The original shape of the pagoda, which was built at Mireuksa Temple more than 1,400 years ago, was probably like this. To the top floor, the height of the tower alone is about 20 meters, including the chalju on the upper wheel, it reaches as much as 28 meters. 28 meters... You can't guess how high it is. Compared to the apartment we live in, you can easily check its height. Only the height of the tower is the height of the 7th floor of the apartment and the height of the 9th floor of the apartment until the end of Chalju. I can feel that it is the largest stone pagoda in the East. As the tower is large, the weight of the stone used is beyond imagination. It's a jade pedestal from the fifth floor. It weighs more than two tons. Then, how did the Baekje people raise hundreds of such heavy stones to a height of 20 meters 1,400 years ago? A huge absence was found during the dismantling work on the fifth floor. How did he put such a big stone up there? It's amazing that old aristocrats put up stones like this. It uses modern construction equipment.The stone used in the stone pagoda is so large and diverse that it is not easy to do it, so what is the weight of the largest stone? Surprisingly, the stone weighed more than two tons. Where is the secret to building not only one or two but thousands of these large stones in a balanced and elaborate manner? The most common way to stack heavy stones in ancient times was to use soil. It is a method of stacking soil to the desired height, rolling stones on it, and removing soil later. Then, did the Mireuksa Temple Pagoda be built in this way? In order to find the clue, the data at the time of the excavation of the Buyeo Cultural Heritage Research Institute, which was in charge of excavation, began to be carefully reviewed. As a result, a cornerstone of a certain shape was found in the tower. It was not only in the east tower but also in the west tower. As an H-shaped cornerstone of the alphabet, a cornerstone of the same shape was found in front of the south of the East-West Tower. However, since it has no origin, no one paid attention at first. "I found an H-shape in the east pagoda, I just covered it, but I found another tower..." There is something..." All of the east and west pagodas were found on the south side of the stylobate. Professor Bae Byung-sun, an architecture expert, argues that the foundation was a kind of "craver" because he visited the Korean Traditional Culture School to find out exactly the identity of the foundation since the tower was built. Through the arrangement of the cornerstones, the specific shape of the crane used at the time was estimated. It is explained that the stone of the stone pagoda would have been raised by connecting the two poles and attaching a pulley to the top, so would there have been a pulley more than 1,400 years ago? The Daegu Museum has a valuable relic confirming that there was a pulley at that time, Yongdubodang Shrine in the Unified Silla Period found in Punggi, Gyeongsangbuk-do. The dragon has a pulley in its mouth, the most rudimentary crane shape. Yongdu was raised at the entrance of the temple and at the end of the flagpole, and the flag of the temple was raised through a pulley. Another place found a pulley used. The inside of Anak No. 3 and Anak No. 3 in Hwanghae-do Island is filled with colorful murals that give a glimpse into the beauty of Goguryeo art. However, there is a prominent painting on one side of the mural depicting Goguryeo's life. It is also a well. This well is also a device for raising water in the picture. You can see that you are using a pulley right away. Then, what shape is the crane used in Mireuksa Pagoda? Suwon Hwaseong Fortress was built during King Jeongjo's reign, and it is famous for its use of various types of cranes when constructing castles. In the orbit of Hwaseong Fortress, cranes used to build Hwaseong Fortress in Suwon are detailed with pictures. In particular, Nokro is a type of crane that uses pulleys to simply lift heavy things up and is known to have been used most often in Joseon Dynasty architecture, but surprisingly, the floor structure of Nokro almost coincides with the H-shaped cornerstone found in Mireuksa Pagoda. Professor Bae Byung-sun argues that this very form of crane was used to build Mireuksatap Pagoda. It is a crane of the Baekje period restored through the H-shaped cornerstone. However, a total of four wooden remains were found about 6 meters away from the H-shaped cornerstone. What is this phrase? This crane was a developmental type of crane that moved left and right as well as a function of lifting stones up. In other words, Baekje's crane, restored through the H-shaped cornerstone, is a form of crane that is one step ahead of the Nokg-ro of the Joseon Dynasty. Now, this is the crane used by the Baekje people. It's amazing that there was already a crane like this 1,400 years ago, similar to the current construction equipment. Mireuksatap Pagoda was a symbolic tower that contained Baekje's science and technology as a whole.
