The roots of the Korean people (Shin Dong-ah 2002.1) 70 to 80 percent of Koreans are from Baikal Lake, 20 to 30 percent are from the northern world, and 20 to 30 percent are from the southern world. To confess, I couldn't help but be interested in the roots of our people while studying diabetes. In the 1980s, I was studying the relationship between Type 1 diabetes and histo-compatible genes (HLA). So, I knew that people with certain genes were prone to type 1 diabetes, which is rare, and I was trying to make sure that the correlation was determined. For this reason, he also attended an international conference in Sapporo, Japan in 1986. According to the presentation data of medical scientists from around the world, it was noticeable that the frequency of genes varies by region. In particular, there was a clear difference between people in northern China and people in southern China. In addition, the genes of the Japanese and Korean people are very similar, and the people of northern China and Korea are similar. In order to study people with different medical conditions, we should compare them with healthy people without diseases (called controls). Only then can you guess which genes cause the disease. At this international conference, a paper that collects data of healthy people separately and analyzes their distribution by region, that is, a report on anthropological research, was specially prepared. But when I looked at the results, the anthropological layman like me at the time was like, "Ah! Genetically, Koreans, Japanese, and northern Chinese are similar, and they are different from those of southern China and other southern regions." After this competition, I thought it would be necessary to understand the genetic background (root) of Korean people to return to Korea and study the relationship between diseases and genes more deeply. As part of that, I met with various scholars to find out the information around them. However, I met Professor Yoon Nae-hyun, who studies ancient history at Dankook University, and asked him to explain my intention and learn, but I think he wants me to present what it is about to the Korean Society. It was like putting a bump on it while trying to pull it off. In the end, he failed to refuse, and with the help of Professor Park Kyung-sook of Sungshin Women's University, he wrote a paper and published it in the Journal of the Korean Society. For this reason, I ended up sticking to revealing the roots of the Korean people as a diabetic doctor. Anyway, I would like to look up the genetic roots of the Korean people in more detail by adding recent research results based on the article published in the Journal of the Korean Society at the time. Of all animals, monkeys and humans are the most similar, which anyone who has ever been to the zoo can see. So which one is closest to humans, monkeys, chimpanzees, or gorillas? Now, we know from molecular genetic research that humans are closest to chimpanzees, and later from research by Ricky et al that they were also related to many intermediate-stage apes that are now extinct. HYPERLINK "http://www2.donga.com/docs/magazine/new_donga/200201/" \l "doctop" Human origins in Africa Darwin and Huxley thought humans would have originated in Africa, simply because human-like monkeys and gorillas are the most common in Africa. However, archaeological studies estimate that the origin of mankind was separated from the ancestors of chimpanzees about 6 million years ago, followed by Homo habilis via Australopithecine, and Homo erectus lived in many parts of the world until 30,000 years ago. Scholars were thinking of the "Chandelian model" that Homo erectus lived in various parts of the world until more than 20 years ago, including the Java people, the Beijing people, and the French people who made the Ashulian earthenware, and that modern humans evolved in each region through the so-called "Homo neanderthalensis." For example, our ancestors on the Korean Peninsula lived on the Korean Peninsula hundreds of thousands of years ago and thought that their ancestors were very different from those who lived in Europe. In the 1980s, however, British paleoanthropologists Christopher Stringer and Alan Wilson of the United States argued for the "Out of Africa Theory" that modern humans mutated in the savannah region of East Africa about 150,000 years ago and became parents to all mankind. Now, numerous data appear to be consistent with this theory. According to this theory, Homo erectus and Neanderthals were 'replaced' and disappeared by modern humans (chromagnons). This fact is consistent with Wilson's analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Let's take a closer look at genetic analysis here. Several people have conducted similar studies since Germany's Nebiante Paavo in 1995 analyzed genes by removing some bones from Neanderthal remains that had been preserved since 1856. As a result, there was little genetic difference between Neanderthals, but it was confirmed that there was a significant difference between Neanderthals and modern humans. The properties of inherited organisms are basically determined by DNA sequences. Different species of living things naturally change this sequence. This is because the base sequence contains a blueprint of a living thing. From this point of view, the human genome project, which has just ended these days, is a monumental work that has revealed all human sequences. These results show that people differ by one percentage in the average 1300 base sequence. The greater the difference between living things, the greater the difference in base sequence. In other words, the larger the 'degree of different base sequences', the greater the difference between organisms. This is because living things have gradually evolved from primitive things, and in order to change from simple things to complex things, the complexity of genes must also increase. For example, the results of analyzing mitochondrial DNA, an intracellular substance, show only eight differences in sequence between humans, while 27 differences from Neanderthals and 55 differences from apes. Therefore, there is a tendency not to be regarded as a direct ancestor of mankind because there is a large difference in base sequence between Neanderthals and humans. HYPERLINK "http://www2.donga.com/docs/magazine/new_donga/200201/" \l "doctop" mitochondria