● Can Samhan replace Silla, Baekje, and Gaya? Samhan is a peculiar being in our ancient history. This is because most ancient countries, led by Gojoseon, have been interpreted with reduced meaning, while Samhanman has been exaggerated. According to the current conventional wisdom, Samhan is the common name for Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan, which were formed in the south-central part of the Korean Peninsula before the Three Kingdoms Period in Korean history. The oldest record of Samhan is the Dongjeon of the Three Kingdoms, and the Dongjeon of the Later Hanseo and the Saijeon of the Jinseo are reconstructions of the contents of the Three Kingdoms. Where did Samhan come from? Hanseo Chosunjeon Hall states that Gojoseon blocked the tribute of the true nation to the Han Dynasty as one reason for the Han Dynasty's visit to Gojoseon, and there is a theory that Samhan developed in the Jinguk mentioned here. The Later Han Book records that all of Samhan developed from Yi Jin-guk, but the Three Kingdoms write that Jinman Bay developed from Jin-guk and the rest migrated from other places. According to Hu Han-seo and the Korean group before the Three Kingdoms, Samhan is a political group consisting of 78 small countries, including 54 Mahan countries, 12 Jinhan countries, and 12 Byeonhan countries. The reason why Samhan is a big controversy is that the current view that Silla, Baekje, and Gaya were developed in these small countries is common. Existing conventional wisdom believes that Samhan existed from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC to the 3rd century AD. According to this, by the 3rd century AD, small countries in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula were separated, and Baekje was only a small country in Mahan, located in Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheong-do, and Jeolla-do, and Silla and Gaya were only a small country in Byeonhan, located in Gyeongsang-do. Japanese colonial era The reason why these arguments are considered problematic is that if this theory is followed, the initial record of the Three Kingdoms History will inevitably be denied. As is well known, Silla, Goguryeo, and Baekje were founded around the 1st century B.C., and the Samguk Yusa records that Gaya was founded in the 1st century B.C. The Samguk Sagi also shows that Silla, Goguryeo, and Baekje have been engaged in a war of conquest against neighboring countries since their founding. On the other hand, however, information on Samhan recorded in the Three Kingdoms and the Later Hanseo states that by the 3rd century A.D., the southern part of the Korean Peninsula had dozens of small countries in parallel. Among these two records, the logic of abandoning the Samguk Sagi and choosing the Chinese records is the so-called "Mistrust of the Early Records of the Three Kingdoms Sagi," which is currently a common theory in academia. According to this popular belief, Baekje, one of the 54 Mahan countries, developed into an ancient state only during the mid-to-late 3rd century, and Silla, one of the 12 rich countries, developed into an ancient state only during the late 4th to early 5th century. And Gaya, one of the 12 countries that changed, did not eventually develop into an ancient state. Since Samhan usually existed from the 2nd century B.C. to the 3rd century A.D., the early records of the Three Kingdoms that Baekje and Silla were powerful states existed before and after B.C. were inevitably denied. For Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan, made up of dozens of small countries, to exist in the south-central part of the Korean Peninsula by the 3rd century A.D., Baekje and Silla must be only one of dozens of small countries during this period. The term "Wonsamgukgi" is also a coined word that appeared when the relics excavated in this record were sewn together. Meanwhile, the reason why Japanese historians accepted the Samguk Sagi, Samgukji, and Hu Hanseo was to save the theory of Imna-il. In order for a strong Imna-Japan department to exist in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, there should not have been a strong ancient state called Baekje, Silla, and Gaya in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. In other words, Silla, Baekje, and Gaya had to be one of 78 small countries in order for the Imna Japanese department to live. However, after liberation, the Korean academic community denied the Imna-il headquarters theory, but recognized Samhan, resulting in a contradictory logic of "the distrust of the early records of the Three Kingdoms." ● Where was Mahan? It is also necessary to fundamentally review the location of Samhan, which is currently accepted as a common theory. Among them, it is as important as the location of Nakrangguk and Nakranggun to determine the location of Mahan. The theory that Mahan is currently located in Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheong-do, and Jeolla-do needs a fundamental review. In the records of the Samguk Yusa Mahanjo, Choi Chi-won wrote, "Mahan is Goguryeo, Jin is Silla," and Ilyeon added in the comment, "People say Mahan is Baekje now, but this is wrong," adding that Choi Chi-won's perception of "Mahan=Goguryo" is correct. However, when Lee Byung-do, a person of more than 1,000 years later than them, pointed out that Choi Chi-won and Il-yeon all misunderstood it, this became a common belief. Even in the Joseon Dynasty, there were views that the location of Mahan was designated