Fascism A collective term for the authoritarian political, economic, social thought, and political system that emerged among countries around the world from the 1920s immediately after World War I to the end of World War II, 1945. The system was first advocated by B. Mussolini of Italy and established. The etymology was derived from the Italian word fascio, which originally meant bundle, but its meaning was transformed into a meaning of unity and unity. In general, it refers to Italian fascism, German Nazism, and Japanese militarism, but from the standpoint of popular social theory or Marxism, political movements with all the strong, dictatorial, and undemocratic characteristics of modern society are defined as fascism. Since the war, the term totalitarianism has been used a lot. [Background of the outbreak] Social anxiety accumulated from the end of the 18th century, chronic panic after World War I, and political and social anxiety in the victorious and defeated countries caused various revolutionary energies. Fascism emerged from the extreme reactionary trend toward this, and the cause can be found in the crisis situation of modern society. In other words, when the stability and balance of the political system are destroyed and the existing political forces lose their ability to deal with the situation, fascism emerges to fill the anarchic vacuum. The factors that occur can be divided into political and social background and economic background. <Political and Social Background> The economic crisis in the 1920s and 30s, when World War I ended, caused social conflict and political confusion, and negative views on the prospects of democracy were dominant in Europe. Other objective factors are as follows. ① There are intensifying international confrontation and war crisis, domestic political instability, corruption, incompetence, and inefficiency, loss of self-balancing ability from strengthening various social organizations, political and social conflicts, and the emergence of people who have fallen out of professional organizations. In this crisis situation, anxiety over the social revolution sprouted, and the antipathy of farmers and urban Ptolemaic to the organizational struggle of workers increased. The nihilistic aspect of intellectuals and engineers was also strong, amplifying skepticism and despair in politics and social thought overall. Against this background, most countries, which hoped that imperialist wars would not occur again, began to seek a new political system as their longing for authoritative leadership sprouted. The fascist forces were based on the far-right ideology of crushing the labor movement and denial of the parliamentary democratic political order as democratic parties lost the ability and leadership to deal with the intensified political crisis. The political-based fascist movement of the Petiburian forces attempted to stabilize society in a short period of time as a counter-revolution and militant organization. <Economic Background> It occurred in the form of economic control and supervision by the state in the wake of the crisis of the capitalist economy, and Mussolini called this interferenceism a mixed economy. In the postwar economic crisis, traditional Ptolemy gradually became radical and took on an anti-capitalist tendency, leaning toward the revolutionary ideology of the working class. This middle class became the support base for the fascist party, which cleverly exploited the desire for change in the status quo. In the process of combining monopolistic capital with the fascist movement involving the middle class, errors and defeats of the working class existed, and in the 20th century, a form of one-party dictatorship was required as a cohesive force against the newly powerful class. German political scientist C. Schmidt defined the fascist state as a totalitarian state, and explained that the state has the characteristic of governing both society and economy. It is different from capitalism and socialism in that civil liberties and workers' rights are completely denied and individual economic activities are subordinate to national interests. Fascism, unlike socialism, does not deny the capitalist system, but opposes its political ideas and systems. In that respect, it seems to have an anti-capitalist character, but the true concept of confrontation of fascism is the socialist state system. Fascism, which has the characteristics of anti-liberalism, anti-parliamentaryism, and anti-Marxism, is the form in which the political reaction at the stage of monopoly capitalism has been the most extreme. It also embraces the spiritual products of capitalist society because it does not appeal to theoretical reason and ventures with the immaturity, backwardness, and inexperience of a specific class. Its ideological characteristics are fanatic and arbitrary because it is based on anti-rationalism, racism and imperialism due to inequality and violence, denying international law and order, showing totalitarian tendencies in all relationships, and the principle of cooperation. The development and dictatorship of fascism depend on the historical, social, and economic conditions of each country, and have different forms depending on its ethnic specificity and international status. The establishment of fascism began in the 1920s with Italy, Poland, Hungary, and Portugal, and Spain fascism took power with the support of Germany in 33 and Germany and Italy in 38. It can be divided into the following according to the form of reorganization. ① Legally taking power through elections or spreading the public base (Germany/Italy), by a coup by a right-wing military (Portugal, Espanya, Greece), by a right-wing authoritarian regime transformed into fascism by a military or militant pro-fascist coup (Finland, Hungary, Poland). Italy is the most typical fascist country. Popular support was obtained through the appeal of nationalism, and fascism was created by seeking a close cooperative system of politics and economy. Mussolini, who led this, conducted "Roman Progress" and argued that it was a "state formed and organized from below" with the concept of nationality on top of the class concept. Mussolini, who took power in 1922, attempted to form a vocational union between capitalists and workers and reorganize it into a state by cooperative method. At the top, there is the National Council of Cooperatives, and it has the authority to harmonize with the national interests while respecting the individual initiatives of the 22 cooperatives established under it. By granting legislative power to the cooperative body in February 34, Mussolini was able to combine his dream of building a strong state and advancing into the world. In January 1933, it joined hands with the German Nazi regime to invade Ethiopia, withdraw from the League of Nations, and sign a three-nation alliance with Germany and Japan to become the leading country in World War II. In 1923, the Nazi Party rallied a wide range of small and medium-sized producers to overcome the social unrest caused by the defeat after the failed uprising in Munich. It succeeded in attracting some of the working class under the name of the National Socialist German Workers' Party. The global depression, which began in 29, was a factor in the expansion of Nazi party power, and became the first party in the 32nd election. The ruling class, which lost its ability to resolve the severe crisis of the 1930s, handed over power to A. Hitler in January 33 despite its fanatic political beliefs. Contrary to the optimism of the ruling class, Hitler used the president's emergency powers stipulated in Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution to seize all powers, resulting in the collapse of the Weimar Republic on March 2, 33. Hitler then established a totalitarian dictatorship to prepare for World War II. Germany, which was divided into more than 300 territorial states, was a national aspiration to form a modern unified state such as Italy and France. With the slogan of national unification, German national concepts of superiority of the Germanic people, purity of blood, and anti-Semitism emerged. It is also known as Emperor Fascism.Unlike Italy and Germany, which acquired power with the aim of revolution "from below", a powerful state system was formed under the Meiji Constitution system. The government strengthened economic supervision and control, enacted the National Mobilization Act of 1938 and formed the Industrial Protection Association of Japan in the 40th century, established the Emperor's fascism system in 1931, withdrew from the International Federation in 1933, and formed a three-nation alliance in 40. <Other Fascism> In the 1920s and 30s, fascist regimes and fascist movements appeared one after another in each country. There are fascist regimes such as Hungary's Holti regime in 1920, Poland's Piuszki regime in 28, Portugal's Sarazar regime in 33, Spain's Franco regime in 36, and Chile, Brazil, and Argentina, which were born during World War II. Among these regimes, the Franco-Right-wing government's civil war against the people's government, created by the cooperation of Republicans, Socialists, and the Communist Party, was unsuccessful due to a counterattack from the people's front government, including worker resistance. Other fascist movements that did not reach power took place, but they almost disappeared after World War II. Some governments, like Franco's, have survived for a long time.
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