and molecular clocks Based on these differences, it is calculated that humans were divided from some "joint ancestors" about 600,000 years ago, some Neanderthals in Africa migrated to Europe, became extinct, and their parents appeared. In recent years, research to solve the origin of mankind with the concept of molecular clock and DNA mutation theory has been very active. The concept of a molecular clock first presented by Zuckerbergand Pauling in 1963 can be explained roughly as follows. Evolution takes time and there must be changes in the environment. A well-adapted creature does not make a difference, but a large change in the environment gives it the opportunity to reduce the number of creatures living in the area and increase the number of creatures with new traits. Turning this phenomenon upside down, it can be assumed that the more organisms with new traits, that is, the greater the diversity, the longer the evolution took, and perhaps the greater the change in the environment. To be more precise, it is possible to assume that the larger the mutation of a gene, the longer the evolutionary time was. The concept of a "molecular clock" was then established by comparing direct DNA analysis and geological data to measure the time of evolution by examining the mutations in proteins (and DNA mutations that direct them to make proteins). These molecular biological methods are now a key technique for all biological research. And these molecular clock concepts can be more clearly identified through mitochondrial DNA analysis. Mitochondria are like power plants that supply energy to cells, and they burn sugars and fats that we eat to create chemical energy, ATP. However, mitochondria are presumed to have been caused by a microorganism that existed outside hundreds of millions of years ago entering the cell and coexisting. The most plausible reason for this is that mitochondria have DNA with their own genetic information. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited only in the cytoplasm through the mother's egg, unlike the cell's nuclear DNA (mtDNA in sperm does not enter when fertilized). Mitochondria generate energy by operating extremely sophisticated electron transport devices, which produce free electrons, which act as so-called (oxidation) stresses, causing mutations in mtDNA. Moreover, mtDNA is not well protected, so mutations accumulate with age, which in turn is the most important cause of aging in oxygen-breathing organisms. Exercise, especially aerobic exercise, activates the function of mitochondria and prevents oxidative stress together, which means a long life. In any case, mtDNA, composed of 16,500 bases, can detect precise molecular clocks by examining the mutations because the mutations occur much more frequently than nuclear DNA. According to the molecular clock theory that Wilson analyzed the mtDNA of people from all over the world, all humans, including the Pygmies, showed very little variation.
This result was explained by the explanation that all humans had one mother (Mitochondrial Eve), as all humans had one mother about 200,000 years ago. HYPERLINK "http://www2.donga.com/docs/magazine/new_donga/200201/" \l "doctop" mitochondrial Eve Fig. 1 Human migration is much more diverse than that of people living in the original human population, as indicated by the INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www2.donga.com/docs/magazine/new_donga/200201/images/390-02.jpg" \*MERGEFORMATINET stringer, when humans emerge from one area and migrate to another. For example, it is presumed that the genetic variation of our compatriots who live in Osaka, Japan, or our compatriots living in Yeonbyeon area, is far less than the genetic diversity of Seoul, the center. Of course, this does not mean that there is a genetic difference in the strict sense. This is in a figurative sense based on the "characteristics of the Korean people." Analyzing mtDNA to find the roots of the Korean people can be considered as a significant extension of the paternity method to find out how similar our mother's genes are to other people's mtDNA. In this way, the variations in mtDNA are the most diverse in African people, and they have the oldest variations when calculated by molecular clock concepts. This means that women with this mtDNA first appeared in Africa. The analysis of mtDNAs by people around the world has been studied as part of the human genome project and as a means of molecular anthropological research. Now, the characteristics of people in each region are classified as "Haplo Groups," and for more information, refer to the Mitomap website run by Douglas Wallace of Emory University in the United States. On the one hand, it is the sex chromosome that determines a person's sex. If there is a so-called Y chromosome, it becomes a man (XY), and without it, it becomes a woman (XX). Certain traits in the Y chromosome, or genetic factors, exist significantly differently from ethnic to ethnic. But this factor is not genetic. This is because it is a DNA sequence that does not determine a trait, that is, a phenotype, but just follows like To. There are a lot of these things in the actual human genome. So I think it's a selfish gene that's parasitic on genes. Anyway, after analyzing the mutations in several genes, including this element, it was concluded that the prototype of a man appeared in Africa about 50,000 years ago. Although there seems to be a large difference in time from the results of the mtDNA analysis, the error in the number obtained by the molecular clock method is quite large, and tens of thousands of years of difference must be accepted. Many studies on Korean people have been conducted by Japanese scholars, including the achievements of Professor Kim Wook of Dankook University. Figure 1> is a diagram of human mobility drawn by Steve Duenez, a reporter for the New York Times, combining data from Wallace at Emory University and Peter Underhill and Luka Cavalli Sforza at Stanford University. However, the arrow painting that spread around Lake Baikal was modified based on my theory. HYPERLINK "http://www2.donga.com/docs/magazine/new_donga/200201/" \l "doctop" What is the root of the Korean people? If the ancestors of modern humans came from Neanderthals in Africa and they moved to various parts of the world, how on earth can the roots of the Korean people be