After Mexico's metropolitan city Theotiwacan collapsed around 700 AD, centuries of darkness and confusion came to Central America. The personality of civilization has changed. Until then, the city did not have a barrier and was dominated by Shingwan, a scholar's temperament serving a relatively moderate religion. Instead of that, it was the armed city-state led by the leader who was immersed in war and conquest. Cities surrounded by barriers were built everywhere, and religions that were almost far from moderate were believed. What caused this change was the brilliant satisfaction of the north called Chichimek. Over more than 500 years, they pushed like waves into Mexico's civilized areas and wandered around destroying various places. Chichimek completely destroyed several ancient cultures or changed their character to the root. However, it is certain that they brought in the seeds of the upcoming gate name. The most prestigious and most dynamic people in ancient Mexico were the warlike Aztecs who were at the peak of power when the Espanians invaded, and they inherited the blood of Chichimek. Furthermore, the energetic Toltecs, who played before Aztecs, are also descendants of Chichimek. It was none other than the Toltecs who built the foundation for the Aztec civilization that marveled at conquerors from the old continent with its brutal splendor. The name Chichimek means "the descendants of dogs" in Aztec, but does not include contempt. It only indicates that they were wandering people who had invaded. However, it is difficult to say that this name is also appropriate. Because Chichimek is not just a hunter-gatherer. If it had been, it would not have been a large number of people that would pose a threat. Just as the rough and fierce Germanic peoples who overthrew the Roman Empire in the fifth century did, Chichimek had plenty of farming to support a significant population. Several remains of the settlement, which tell of its agricultural life, have been found in the desolate mountains of northern Mexico or in the back of the desert. When Theotiwakan faced a ridiculous end, whether it was because of a dispute inside or because of an attack from outside, Chichimek's first wave pushed to the Mexican basin and further south like a furnace. Fear swirled in the place of where they appeared. Chichimek, who decorated himself with feathers and paintings like the later Suwoo and Comanchi, attacked peaceful cities, slaughtered them at will, slaves residents, looted and raped to create a street of Abigyuhwan. However, sometimes they stopped unexpectedly, and those who had already become unable to resist must have looked up at the pyramids with the eyes of the outside world. As in the example of a satisfaction invasion, Chichimek neither conquered all places at once nor completely conquered them. Some of the cities in the Mexican Basin welcomed Chichimek as ruler and were protected, while others continued to resist for quite a long time. In addition, several cities outside the Mexican basin stubbornly protected the highly developed whale culture and had a strong influence on future people. These cities will be comparable to the Byzantine that was introduced to the West during the Renaissance by firmly maintaining the essence of Greek and Roman civilizations against the satisfaction of invading the Roman Empire. Soon, the order gradually regained in Mexico and the Mexican basins. Some Chichimek were inspired by the ancient civilization of the basin and defeated new invading forces from the north with surviving residents. In addition, there was Chichimek, who built an independent rugged city and improved it as the degree of culture increased. By 970 A.D., Toltech's city Tula, one of the cities built by people who inherited the blood of satisfaction, had built a powerful force with a large population and achieved great development enough to dominate the elements of the Mexican basin and far into Central America. The remains of Tula are located 80 kilometers north of Mexico and currently in Dalgoju. Mexico's history on record begins here. As for Tula's Toltech, Aztec poems and legends, which have been handed down from generation to generation, convey fragmentary knowledge like Homer in the Greek hero era. Such transmission literature was written by cultured indio after conquest by the Espanians or delivered to chronological writers of Espania. Because it is a transmission, the facts are quite fast. However, removing mythical elements and comparing them with archaeological achievements revealed that quite a few accurate facts were included. The story of the Toltecs first begins with a legend that they, a tribe of Chichimek wandering from the north in the early 10th century, were attracted by a king named Mixcoatl and settled in Kulwakan, a land several kilometers south of current Mexico. Mischkoatl seems to be only the legendary ruler, but his son Topiltzin is a real person. There are many myths about him, and there is no doubt that he is the first ambitious being in Mexican history. When he was young, Topiljjin practiced his studies to become a new building, and grew up and became a Daishingwan dedicated to Quetzalkoatl, the god of snakes with feathers. This god is the guardian deity of learning and craftsmanship as a god since Theotiwakan in the past. When Topiljin ascended to the throne of Toltec, he changed his name to Quetzalkoatl, which was not to deify himself. At that time, the Daishin officials were often called by the name of the god they worshiped. It later became a cause of outrageous confusion. When the names of ancient Indio's historical and contemporary historians and Quetzalkoatl come out, it is often wrong to know whether they are referring to humans originally called Topiljjin or God. Around 950 A.D., Topilzin moved the capital of Toltech from the northern end of the Mexican basin to Tula, where it crossed the mountain. According to legend, he also put