After the 15th-century colombus, Westerners began conquering the world in the 16th-century... ...and in the East, they are still relentlessly digging into "weak areas" such as the Kaegang, Siberian New World, the Philippines, and Indonesia... ...and conquering Aztec Inca. African black slave trade is also a case in point. But instead, Europe began to see remarkable developments one by one... the "Scientific Revolution" that began in the 16th and 7th centuries, and we only focused on the Industrial Revolution, which began in the 19th century after the invention of James Watt's steam engine in the late 18th century, and is now in the 20th and 1st century. In the 18th century, scientists in England discovered the Andromeda Nebula and discovered the presence of oxygen air. Of course, you could say that you inherited ancient medieval Greece, Arab, Persia, India, China, but... ...it must have gotten even more serious and unleashed the Industrial Revolution jackpot. Personally, I wonder that Spain, which conquered the Americas and gave Europe silver, has been revitalized in other European countries such as Britain, France, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, and Italy. The Industrial Revolution broke out in Britain because all the other countries were divided into small pieces and only the big chunks of England and France. The imperialist school of England refers to this as "moving from a Latin Southern European idiot who doesn't know how to use American treasure to the right place" by pirating Spanish golden ships... ...and representing African black slave exports. Russia, which is relatively behind the development of Europe, which has received American treasure, desperately tries to contact Western Europe, defeats Sweden, Poland, Turkey in the early 18th century, and creates a new capital, Petersburg, and moves from Moscow. Pyotr the Great. The Ottoman Turks, the glory of Islam that made Europe tremble with terror, were also the targets of terror in the first Bijin Siege in the early 16th century, but were defeated by the Polish and German allies in the second Bijin Siege in the late 17th century. In 1699 the Treaty of Karlowitz gave Hungary away to Austria and established itself as a "patient third-rate power in Europe." Since then, Muslims have never surpassed Christians. As China and Japan know that Europe is too far away and that the economy of people's livelihoods is superior to that of Europe, but science and technology are inferior, Ming and Qing have partially opened Gwangju, the farthest Nagasaki, in the capital Tokyo. This preliminary stage of the 16th and 8th centuries called the "modern era" means that there is a modern era after the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century... of course, Japan was not immediately modernized after the Myeongchi Revolution in 1868, but continued cultural contact through Nagasaki from the 17th and 8th centuries. Of course, until the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century, the world's largest economy was the Qing Dynasty of China... ...that is, the Western scientific revolution was not immediately available. First agriculture, but then Britain defeated China in the Opium War in 1842 and industrialization of everything, even agriculture changed from China to the United States and Russia because mechanization, including the invention of tractors, affected agricultural production. At the beginning of all that, there were prepared Western scientists 300 years ago, sacrificed Indians and African blacks, and after the opening of the world, they entered the core of Asia in earnest. ============================================================== <Science Revolution> - The development of the background technology and transportation methods of the scientific revolution increased the market, increased production of goods, and strengthened the power of commerce and industry. This phenomenon led to the fall of the feudal system and served as an opportunity to establish absolute kingship. The Renaissance during this period contributed to the development of natural science, and the Reformation led to the decline of Scholar philosophy, which hindered the development of science, allowing scientists to freely conduct academic research. In the past, when we lived in different conceptual systems of nature, in the past, when we thought nature was always moving by new and new miracles, we began to wonder about the forms of these miracles and what hierarchies they could be identified in. -The significance of the scientific revolution The scientific revolution refers to the establishment of modern science centered on the 17th century and the resulting serious change in ideology, which has been frequently used recently. The direct reason for the general use of this concept stems from the book "The Origin of Modernity" by H. Butterfield, a professor of modern history at Cambridge University. There have been three great revolutions in history: the Urban Revolution, the Greek Revolution, and the Scientific Revolution, and among them, the most important and most groundbreaking is the Scientific