2022년 3월 7일 월요일
The truth of sitting culture and standing culture.
Hello... As far as I know... Standing culture has been in Korea since before Goryeo. Rather, standing culture was the main focus. Among Korea's unique cultures, there is Ondol. It's a great heating system. Until the early 18th century, Europeans spent cold winter shaking with only one fireplace. Now, it has become a symbol of luxury, such as placing a fireplace in a luxury villa. Western scholars say that not a few people admire the ondol in our country. But suddenly, I'm talking about ondol because... The ondols of the Gojoseon, Buyeo, and Goguryeo periods are a little different from the ondols we know now. Currently, the ondol is a flat floor, but at that time, the ondol was raised to the left and right of the room, and there was an ondol, and the middle of the room was low... I don't know if you've been to the military, but it's the same structure as the military interior team. If it's hard to understand, it's similar when you look at restaurants (especially Korean restaurants). There's a table and a chair and a separate room, so you can sit down and eat. When I slept, I lived in the left and right spaces where the floor was raised right away, and most of them lived their daily lives by leaving tables or chairs in the middle of the room, drinking tea, and welcoming guests. It is also said that Goguryeo people were always carrying gods except when they were sleeping. In case of riding a horse or a national crisis... This ondol shape still remains in many areas such as Manchuria and other areas where Chinese-Chinese live. Since the Three Kingdoms Period, this ondol shape has been created in the Korean Peninsula (mainly in the middle and southern regions) to make ondol only with flat floors. During the Goryeo Dynasty, the imperial family, aristocrats, and some ordinary people lived in a standing culture. Most of the people have a sedentary culture (Southern Ondol Life). Then, the Joseon Dynasty was a similar lifestyle to Goryeo until the early days (the Taejong period), but since then, all of the royal family, noblemen, or commoners have settled into a sedentary culture. For this reason, the Joseon Dynasty gradually established itself as a Confucian culture. It can be said that it originated from denying the culture of Goryeo Dynasty in the past because it was all kinds of luxury and non-relational. And... Compared to the Three Kingdoms period, more active life patterns... It's also because they encouraged a quiet lifestyle, that is, a Confucian life. But... I feel like it's going backwards. From Buyeo, Goguryeo, and Goryeo Dynasty, wagons that were widely used not only in the military but also in everyday life almost disappeared during the Joseon Dynasty. And... It'll be hard to leave relics like chairs, right? Not only is it made of wood... There are only a few relics left in Korea, especially from ancient times. ^^ There are still countless artifacts in Manchuria and Primorsky, but... As China develops everywhere, it is rapidly damaged and leaking overseas...
Related to Anhakgung Palace.
Chimi is a tile built at both ends of the ridge of a large building such as a palace and is also called Chwidu or Mangsaegiwa. Chimi is a symbolic ornament that embodies the feathers of a phoenix and aims to keep the building safe from various disasters such as fire, along with the effect of granding the exterior of the building. This relic was excavated from Anhakgungseong Fortress in Pyongyang, and four chimis were excavated from both Namgung Palace and Junggung Palace, the largest of which is 2.1m high, suggesting the dignity of the building. Anhakgungseong Fortress is located at the foot of Daeseongsan Mountain on the northern outskirts of Pyongyang City. It was used by King Jangsu until he moved the capital to Janganseong Fortress in 527 and was excavated in 1957 and is now revealed. Anhakgungseong Fortress is surrounded by a square Saturn with a side of 622m, with an inner area of 380,000에. Inside the palace, there were 52 buildings in total, divided into five areas along the north-south axis of the palace: Namgung, Junggung, Bukgung, Donggung, and Seogung, and the buildings were connected by corridors. The Jeongjeon Hall, where the king was inquiring, is a two-story building with 11 bays in front space and 4 bays in side space with a width of 33.3 meters, and the king's residence, Junggung Pyeonjeon, is a two-story building with a width of 87 meters, with Ikrang on the left and right. In addition, a pond was built near the southeast corner of the palace, and an artificial garden is placed on the west side of the Namgung Palace. Goguryeo people were also known in China for building palaces well, and buildings decorated with colorful tiles are common in ancient murals. Goguryeo used roof tiles before Baekje or Silla, but it had already adopted roof tiles production technology and built a wooden building with roof tiles during the period of the capital city of Naeseong Fortress. In the early days, roof tiles were strictly designated for production and use, so roof tiles could only be placed on temples, shrines, royal palaces, and government buildings. The Goguryeo tile is a maksaegi?Half-maksegi? (Korean traditional Korean traditional music?Chimigi and (?))?There are various types such as ear plates. Red is the most common color of roof tiles, and gray is also used a lot. From the late 4th century, when Buddhism was introduced, a roof tile decorated with lotus patterns appeared and was used in earnest after being transferred to Pyongyang in 427. The lotus pattern is characterized by the narrow, sharp, and thick width of the petals, giving a very strong and powerful impression overall.