found? Recently, geneticists don't use the word 'race'. Humans living on Earth now are so genetically similar that "cultural differences" are recognized, but we know well that genetic differences cannot classify people. For example, the basics of Y chromosomes of Europeans and Asians appear the same. So what is a nation? If the nation is interpreted as a group of people who share a culture, the Korean people can refer to people who use Korean and writing as common cultural elements and live concentrated on the Korean Peninsula. Finding the roots of the Korean people eventually means that people living on the Korean Peninsula have settled on the Korean Peninsula through a certain route, and what about the gene pool. This issue is also important medically. For example, this information is essential for bone marrow transplants to treat malignant anemia or leukemia. It is estimated that there are generally two paths taken by our ancestors from Africa. One is what anthropology used to call the "Burma Path" and moves east along the coasts of the Indian Ocean and Asia. It is assumed that a group with a developed brain like modern humans could have easily moved to a land where people did not live and settled. Chinese archaeologists believe that the settlement of modern humans on Chinese soil was 60,000 to 70,000 years ago, so it can be said that humans separated from Africa moved to the Chinese continent within thousands of years. It took about 1,000 years for the American Indians to reach the southern tip of South America, the Paliaike cave in Chile, so you can guess that they expanded to a similar extent. I am not sure to what extent these Paleolithic people are contributing to the genetic pool of the current Chinese. Looking at the example of Europe, I think it is making a significant contribution, but looking at Indonesia, it is also suspicious. In any case, I believe that the same class of people who reached China may have settled on the Korean Peninsula and Japan. This is because this area was connected by land at that time, so there was no reason to separate China from the Korean Peninsula, and there could not have been no people in a place worth living. Recently, Emory University's Wallace claims that some of the group moved to the U.S. continent, referring to Group B, which moved to the Americas 35,000 years ago. Perhaps a group moving north along the coast crossed the ice-bound Bering Sea into America during the Ice Age. Another route is to take the northern Himalayas through the Silk Road or through Siberia. Show clusters 6 and 9 in Figure 1>. You may think that you couldn't go on the road that people are on now 60,000 to 70,000 years ago, but I don't think I could have gone on it at that time. I think it was 13,000 years before the end of the ice age that people were allowed to travel. This is because only then can we explain the difference in gene pool. HYPERLINK "http://www2.donga.com/docs/magazine/new_donga/200201/" \l "doctop" Koreans and American Indians refer to a single root gene pool, which refers to the diversity of genes held by a group of organisms. For example, the distribution of people according to their blood type (A, B, AB, O) is determined by the gene pool of A and B blood type, respectively, depending on how many genes are in the group. In fact, considering blood types or genes that determine blood types, that is, DNA mutations, can give you a much more detailed picture of the reality. As pointed out in the introduction, there is a large difference in this blood type between northern and southern Chinese. It is Professor Luka Cavalli-Sforza who has long investigated the movement of people around the world through the analysis of gene pools. He has revealed that people's movement is made along with the spread of farming techniques by linking the movement of agricultural cultures in each region with changes in gene pools. In 1988, in the Journal of the American Academy of Sciences, people classified people around the world by integrating differences in the language used by people with differences in gene pools and proximity. Looking at the 1995 version of "The Classification Map of the World," which changed this, Koreans, Japanese, Tibetans, and Mongolians are genetically and linguistically bound up with Eskimos and American Indians. It can also be seen that the southerners of China are tied up with Cambodians, Thais, Indonesians and Filipinos. In other words, southern Chinese and northern Chinese and Koreans came from different branches. One of the most important questions here is when were Northern Asians separated from Southern Asians? The distribution pattern of Japanese mtDNA genotypes reported by Horai and Matsunaga in 1986 shows that there are two large mtDNA clusters among the Japanese. These two groups, which account for about 20 percent and 80 percent, are reported to have branched off about 120,000 years ago by molecular clocks. If you take this data as it is, the North and South Asians are a bloodline of people who were branched out 120,000 years ago and met again. According to Professor Kim Wook's study on Y chromosome, about 30% of Koreans show the genotype of southern Asians, so it can be estimated that 20 to 30% of the population groups in Korea and Japan are descended from southern Asians. HYPERLINK "http://www2.donga.com/docs/magazine/new_donga/200201/" \l "doctop" When did the southern and northern Asian countries split, that is, the roots of the Korean people are two branches. And the mainstream is Northern Asians, who have an overwhelming lead in population numbers. This fact is consistent with the results of many archaeological or cultural anthropological studies. Recent archaeological excavations show that the central group of Indians moved from Northeast Asia to the Americas 14,000 years ago, and it is now common knowledge that they are the ancestors of the current American Indians. And since this is the end of the last ice age, it is common knowledge that people living in Northeast Asia moved to the Americas as the glaciers melted. If you reverse this word, it means that you couldn't move before that. In other words, as the glaciers melt, barriers that humans cannot move have been removed. In fact, in northern China, the first Neolithic ruins measuring 7,000 to 8,000 years ago were discovered, and Japan
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