as the southwestern part of the Korean Peninsula. Han Baek-gyeom, a scholar of the mid-Joseon Dynasty, pit Mahan in Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheong-do, and Jeolla-do, and Jinhan and Byeonhan in Gyeongsang-do in "Dongguk Geography." Since then, some scholars in the late Joseon Dynasty have followed this theory and used the area where King Jun fled with left and right courtiers as the basis for the Samhan Jeongtongism, which connects Giza Joseon and Mahan. Of course, later historians may recognize facts more accurately than those of the time. However, it is difficult to say that Choi Chi-won, a world-renowned scholar of the late Silla period, lacked common sense about historical geography to the extent that he did not know the location of Mahan. The reason why Choi Chi-won's perception of "Mahan = Goguryeo" is important is that the location of Mahan is also located, but it is closely related to the power of Gojoseon. In the Han section of Hu Hanseo, "In the past, King Jun of Joseon was defeated by Wi Man, and he lived in the Han area via the sea with thousands of his remaining people, calling himself Han Wang." So far, this historical data has been interpreted as King Jun, who was controlling Gojoseon in Pyongyang, was chased by Wiman and came south of the Han River to attack Mahan. However, the expression that came to Mahan via the sea from here requires a more rigorous interpretation. If the center of Gojoseon was near Pyongyang at the time when King Jun was ousted by Wiman, King Jun does not have to run away via the sea. This is because if you retreat from the Pyongyang area, you will use the land route, not the sea. This should be seen as meaning that the center of Wiman Joseon, which was taken from the Junwang, is not the Pyongyang area, but the Liaodong or Yoseo area. In this case, Choi Chi-won's explanation of "Man = Goguryo" is quite convincing. This is because it is reasonable to interpret that King Jun did not retreat from Pyongyang to the south of the Han River, but from the Liaodong or Yoseo area to the later Goguryeo area through sea routes. The fact that Mahan was not south of the Han River can also be proved through the records of the Three Kingdoms. In the 69th year of King Taejo's reign of King Samguk Sagi, there is a record that "When the king surrounded Hyundoseong with Mahan and Yemaek, Buyeo king led 20,000 soldiers with his son Uigutae and fought together with the Han army. In the following year, "the king invaded Goguryeo with Mahan Yemaek." At this time, according to the conventional wisdom, it does not make sense for Mahan, who is located in the south of the Han River, to attack Liaodong. Kim Bu-sik writes this record and expresses his question, "Did King Onjo of Baekje perished in the 27th year of King Onjo of Baekje, and now he is said to have engaged in military action with King Goguryeo? Did it revive after the perversion?" Kim Bu-sik also did not easily understand the record that Mahan attacked Buyeo with Goguryeo. However, considering that the same article appears in the literature of the Later Hanseo Goguryeo Dynasty, Mahan's attack on Yodong Hyeondo-gun along with Goguryeo should be recognized as true. There is no reason not to believe the records of the Chinese side as well as the domestic records of the Three Kingdoms. This is only an example of how wrong the history of Samhansa has been described without problem consciousness. The historical narrative attitude of denying all the early records of the Three Kingdoms, considering the latter and short articles on the Han of the Three Kingdoms as gold and jade, is unscientific and non-historical without adding that its roots are in Japanese colonial history. ● Samhan, the social custom of Samhan, was an indigenous agricultural society where the land was fertile and rice cultivated and five grains were grown, and silk was also used to make cloth. The house is interpreted as a transitional stage of developing from a transfusion residence to a ground house based on the record in the Three Kingdoms, "The residence makes a earthen chamber in a thatched house, and its shape was like a tomb, and the door is at the top." It is interpreted as Togwangmyo because there is a coffin in the funeral, but there is no Gwak, and the Three Kingdoms reported that there was a custom of burial instead of riding a cow or horse. In Byeonjin, it was believed that the dead rose by using the feathers of a large bird for funerals, and there was a custom of migraine and tattoos, which is interpreted as the influence of southern culture. One peculiar thing about Samhan is Sodo. In the literature of the Han Dynasty of the Three Kingdoms, "In addition, there are separate towns in each country, so it is called Sodo." They set up trees there, hung bells and drums, and serve ghosts. I became fond of stealing because I didn't send back anyone who fled to the area. The meaning of their establishment of Sodo is the same as that of Budo, but the good and bad points of what they do are different." Sodo can be interpreted as evidence of the transformation of Samhan, which was generally a consensus on enactment, into a separate society. It is a traditional backlash against the new social order established by the Iron Age culture.
Source; Humanist ' Explanation of Living Korean History - A New Revolution in Korean History Description; Lee Deok-il, Director of the Hangaram Historical and Cultural Institute.
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