The sovereignty of Gando Island is in Korea.
Gando has been an active stage of the Korean people, centering on Baekdusan Mountain, Songhwagang River, and Heukryonggang River, since Wanggeom Dangun founded Gojoseon in the past. Gojoseon, Goguryeo, and Balhae were all great countries that dominated the Manchuria area, and in particular, Baekdusan Mountain was regarded as the birthplace of the people. Even during the Goryeo Dynasty, the southwestern part of Manchuria, including Gilimseong Fortress and Heukryonggangseong Fortress, was a territory of the Korean people, and Gongheomjin was located in at least 700-ri north of the Dumangang River, which was founded by Yun Gwan, who founded Byeolmuban in 1108. However, until the early Joseon Dynasty, Kando Island only maintained its reputation as a buffer zone between neighboring countries. Since the founding of the Qing Dynasty in Manchuria in 1616, the influx of Koreans has been frequent, resulting in military and diplomatic friction between the two countries. At that time, there was no clear border in the Gando area, and residents were not very aware of the border and flowed according to the convenience of life. Accordingly, in 1627, the Qing Dynasty established a kind of buffer zone, Gonggwangji, in the alternative areas of the Yalu River and the Tuman River. In 1689, a treaty was signed between Qing and Russia, and the upper part of the Heukryonggang River became the border between Qing and Russia. The reason why the Blue House became interested in the Gando area, which had been set as a buffer area, was that Russia felt the need to check it as it moved south to the coast of the Heukryong River. After that, from 1709, Cheong began to investigate the mountains and topography of Baekdusan Mountain. In 1710, the diplomatic relationship between Joseon and Qing Dynasty developed into a very difficult situation as the incident occurred in which Lee Man-gun and eight others of the Qing Dynasty killed five people and looted property across the border. Accordingly, King Seongjo, the fourth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, ordered a group of Mokgeukdeung to build a Jeonggyebi monument on the border between the Yalu River to the west and the Tomun River to the east in 1712 at the watershed of Baekdusan Mountain. Eventually, at this time, the 19,000의 of Seogando Island became the land of the Qing Dynasty, and only the Bukgando Island area in the east bordering the Tomungang River remained as the land of Joseon. However, the political monument of Baekdusan Mountain was not by agreement between Joseon and the Qing Dynasty, and even the interpretation of the place names mentioned in the political monument was mixed, which became the seed of the territorial dispute between the two countries. In 1885 and 1887, a persimmon story was held between the Joseon Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty. Cheong's attitude toward the former Jongjuguk and arrogant attitude struck Tomungang River as the Dumangang River. Accordingly, Lee Joong-ha, the Joseon Dynasty's Tomungang Gamgyesa, strongly protested that even if the neck could be cut off, our country could not reduce an inch, and the talks broke down. The Qing Dynasty argued that the Tomungang River, Domungang River, and Dumangang River were the same river, exemplifying the same pronunciation. In response, Joseon countered that the Tomungang River was marked as an upper stream of the Songhwagang River on various maps of China as evidence, and that it was a separate river that was completely different from the Tumen River. The name of the Tomungang River is written as Tomunha in the whole map of China, and the origin of the Songhwagang River is also marked as the upper stream of the Songhwagang River, as well as the Songhwagang River. The dispute was temporarily suspended due to the Russo-Japanese War, but Japan, which deprived the Korean Empire of diplomatic rights through Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905, signed a 1909 Kando Agreement to swallow Manchuria as a whole and handed over our land to China. The most fundamental purpose of China's push for the Northeast Process to incorporate Goguryeo history and Balhae history into its own history is to keep Kando, a legitimate Korean territory, in its own territory forever. Currently, many Korean-Chinese live in Northeast Samsung, including the Gando area. The Chinese authorities continue to provide brainwashing education to these Korean-Chinese that their identities are not in South Korea and North Korea, but in China. From China's point of view, it is necessary to crush the unification of South and North Koreans and expand political influence