Revolution. To briefly summarize the contents of the scientific revolution: 1. the collapse of Aristotle's view of nature 2. the establishment of scientific methods 3. the combination of science and technology 4. the triumph of mechanism 5. the establishment of science as an institution. After all, the core of the scientific revolution stems from the formation of a new method of exploration of nature, which combines the theoretical heritage of Greece and the unique form of technical practice since the late Middle Ages. The former sprouted in the theoretical heritage since Greece, and the latter was trained in the technical practice of modern craftsmen. The reason why science in the modern sense of Greece and the Middle Ages was not born was that this rational way of thinking and technical practice were separated from each other. In other words, in the Middle Ages, theory belonged to theologian's speculation, and technical practice was the exclusive property of artisans without culture. In the end, one big breakthrough that will unlock the secret of the scientific revolution was the combination and connection of theoretical heritage belonging to scholarly traditions and technical practice belonging to artisan traditions, and the state of their mutual penetration. Moreover, the prosperity of the capitalist system inevitably enabled the development of experimental science, which also played a major role in industrial and economic development. And as natural science went beyond certain limits, it firmly secured its position as a factor in society's productivity, and this transformation was much more significant than the political events of the time in any way. The significance of the scientific revolution is also here. - Copernicus' appearance Copernicus pointed out the problem with Ptolemy's space structure and thought the sun was at the center of the universe and the earth was spinning around it. This was a challenge to the entire medieval view of space, which had been believed that the Earth was the center of the universe. It challenged Aristotle and Ptolemy's view of the universe, which had been believed to be almost absolute truth until then. Copernicus appealed to fellow mathematicians for aesthetic judgment to explain his view of the universe. This is a complex concept, which is based on all intellectual progress since the scientific revolution, and is the same as the humanist concept. This is also seen in the act of rejecting the achievements of Scholar philosophers, that is, the lack of beauty and unification. Nature has one unity, if we find the laws right in nature, this unity is expressed in the simplicity of the laws themselves, the expression of unity, the definition of simplicity is aesthetic... ...science is both the beauty and truth of people who practice them, like art.…gives the humanist belief that it is the two sides of the whole. It is the belief that beauty is the truth. -Tico BraheTico Brahe was a genius at observation. Accurate observations helped revise astronomical records up to that time and the calendar. The discovery of a sacred star in the constellation of Cassiopeia in 1572, and in that year's paper, "About the Divinity," severely damaged Aristotle's view of the universe. Unlike Copernicus, Tico Brahe's space structure claimed that the Earth is stationary at the center of the universe, with the moon and the sun rotating around it, and other planets orbiting the sun. -Kepler Kepler was the first to think that the orbit of a planet represents an ellipse, not a circle. When I calculated the orbit of Mars according to Brahe's data, the full circle did not come out and it was distorted. Eventually, Kepler believes in Tico's observation and discovered the elliptical orbit by abandoning the preconception that the celestial body is complete, establishing the following laws. 1. Every planet rotates in its own elliptical orbit around the Sun. 2. When a planet moves on an orbit, its fan-shaped area is equal to two points in orbit at the same time. 2. The square of each planet's cycle is proportional to the cube of its average distance to the Sun. Thinking that astronomy cannot fully help navigation without accurate time measurement tools, Galilei finds that the pendulum and throbbing pulse keep exactly the same time using latitude measurement and monastic clock airway. The principle of the pendulum movement, the basis of the modern clock principle, was established. (In the laws of mechanics, Aristotle's heavy objects fall first...)The reason for not reversing the proposition was that there was no clock to measure the passage of time.) Galilei also built a telescope to make more detailed observations, which he used as evidence for Copernicus' space structure. Observations of the moon's surface, sunspots, Jupiter and Venus helped ordinary people understand Copernicus' space structure. However, Galilee's view of the universe was contrary to Christian doctrine because it denied the Earth's central theory. The church, which weakened after the 16th century religious reform, could not tolerate this claim and eventually face a religious trial.
