slave gladiator named Sparkus escaped from the Capua gladiator training center with 70 colleagues, which led to Rome's largest slave uprising. Spartacus and gladiators defeated the strongest Roman troops in the Mediterranean one after another with their polished martial arts skills day and night, and slaves from all over the world who heard the news of the victory joined and 120,000 troops gathered. They fought for freedom or conquest and defeated 20,000 Roman legions, but lost in a turn with Julius Caesar and the Roman commander-in-chief Krasus, who was famous for triceps politics. About 60,000 people died, and all 6,000 of the remaining prisoners ended up hanging on the cross.   The movie Fashion of Christ describes the pain of Jesus hanging on the cross, but the punishment contained a warning to slaves against rebellion, and the cross procession, which reached Rome, is said to have lasted tens of kilometers. However, Spartacus' uprising did not seem meaningless, but the treatment of slaves improved by the Romans who realized something after the rebellion, and the gladiatorial fight and system were more reasonable and the gladiatorial treatment improved. gladiators' game pay and status have been relatively higher than before, and the number of gladiators who become free has increased, sometimes joining the army after retirement (military enlistment as a gladiator is legally prohibited) and sometimes served as bodyguards for politicians and wealthy citizens. In general, gladiators were mostly prisoners of war from fighting against immigrants, and as you can see in history, the composition of gladiators has become more diverse due to the frequent outbreak of large-scale wars at home and abroad after the Spartacus uprising.   The number of prisoners of war in Gallia, Germanic, Africa, and Asia, as well as prisoners of death, Roman citizens, but bankruptcy, and prisoners, gradually increased. By the end of the republic and entering the era of enactment, gladiatorial games had become the best sport in Rome, the world's empire, and popular top gladiators enjoyed enormous wealth and popularity. In this atmosphere, even some upper-class citizens, knight classes, and nobles who are drawn to money, longing for popularity and strength, applied as gladiators, and finally, half of the gladiator occupation group will be filled with free people.   Concerned about this social atmosphere, Emperor August banned wealthy Roman citizens, knight classes, and senior citizens from participating in gladiatorial games.  However, tyrants such as Caligula and Nero ordered even annoying knights and senators to participate in this struggle.   However, gladiators were not socially as high as they are today, and were not able to join the army. At some times, gladiators were created in the Roman legion as reinforcements, but gladiators who supported the legion were just second-class gladiators to gain freedom and citizenship, and top gladiators had no reason to apply as soldiers in terms of their remuneration or status. The Flavius Amphibia, called the Colosseum today, was built in five years from 75 to 80 years, and during the fall ceremony, speculation against wild animals continued for 100 days. Thanks to this, hundreds of gladiators and 5,000 wild animals died.   As such, the Romans constantly ate, drank, and enjoyed gladiatorial games for dozens to hundreds of days whenever anything was to be celebrated. Kaligulana Nero is called a tyrant in later generations, but only the powerful class at the time called the tyrant, and the two emperors, who constantly provided box office and gladiatorial games, were very popular with Roman citizens at the time. The Colosseum was also a groundbreaking building in terms of world civilization at the time. It was 540 meters in circumference and 50 meters in height and could accommodate 50,000 to 70,000 spectators alone. The construction cost 100,000 cubic meters of travertine, 6,000 tons of concrete, and 300 tons of iron to connect stone. It is a miracle in terms of world civilization at the time that it was not just a stack of such enormous materials, but was designed complexly and extremely scientifically. The Colosseum is little different from today's Stadium. 80 walls are arranged radially in a concentric circle, supporting a large audience seat that made a travertine block. This building would still stand in full form today if the materials had not been deliberately removed by the Christian side, which defined the medieval Roman era as evil. In addition, tunnels and stairs are intricately connected so that the audience can get out of this huge building in a short time.  On the fourth floor, there are 240 columns along with square windows, so you can put up a large tent covering the sunlight in the auditorium. The tents made of several beards were operated by 100 minnows of marines. This can be said to be the origin of today's dome stadium. The Arena in the center of the circular stadium is well described in the movie Gladiator. First, the floor was covered with a floor and sand on top. Below were stage devices, machinery and waiting rooms to send the beast up to the Arena, situation rooms to help the game proceed, and auxiliary rooms. The hundreds of years of box office battles in circular stadiums were not just carried out on empty soil floors. People like Don King and Antonio Inoki were needed today to suit the taste of the Romans who constantly demanded interesting attractions.