on the North Korean region in order to continue its control over Northeast Samsung and keep Kando as its subordinate territory. Therefore, it is believed that after inducing a pro-China coup in North Korea to collapse the Kim Jong-il regime in the future, the Northeast Fair is being implemented to take over all of North Korea and provide a justification for China's strength in North Korea. However, the South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade has not actively responded to China's distortion of Goguryeo and Balhae history for fear of diplomatic friction with China, and has promised that South Korea will no longer officially raise issues with China. It is said that territorial issues usually expire after 100 years of prescription that the prescription expires after 100 years. Therefore, the issue of the right to vote for Gando Island needs to be declared to the international community six years later, before reaching 100 years in 2009. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Korea was the home of the armed anti-Japanese struggle under Japanese colonial rule while conducting humiliating diplomacy in the form of a four-way race against China, and is now making no effort to regain the vast territory where a large number of Koreans reside. It's a very unfortunate reality. Gando Island is a land of opportunity and hope that will emerge as the central base of Northeast Asia in the near future. Our people should re-cultivate "Gando' Even if there has been no opportunity to claim the right to exercise Kando against China, which occupies Kando without legitimate rights, it is time to make a claim to regain our natural rights, then let's take a look at China's position on the Kando issue. First, China explains the liver problem with fabrication and fiction. In China, the overall liver problem, such as the geographical location of Gando, the residence of Joseon, and the cause of the liver problem, is fabricated. In China, the name Gando is not originally unique to China, but is called Yeongil because it was intentionally created in Joseon and Japan. China believes that Koreans forged the liver problem and diplomatic fraud. Jeonggyebi Monument, built by Mokgeukdeung in 1712, was located in Sobaeksan Mountain, and it is an international diplomatic fraud that Koreans who judged that it was disadvantageous for reclamation moved the Jeonggyebi Monument to ask China for territory. However, historical facts such as the establishment of the Baekdusan Mountain Jeonggyebi Monument in 1712, Eulyu Gamgye Dampan in 1885, Jeongjeong Gamgye Dampan in 1887, and the 1909 Gando Convention cannot be simply regarded as a fictional fabrication. Korea's understanding of Kando of China's theory of fabrication and falsehood is interpreted in terms of linguistics, ethnic, geographical, and historical aspects, focusing mainly on giving historical meaning. Choi Nam-seon argued in the Baekdu Mountain Geunchamgi that China's overwhelming attitude and our resignation posture made the Yalu River a customary border. Former Chinese Prime Minister Zhu Eun-rae explained that the Manchurians quickly flourished and took control of the vast area of the Yoha basin from Baekdusan Mountain, pushing Koreans to the east to push them to the Yalu River and the Tuman River. China's own research on the period of residence in Kando Island includes retrospective cases to ancient times, "the theory of migration of original and late Qing," but China has recently defined the migration of Koreans since the mid-19th century. However, according to the Japanese Consulate General's document, Koreans lived in the northeastern region of Goto and were not easily assimilated into the Han Chinese like the Manchurians, and naturally lived in the northeastern region before the Han Chinese. Second, China explains the liver problem with the theory of leniency policy or neglect policy. China's Gando Island was originally Chinese territory, but the problem arose because Koreans were tolerant of illegal migration, and the border between Korea and China was basically between the Cheongcheongang River and the Daedonggang River. It is said that the border between China and Goryeo began with King Taejo of Geum, and in Myeongdae, an administrative organization was established and governed around the Tuman River, so in the 16th century, the border between China and Joseon was basically formed. Therefore, it is believed that the good excuse for the occurrence of the liver problem was due to the policy of Jaso (a large country loves a small country) that made much of the changes between Korea and China non-military areas and was tolerant of Joseon's demands. Unlike Chinese, Koreans