As a result, Galileo's humiliation culminated in the scientific revolution and led to the decline of Italian astronomy, and Germany also began to be thwarted early due to Luther's contempt for Copernicus. However, after Galilee's death, the scientific revolution flourished in rebellion in England, and as a background, a genius named Isaac Newton was born. Galileo's ideas and influences 1. He laid the foundation for a mechanical worldview. 2. He has extended his senses. 3. He thought of the infinite universe mathematically. 4. The relationship between science and religion began to deteriorate after Galilean dynamics emerged. - Descartes and Mechanical Philosophy - If Hermesism and Neoplatonism assume spiritual power, spirits, mysticism, and magical power in nature, mechanical philosophy sees nature as only matter + movement and absolutely alien to mind and matter. - The process of establishing mechanical philosophy: When Aristotle was suspected at university and lost absolute authority, extreme skepticism called 'pyronism' emerged in crisis and transitional situations where new theories competed. This is a sensory and epistemological skepticism, and it is difficult to believe anything given by sensory perception, so no theory obtained through perception can be believed. In this "knowledge crisis", on the one hand, there was a position to avoid epistemological skepticism through practicality as an opposition to skepticism, and on the other hand, Descartes put forward "new dogma" as an opinion on skepticism. In the new dogma theory, he attempted a systematic suspicion that if he could not trust his senses, he would suspect everything he could. If it is not absolute knowledge, it is doubtful that all of them deny sensory knowledge, 외 deny external world, 자 deny their consciousness itself, and eventually, what remains is that they think "I exist because they think." Descartes's philosophy was to build new knowledge from the reliable knowledge of clearness through the neo-Germanism method. Descartes' mechanical philosophy: Descartes thought that natural science knowledge should also be systematically based on clearness, resulting in the mechanical philosophy of matter+movement. Descartes thought that existence had an extension, and that something occupying the space could be recognized when it entered his senses. In other words, the principle that matter occupies space arose here. Descartes thought that there should be movement in the substance and that God gave it. In other words, after the principle of matter and motion is given from God, nature continues to return. Matter is all made up of particles and change is made from motion. Descartes gave this motion and established the principle of inertia that a moving object continues its motion without external intervention. In conclusion, this philosophy can be called 'mechanical philosophy' because there is no room for supernatural ideas such as nature's divinity, mana, and spirits to intervene. By mechanical philosophy, nature is considered to be maintained as if it were a machine as its own principle of motion. This philosophy also has the position of reductionism that it can reveal its existence by retroactively reflecting on basic elements. Descartes introduces the 'vortex theory of particles' based on such reductionism, thereby completing the theory of planetary/light/gravity. → Descartes' mechanical philosophy expresses the idea that all phenomena of nature can be explained by causal mechanisms, and modern science and modern science can be seen as following this position. Note As we enter the 17th century, Europe enters the so-called "era of scientific revolution" that continues into modern and modern times, along with the development of philosophy, astronomy, and physics. In this century, brilliant discoveries and creativity that awaited the scientific revolution poured out one after another. Although Kepler, Napier, and Ferma have pioneered new fields such as Descartes, Pascal, Newton, and Leibniz. They were geniuses who studied physics, astronomy, and philosophy without exception, and in this respect, they are different from those of later mathematicians. This feature is also well illustrated in their research and creative discoveries. Descartes, the philosopher who wrote the Methodology Introduction, remains immortal as the founder of interpretive geometry. The algebraic method was discovered by combining geometry with algebra. It is believed that this is affecting Leibniz's discovery of calculus. Newton and Leibniz each independently founded calculus, opening the way for modern scholarship. Mathematics, which has not progressed for hundreds of years, has advanced rapidly and has also had a great impact on physics by leaping from the world of geometry and algebra to analytical science. Newton systematized calculus in 1671. He made brilliant achievements, including the discovery of the law of gravity in the universe and the theory of particles of light. "Philosophia e naturalis Principia mathematica" was published in 1687. Later, Leibniz and Newton had a lot of controversy over the creation of calculus, but it was eventually explained that the two achieved their achievements independently. Leibniz also made a great contribution to the symbolization of mathematics. The current symbols of calculus owe much to it. He also made great achievements in law and philosophy. -Newton and the Completion of Classical Physics Newton, who completed the modern scientific revolution and completed classical physics, was born on December 25, 1642 in a small farmhouse in England. It is the year of Galilee's death and the 100th anniversary of Copernicus' death. He entered Trinity College in Cambridge at the age of 19 and began to make connections with science. His research was extensive, including the production of reflective telescopes, optics, universal gravitation, and calculus. And his research career has come to an end with the publication of his books. - 3 Laws of Motion 1. Objects that do not exert force from outside shall remain stationary or constant. <Law of Inertia> 2. When a force acts on an object and the state of motion changes, the magnitude of the acceleration is proportional to the applied arbitrary size and inversely proportional to the mass. <Law of Acceleration> 3. When two objects act on each other, the force received by the second object from the first object is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force received from the first second object. In 1687 Newton published an extensive book, The Principia, the Bible of Science. the mathematical principles of natural philosophyIt is, usually called {Principia} In this book Newton solved a major historical task of modern scientific development 150 years after Copernicus. The content mainly unified Kepler's astronomy and Galilee's mechanics, and supplemented his views to a higher level.
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