The stage was made with a set theme, but in the match of gladiators divided into immigrants and Roman legions like Gladiator, it was brought as close as possible to the background, and in the struggle with animals, it was reproduced as an African environment. In other words, a set depicting temples, forests, and mountains was built in the stadium, and by using ramps and elevators operated by winch and equilibrium weights, beasts and gladiators could suddenly appear in the middle of the arena. For some reason, it is fun because it reminds me of the position of K-1 or PRIDE players.   Around the Arena, a strong net was installed to prevent wild animals from hitting the stadium, contrary to the wire mesh placed to prevent hooligan intrusion on European football fields today. Speaking of hooligan, I think Rome is probably the first to record the first large-scale hooligan disturbance in history. In 59, a minor dispute between Nucherian residents and Pompeii residents while watching the gladiatorial match developed into an in-field massacre. Just as there were bone marrow fans in European football clubs, there were players, groups, and teams each supported by fans in the gladiatorial match, Rome's best sport at the time.  This exploded in the wake of a gladiatorial match between the residents of the two cities, which used to growl. The defeat resulted in many casualties, and the emperor and senate banned gladiatorial matches from being held in Pompeii for 10 years. And the box office event Levineus and the riot drivers who arranged the gladiatorial match were all deported.     In European football, there have been several accidents in which not only hooligans but also spectators collapsed, and this happened in the Roman era.  During the reign of Emperor Tiberius, a gladiatorial competition was held in a small city called Pyrenees, and a wooden grandstand collapsed, causing 5,000 casualties. Pyrenees was a small city, so the stadium had only 10,000 people, and on top of that, the audience doubled and the stands collapsed. Emperor Tiberius hated gladiatorial competitions, so he banned gladiatorial competitions for election campaigns by senators.   As a result, as the number of gladiatorial matches decreased, residents who were dissatisfied with their desires flocked to the open game for the first time in a long time, causing a disaster. Accordingly, the emperor created several new laws on the hosting of gladiatorial matches. For example, those who own more than 400,000 Sesterthius properties as box office organizers, or those who do not allow construction unless enough land is built on the basis of building seats. There were many ways of gladiatorial games, and the simulated naval field (Naumachia) in artificial lakes was more popular in terms of its spectacular scale. Trastevere's Augustus Mock Naval Battlefield was famous for being 539 meters long and 359 meters wide. Water was supplied to the dedicated water supply, and 3,000 people participated in the naval battle, except for the ship's pilots. Indeed, it is a tremendous scale like the world's great empire, and the only country in history that can hold such a large-scale event for water play will be the Yangje of the Sui Dynasty of China, which built the Great Canal hundreds of years later.   In other words, it can only be explained that the Roman civilization that made this possible is great. In terms of Roman waterways, roads, and postal methods alone, Europe had to wait until the industrial era to raise it to the Roman level after the fall of Rome. It's a wild imagination, but if Christianity hadn't emerged, the Middle Ages would not have arrived, and as gladiatorial games were not banned, MMA games would have prevailed hundreds of years earlier, making mixed martial arts a bigger sport than soccer today.   It is generally thought that gladiatorial games were held only in the Colosseum, and the amphitheater existed throughout the Mediterranean Sea from Spain to Northern Europe, Africa and Syria. For reference, it is said that in the era of Christian oppression, the sight of making Christian lion rice in a circular stadium will never happen in the Colosseum. The stadium in Rome, the capital city, is not only expensive, but also has a high level of perspective and citizens, so it is said that they did not want unconditionally cruel or low-quality entertainment. Historians claim that such a poor box office hit was held only on the outskirts of Gallia and others for cheap taste. As mentioned earlier, athletes who completed training at gladiator training centers due to various races, origins, and various participation reasons played in circular stadiums around Rome, and especially well-fighting or outstanding players were able to stand at the Colosseum Arena in Rome. This was the greatest honor for gladiators at the time as much as baseball players were in the U.S. Major League Baseball. By the time gladiators entered the Colosseum through the underground passage with excitement and emotion, their box office owners (Ranista) would be busy talking to producers and sponsors outside the stadium, and around them, gambling bets would be taking place in anticipation of the game like tieboxing. For the box office