did not pay wasteland reclamation taxes and other miscellaneous taxes, so China implemented a generous policy. However, before the border is clearly established, the buffer zone between the two countries can be said to be a multi-state zone. However, it is said that China unconditionally made it its own decree and implemented a leniency policy to Koreans, but for Koreans, it is rather a suppression of power and difficult to understand as a leniency policy. Preemption and exercise of administrative rights are very important factors in determining sovereignty. However, the Chinese data, Gwangseo Jodonghwarok, also records that Koreans have already reclaimed a very large area where the Chinese have never cultivated, and Hamgyeong Province's own history issued and registered sovereignty to regard the area as a Joseon Dynasty. Naito, Japan's leading researcher on liver problems, pointed out in 1906 that Koreans pioneered the Kando area before Chinese in the Northeast River Valley in Korea.
[The epitaph of Baekdusan Mountain Jeonggyebi] I can see the words of the western Yalu East Witomun] Third, it is the theory of validity and effectiveness of Baekdusan Jeonggyebi. China explains the establishment of the Baekdusan Mountain Political Monument in 1712 as the theory of validity and invalidity of the political monument. China unilaterally listened to Koreans without knowing the exact changes between the two countries, and half of Baekdusan Mountain lost a lot of territory by building a political monument belonging to Joseon. This is even the fault of the Qing Dynasty's King Seongjo. On the one hand, it is said that the political monument is only a monument to Sim Si-bi who investigated the change. It cannot be regarded as a border treaty because it was not attended by representatives from both countries, and it is simply a monument because it has no political implications. The reason why China wants to view Baekdusan Mountain's Jeonggyebi Monument as a political monument is that except for the controversy over where the soil gate of the Jeonggye inscription is, the border between the Yalu River and the Tuman River has been confirmed. However, the reason why China sees Baekdusan Mountain's political monument as Simsibi is that it wants to block the controversy over where the soil is from the beginning in the content of the political epitaph's "to the east." In addition, the fact that there is no official record of talks between the two countries, only the Qing Dynasty's national name Daecheong on the monument, and the Joseon Dynasty's national name is missing is also a problem to see as a national monument between the two countries. The reason China itself argues for conflicting views is that the territorial categories of the two countries vary depending on the interpretation of the political epitaph's "Yalu in the West and Tomun in the East." China wants to maintain its position that no discussion between the Yalu River and the Tumen River is possible. Therefore, China explained that although the 1887 border talks did not reach a final conclusion, Lee Joong-ha, the representative of Joseon, acknowledged the identity of the Tumen River and the Tuman River, as if the two countries reached an agreement. However, the Joseon Dynasty reported that there was coercion by Cheongjo during Dampan, and on May 16, 1888, Jo Byeong-sik, the sole disciple of negotiation and trade affairs, notified Wien Sky that a new border wall should be opened. The two countries disagree on the contents of the Korea-China border talks, but the two countries agree that the border talks have not reached a final conclusion. Therefore, it should be considered that open border talks without disagreement between the two countries of Korea and China remain a historical unresolved task. The fourth is the theory of international legal resolution. China will insist on maintaining the status quo on the liver problem, but it is also spurring international legal review through the Northeast Process project. Although the final logic did not come out because it is currently being studied, five legal principles were suggested to resolve the modern and contemporary change dispute. China's five legal principles (respect for customs disapproval of secret agreements disapproval of unilateral changes only recognition of the treaty to sign a central ambassador negotiation between the two countries) need to be applied to the simple issue. ① China claims that the Yalu River and the Tumen River are traditional customs lines between Korea and China, but in order not to have any dispute between the two countries, the two countries must resolve it through negotiations in consideration