Nonoalka ( deaf and mute people) in the new capital's He expressed in this way that he moved people who did not know how to speak the Toltecs to Tula. It is largely certain that they were survivors who managed to maintain Theotiwacan civilization while being attacked by Chichimek in other places in the Mexican basin. Their knowledge and skills were far superior to those of the Toltecs at the time, just a few generations after they migrated from the savage Chichimek. It is believed that Topiljjin made them engrave ancestors, make wonderful earthenware, or build a temple. Topiljjin's Quezalkoatl developed Tula into a large city and taught residents to overcome all kinds of civilizations. He was highly praised for protecting his reverent single life. It was his fatal mistake to try to make Quetzal koatl, the gentle and benevolent god, the main god of Tula. This is because this god had the power to appeal to the city's influential Toltech people. The most worshipped of their gods was the fighting god, Tescatlypoca. This god was often forced to offer a heart that did not stop the warm blood and beating of human beings who became human offerings. The legend tells in detail the progress of this Tescatlypokapa's overthrow of Topiljjin and its gentle god Quezalkoatl. Contradictions are sometimes found in Cebu, but there are also interesting stories as follows. One night, Tescatlypoca turned into an old man and appeared in the presence of Topiljjin, who used his power to drink him. And he left his sister, the beautiful Quetzal Petlatl (a giant feather) in one shot. In the morning, Topiljin realized that he had lost sympathy and did something shameful that could not be undone. So he stepped down from Toltech's throne and went on a wandering path with faithful seeds. Scholars thought the story was made based on facts and interpreted it as meaning that the believers of the civilized gods since Theotiwakan and the believers of the brilliant fighting gods brought in from the uncivilized north fought religious struggles and divided Tula. As symbolized by Topiljjin's asylum, the believers of the fighting god won. In the second half of the legend, the human Quezal koatl and the divine Quezal koatl become one. Topiljjin = Quetzalkoatl, who left Tula and went on a wandering path, will stay in Cholula, which was famous as the center of culture and religion, for 20 years. After that, he departs for the coast, and there are several theories about what follows. In one of them, he rides a raft made by intertwining snakes and goes out to the sea. In other New Year's Day, it rises to the sky and becomes a "rise star. However, in any New Year's Day, he promised to return from the direction of sunrise by the time of departure and clearly predicted the date of return. It is 1519 in Western terms. This legend, which was widespread throughout Central America, was to predict the miserable end of Aztec civilization. In the year when the tradition of Quezalkoatl was being predicted, one of the most surprising coincidences in the history of Gogeum East and West took place. It was understanding that the Spanish conquerors first arrived in Mexico. Ancient toolas are currently partially but carefully restored. In that respect, it is quite different from Theoti and Khan or cities in its lineage. Delicate technique, which was a characteristic of the classical era, disappears, and on the contrary, ferocity and power are emphasized. The best building to be restored is a five-stage low pyramid with a wide top, and in the past, Daeshinjeon Hall was standing there. Currently, there are four 4.5m high stone pillars modeled after armed warriors on the platform. Four footnotes embossed with these stone pillars and statues of warriors were supporting the roof of a wooden temple before. In front of the pyramid, there is a place like a porch where more footnotes remain, and several footnotes are scattered around it. These footnotes and the cruel appearance of warriors engraved there are unique to Toltech. It doesn't matter if all of the places where they are found in Central America are influenced by Toltech.
The Toltecs refused to serve the moderate gods and continued to worship the gods given to their blood, but were also heavily influenced by religions with traditions since Theoti and Khan. On the band-shaped embossed sculpture decorating the pyramid of Tula, you can see several images of gods from ancient times. Quetzal koatle is also expressed as a feathery rattlesnake with a tail. In addition, the monster, which has a complex shape that matches various elements of snakes and birds, is thought to be Trelalok, the god of rain from ancient times. Tescatlypoca, who was also the god of fighting and the ruler of life and death, cannot be found among the gods engraved on the pyramid. Perhaps it is because Tescatlypokapa won and the pyramid was completed before Topiljin went on a wandering trip. However, there are many traces showing that personal offerings were prevalent in Tula. In the sculpture of the pyramid, there are several scenes of an eagle, the symbol of the sun, pecking at the human heart. There are also sculptures depicting an eagle-shaped bowl that is thought to contain the heart of a human sacrifice, and the altar used to lay the wood is decorated with bones crossing the skull. The alignment of the bones crossing this skull is common in ancient ruins of the Mexican coastal region. The design of the pirate's black flag that traversed the Caribbean Sea in the 17th and 18th centuries may have taken a hint from this. In a sense, it can be said that Tula was a new type of city. Unlike cities such as Theoti and Khan, which are built defenselessly on solid plains, Tula's temples and vast residential areas are concentrated on hills that are easy to defend the enemy. However, as long as Tula was located on the outskirts of the Chichimek sphere of influence, she would have been constantly exposed to threats