owner, gladiator was property, and if he dies because he supports all training expenses and equipment, he would lose part of his property. His trainers and colleagues will encourage him from the waiting room to cheer for the gladiator with his debut match with sweat in his hands throughout the game.   gladiators lived in groups in an organization called "Family," and the hierarchy was very strict. You can guess their own strong bond that shares the boundary between life and death. It's a personal guess, but just as today's mixed martial arts match does not have an official match between the same team members, given the rationality of the Romans, I don't think they would have made them struggle as in the movie Spartacus. You can form a team and compete against the other team. gladiators enjoyed tag matching like modern professional wrestling, and rival gym training centers also fought in the arena. They teamed up with four people and fought against people or animals. Pompeii's hooligan disturbance mentioned earlier is due to this way of playing. Through gladiatorial games that lasted 700 years, gladiatorial workers' jobs were handed over, and fighting methods and training methods were also handed over by gym training centers, and the fighting style became increasingly fixed. Just as today's MMA fighting style is dominated by Muay Thai, BJJ submission, and wrestling, the Roman gladiator style has also been fixed in several styles. One characteristic is that the gladiators' costumes did not follow all of the Roman soldiers'. In general, gladiators symbolized Roman enemies and adhered to the exotic costumes, armor, weapons, and martial arts of their hometown by various origins. Looking at the gladiatorial style that has been recorded so far, the shin on both Tracian legs. A small square or circular shield, a cotton mask that covers the entire face, or a wide-brimmed pitch with a face visible, and a fight with a curved Trachian dagger. Myrmillo fish fighter: He wore a pitch that looked like a fish and was heavily armed. Murmillo generally fought against Retiarius, a netman and fisherman, which symbolized the fight between fish and fishermen. They fought by wearing a Samnite flag-decorated cotton armor helmet and a knife and a large shield. He was equipped with an arm protector, but he did not wear a shin receiver. Dimachaerius wore a minimum armor and fought with two swords. Although the fighting style is the same as that of Laquarii Retiarius, a snare is used instead of a net. Under the nickname of Secutor Chaser, he took off almost no armor and fought with a rectangular shield, knife, and dagger. It is characterized by wearing a shin receiver only on the left leg. They fought wearing leather bands and high brim pitches on their arms and wrists. It symbolizes Belarus' savage and fought only with windows without armor. Essedarius equestrian gladiator: Riding a horse and fighting with a shield or spear. Sometimes they fought in a tram. Retiarius Net Fighter: A gladiator symbolized as a fisherman. It is so famous as a mural that it symbolizes Roman gladiator. They fought with a galerus for shoulder support, a subligaculum for waist, a dagger, a trident, or a harpoon for tuna or tuna or tuna. It is also called Netman today. Women's gladiatorial games were often held, and the remains of a female gladiator around the age of 20 were recently discovered in the UK. In their tombs, plates and 8-shaped lamps in the form of winning trophies were also found, and the inside of the tomb was decorated with objects related to the Egyptian god Anubis and the Greek god Mercury. The decorations related to this Mercury God were symbolic rituals and very important to Roman gladiators when carrying dead bodies from circular stadiums. Shields and knives excavated from their tombs are on display at the London Museum. Their tombstone says that it is the liberation of honor from the circular stadium as a aid. It is said that the women's gladiatorial competition was so popular that it was banned in the era of Septimus Severus. It is a famous story that Mesalina, the empress famous for her daughter and wife of Claudius, the next emperor of Caligula, was a former female gladiator.   Finally, when the newcomers emerged as Arena, the game began after several oaths of opening, after the musicians around raised the atmosphere with music. It is not clear whether he plays music during the game like Waikuru in Muay Thai or throughout the game, but for now, the prevailing view is that he played music to heighten the mood before the game. However, if you look at the murals at the time, there is also a picture of a musician playing a bronze flute while gladiators are fighting, making you imagine various situations.   When the emperor visited in person, fighters lined up and passed in front of the emperor, saying, "Hooray, emperor!" We, standing in front of death, say hello." If it was my dream to be a gladiator at the Colosseum Arena, it was the greatest honor of my life to play a wonderful match in front of the emperor.   Today, gladiators are known to fight for life or death unconditionally, but not all gladiators fought for their lives to the extent that there was a record of several wins and losses left.

If the victory or defeat was decided because Roman citizens were reluctant to be cruel more than necessary because of the high ransom, the winner formally pretended to put a knife in the loser's neck, and the loser replaced the defeat by holding the winner's thigh. It may be strange to say that the Romans hated blood and cruelty, but after harsh training, Roman citizens enjoyed the artificially moving gladiators' skills at the junction of life and death, not unconditionally loving the cruelty of blood. And the same is true today, but the higher the level of players, the more cruel the game is. Residualty is overflowing only in the matches of third-class fighters at the stadium on the outskirts of Rome. However, because it was a gladiatorial game that fought with weapons, he had to play with the fear of death and the burden of entertaining the audience. Winning was a problem, but losing had to be a great loss. No matter how strong a gladiator is, if he kills his opponent or inflicts fatal injuries by winning every time unless he really goes crazy, he will be stabbed to death without any time to "tap out" with his teammates. Therefore, winning and losing were as cool as possible and impressively timely as possible. If you play a noticeable game like a salty and hit go-stop of a player in the old "Pride," you will be angry with the emperor and the crowd and immediately lower your thumb and hear a shout of "Iugula (hit your neck)." Or if you raise your left index finger too early, which is a sign of tap-out, the shout of "Iugula" may also resonate.  The body of the loser, who was stabbed to death by an order called "Iugula," was carried out by stadium attendants dressed as Karon (the Grim Reaper of Greek mythology) or Mercury (the agent of the gods, the lion). On the contrary, even if they lost, if they fought in a fun and wonderful way, if they had a fun and wonderful fight. The winner received a gold cup, bowl, crown, gold coins, and crown made of palm leaves as the champion belt. If they fought too well, a wooden sword indicating freedom was presented on the spot, and the moment they received this wooden sword, the slave became a free man. Roman slave gladiators could generally become free men after fighting for three to five years, but if they were not talented, they could be a body that was cut off in three minutes before their debut, not three years. Above all, the sense of catching experience and timing was absolute in the match between life and death, and therefore, the first-class senior gladiators who survived through countless disturbances were unimaginable martial arts masters compared to newcomers. Therefore, the winner continued to win, and the rookie died easily with a small level difference.    Deogenes, who is not a gladiator in the Roman era but is said to have been the strongest fighter in history during the Greek era, won the 75th Olympia mixed martial arts Pancratzion, and won boxing and Pancratzion in the 76th 77th tournament.   In this case, new players are entering the battlefield where Lambos are crowded one by one, making it difficult for a box office hit and making the game boring. In addition, the cost of training one proper gladiator was quite expensive and their ransom was high. Considering equipment, training costs, meals, and treatment costs, it would be a considerable cost to consider 100 trainees at each training center.   Perhaps the highest level of gladiator was the ransom of today's major leaguers at the time. Therefore, the gladiator's box office system has been constantly studied in consideration of not only player protection but also economic and box office success. It was not just for fun, but also because it was a loss to have gladiators fight among expensive ransom gladiators. Therefore, the main event was a showdown between famous gladiators, and before and after that, animal hunting competitions were used to entertain the eyes.    The struggle between gladiators and animals is called Benatio, which is said to have dried up the seeds of animals in all parts of the empire, and local administrators and hunters were said to have dried up their rescue. In fact, in Nubia, North Africa, elephants were extinct due to the gladiatorial fight in Rome at the time, and hippos in some places and lions in what is now Turkey. No wonder, for example, during Emperor Trajan's Dhakia expedition improvement celebration, about 9,000 to 10,000 animals, including lions, elephants, deer, bears, dogs, camels, leopards, crocodiles, and wild boars, were slaughtered by gladiators alone. gladiatorial games and gladiators were so popular that they often made and sold famous gladiators as character products. Even today, certain gladiatorial gladiators' gladiatorial scenes remain in pots and ironing tools. For this reason, the social status of gladiators was low, but in the case of first-class gladiators, even senators could sometimes be friends. In the case of a famous gladiatorial match, he is invited to a banquet of an upper-class Roman family before the match. At this time, I came to see gladiators that fans and upper-class noble women liked. Roman gladiators were socially popular celebrities, so there are frequent records that upper-class people sponsored them and invited them to banquets, and open Roman women fanaticalized gladiators. Just as there is a story that the members of the Shinseonjo at the end of the Japanese shogunate were admired by women, the masculinity of gladiators in the Greek and Roman periods, which praised the beauty and courage of the trained nud, was bound to gain popularity. In particular, the unique atmosphere of gladiators facing death every day and the "there is no tomorrow" love behavior between the noble women attracted to their charm were one of the biggest gossip for Roman citizens. At the ruins of Pompeii, where the entire city was hardened at the time of the volcanic eruption, a noble woman dressed up with jewels and a gladiator were found standing side by side. As such, gladiators were subject to the admiration of Roman women, and when looking at the tomb of Trachian gladiator Celadus, it is written in Latin as "suspirum et decus puellarum," or "women's sigh and honor." It is also famous that Empress Faustina, known as the gladiator emperor, expressed her affection openly because she adored gladiator Martian more than Marcus Aurelius, her husband and one of the greatest emperors in Roman history.  