of satisfaction. The former city was dominated by a new building, but the capital of this Toltech was a city of warriors. According to the order of the military leader, life was being established with objects taken from the conquered people. Tula was the backbone of the country that first imposed payments in ancient America and had administrative, economic, and religious systems. This system was then adopted throughout Central America until it was conquered by Espania. It was in the middle of the 10th century when Tula was founded, but not long after that, Toltech's troops, thought to have been organized into various tribes, advanced to various parts of Mexico. They ruled from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast to the east, from Guatemala to the south to the land of their ancestor Chichimek to the north. Around 1000 A.D., it showed phenomenal development, violated the Yucatan Peninsula, and targeted various places where the late Maya civilization was blooming. They seem to have invaded it from the sea. There is a record that it was that Quezalkoatl that led the invasion army, but this must have been influenced by later legends. Toltech seems to have destroyed some cities in Maya, but instead, with the help of Maya craftsmen, it worked hard to build a great and beautiful city of Chitchen Izzza. This heritage still shines brightly in the sunlight shining on the dry plain covered with shrubs. Chichen Izzza's architecture follows the Mayan style, but there are many traces of domination by Toltech, which brought in religion centered on death and human offerings. The skull design engraved on the altar is one example. It is not that the Maya sculptures up to then have dealt with personal offerings. However, in this sculpture, you can see a scary and intense scene that is incomparable to them. In Chichen Izzza, a unique personal offering that was not known in Tula, the city of Toltech, was being offered. The city's most magnificent building is a pyramid with a temple installed at the top and is called Castillo (Seongchae). To the north is a deep depression surrounded by limestone cliffs, widely known as "holy wells." When what was thought to be a sign of drought and divine anger occurred, the believers picked out a beautiful lady and threw her into this pond along with jewelry and other valuables to dedicate it to God. Centuries after this practice disappeared, according to the Spanish Chronicles, women were asked to be rescued and delivered the revelations given by the gods if they were thrown with sunrise and alive until noon. The story of Chichen Izzza's holy well has long been overlooked as a simple fantasy legend. However, when I dredged on the spring, there were many amazing treasures on the muddy floor. Hundreds of envelopes were found, including white bones of human offerings that were not blessed by the gods, beautiful necklaces of gold and Gyeongok, small knives for offerings of black stones with handles carved with jewels, masks made of copper or gold, and decorative plates. Most of the gold ornaments are thought to have been made far away. The Toltec civilization, which spread from Tula, Mexico, did not have a profound effect only on Maya on the Yucatan Peninsula. It has some influence on the current United States, especially the Mississippi Valley. It is thought that the fact that stones were collected and stacked on the gardens of Seokgasan Mountain, which can be seen in this region, was made around 1000 BC, but after the 10th century BC, a large Seokgasan Mountain (made like a mountain by collecting stones on the gardens) was built. The people who were worshiping the god enshrined on these Seokgasan Mountain do not seem to be the Toltecs who migrated. The religious ideas that fascinated them may have been handed down from tribe to tribe or from traders who came from Toltech's ruling territory. Tula collapsed around 1160 AD. It is thought to have been caused by a new attack by satisfied Chichimek. Chichimek threatened them from the North throughout Toltec's prosperity. Tula was completely ruined. However, Toltech's name was not broken. Several warlike tribes, called descendants of Toltec, have either settled in various places from Mexico to Nicaragua in the far south or entered the ruling class of the conquered city. The devastation of Tula and the annihilation of the Toltec Empire were not fatal to Mexican civilization, unlike Theotiwacan's fall about 500 years ago. This time, Chichimek swept Mexico with unprecedented heartless cruelty, but many city-states had the power to counter them. For example, the Mishtek people, who were building forces around Mitla, a city encouraged in the mountainous area of the southeast of the Mexican basin, developed their civilization without being disturbed by the people. On the contrary, they expanded their scope of power to the vicinity of Oahaka, occupying Monte Alban, the ancestral site of the ancient Sapotechs, which had been abandoned for a long time, and used some of Sapotech's tombs as tombs of their priests or powerful people. More than 500 artifacts made of gold, silver, Gyeongok, Turquoise, and other expensive materials were found in the famous Tomb No. 7 of Mishtek. This can be said to be the most luxurious treasure found in Central America so far. When it comes to the Mexican basin, Chichimek, which has newly invaded, seems to be assimilated without any resistance. The number of residents soon recovered to its previous state as it was supported by agriculture with high production efficiency by the artificial island "Chinampas" created along the shoreline. The fight lasted for more than 200 years, and small and medium-sized city-states quarreled with each other. However, none of them took control of the rich Mexican basin, which is indispensable for establishing hegemony in Central America. It was around 1200 A.D. that the Aztecs achieved this feat, and they appeared.
댓글 없음:
댓글 쓰기