This mother must have been influenced by the reason why Commodus hated his physically weak father and admired gladiators.    Emperor Commodus is the same emperor who came out as a villain who killed his father in the movie Gladiator and competed with Russell Cro, who played Maximus. This Commodus called himself Hercules, and it is said that Hercules' unique lion often went down to gladiatorial stadiums with leather and clubs. During his lifetime, he was said to have carved the name of Paulus, a famous gladiator he respected, under his statue. According to Commodus himself, he seems to have always said he fought against 1,000 gladiators, and official records show that 355 times were performed during his father, Aurelius, and the remaining 737 times were performed during his tenure. In fact, he is said to have no weapons that can't be handled by top gladiators, and he was eventually assassinated by his wrestler coach in a weaponless bath (Wouldn't it be similar to the choke technique of today's mixed martial arts)?   There are some interesting records of this Commodus, and a man named Cassius watched Commodus sparring and wrote, "A part of the nose, another ear, and this and that have fallen off the poor human body."  Another record describes Commodus going out to the circular stadium and struggling against animals.The next opponent was an ostrich so huge that I wondered if it was a bird. When the ostrich rushed toward the emperor, the emperor cut the ostrich's neck at once. Then he turned to the Senate stone and drew a bloody knife into the air. As if you were able to be like this... Rather than being afraid of the scene, we were speechless and laughed out loud."   In Rome's 700-year gladiatorial history, only Seneca, a teacher of Nero, had never even thought that any Roman intellectual should ban gladiatorial matches. What made the Romans so enthusiastic about gladiatorial competition over the years? The beauty of human's disciplined body and exercise, a legacy of Greek culture? Eturia's stimulating culture of enjoyment and instinct? Because of the nostalgia and longing for masculine strength, as tens of thousands of Japanese who are enthusiastic about K-1 or PRIDE competitions today say?  I don't think anything will be the answer. No one, including the author who is writing this article, will be able to accurately describe the charm and substance of gladiators in the Roman era. Even the masters of kendo and fencing, the most systematic and playful unskills in modern times, can only predict the timing and physical movements of humans to overpower their opponents while holding weapons, but cannot describe the true appearance of Roman gladiatorial combat except Romans.  How can today's martial art, which competes against the retarius style, which threw nets and nags and overpowered opponents with tridents, with narrow rules and limited hitting areas without risk of life, speak of a gladiatorial match in the Roman era. A Japanese swordsmanship master, who has undergone several actual games, lamented to his disciples practicing with bamboo swords and penmanship. "The match between the real swords cannot even be compared to the Daeryeon between Jukdo and Hogu. Now none of you will reach the truth of the prosecution." Roman gladiatorial games were officially banned in 325 AD during the reign of Emperor Constantine, who recognized Christianity. And it was completely abolished in 404 by Honorius, the emperor of the Western Roman Empire, who is said to be the weakest of all Roman emperors. At that time, Christian monks who entered the amphitheater to ban gladiatorial matches were said to have been stoned and killed by angry crowds. Pancration, a bare-handed mixed martial arts of the Greek era, was almost completely revived by modern MMA (different martial arts).

Anyone can guess about Greece's mixed martial arts if they can understand mixed martial arts. However, the gladiatorial match of the Roman era, which can be called a mixed martial arts of weapons, collapsed with the spirit of Rome, and now it will not be able to be revived again. I don't know if a game that can take a person's life with knives, shields, nets, and trident in front of tens of thousands of enthusiastic spectators becomes legal. ------------------------------------- The gladiators' body shape was not as slim as the physical beauty players, but quite chubby. This is to accumulate energy (in the form of fat) required for long-term fighting. It can be said that there are many unexpectedly chubby fighters today. Another is to protect the body with moderately fatty flesh so that it does not cause fatal injuries to muscles or bones when cut by a knife. Therefore, I think the uniformly slim gladiators in the movie can be said to be a little lame. Of course, there were slim gladiators, too.