of history and practical factors. ② Joseon established administrative organizations, dispatched management, and collected taxes in the Kando area, but Korea (unified Korea) cannot agree that China claims all of the areas as Chinese territory and defines borders. In addition, Korea cannot approve the Kando Convention signed in 1909 with China by Japan, a third party, on the border between Korea and China, by diplomatic rights illegally exercised by Japan. ④ If the treaty on the border line, which was not signed by the ambassadors of the central governments of the two countries, cannot be recognized, there is room for re-discussion of the Baekdusan Mountain political monument established in 1712. ⑤Considering that the issue of simplicity is raised, it can be said that it is a historically unresolved territorial issue and a change issue, so China should negotiate so that the two countries can resolve the border dispute peacefully based on the Five Principles of Peace. China is facing changes with several countries and applies different international legal logic depending on individual issues, so if China's contradictions are well utilized, a good way can be provided for liver problems. We need comprehensive and interdisciplinary research to solve the issue of humanity, which is a territorial dispute between Korea and China. In particular, considering that the final decision of the territorial dispute follows the "general principles of international law related to territorial acquisition and loss," it is necessary to approach the issue from the perspective of a third-party arbitration agency or international judicial agency. Similar precedents judged by territorial disputes should be compared and reviewed to consider strategic application in preparation for simplicity issues and focus on developing legal principles that can overcome the legal principles of international judicial institutions. It is necessary to analyze China's territorial acquisition practices to recycle China's logic and examine how the 1962 Treaty on Secret Changes between North Korea and China will be applied to the 'utiposidetis principle' after reunification on the Korean Peninsula. A map created by Japan at the time of the 1909 Kando Convention. The "Tomungang River" clearly identifies it as a separate tributary of the Songhwagang River, not the Tuman River, and is an important rebuttal to China, which has always claimed that "Tomungang River, the border between Joseon and Qing, is another name of the Tuman River." This map stipulates the name "Tomungang River" in the river that flows northeast near Baekdusan Mountain and then turns north to join the Songhwagang River, and the river flowing east is written "Tumangang River" to clarify that the Tomungang River and the Dumangang River cannot be other names.The place names specified in the "Waterway Exploration near the Jeonggyebi Monument of Baekdusan Mountain" marked on the northwest side of the Tumen River ▲① Unlike the signing of the Gando Convention, which regarded the "Tomungang River" as the "Tomungang River" as the Baekdusan Mountain Yalu River, where the Tumengang River 정 Jeonggyebi Monument was established, Japan also knew that it was the Tomungang River. At the time of the 1965 Korea-Japan Agreement, the Japanese government officially declared that all treaties signed by the Japanese before the defeat were invalid. Therefore, Kando, where the Japanese sold Kando Island, a territory of Joseon, to the Qing Dynasty, must now return to our legitimate land] [Doseong Paldo Map, presumed to be a map made in the 18th century] On the side of North Hamgyeong Province, the Gando area is clearly recorded as our territory. In particular, this map directly reverses China's claim that "Tomungang River is the Tumen River," which was the basis of the agreement between the Qing Dynasty and Japan, separating the Tumen River and the Tumen River. ▲ This map separates the Tomungang River from the second red circle on the left side of the picture and the Tuman River on the right side of the picture and reverses the Chinese deterrent of "Tomungang River is the Tuman River," which was the basis of the agreement between the Qing Dynasty and Japan. You can see Baekdusan Mountain on the left.
2022년 3월 6일 일요일
The Warring States Period of Central America - Toltech Civilization
After Mexico's metropolitan city Theotiwacan collapsed around 700 AD, centuries of darkness and confusion came to Central America. The personality of civilization has changed. Until then, the city did not have a barrier and was dominated by Shingwan, a scholar's temperament serving a relatively moderate religion. Instead of that, it was the armed city-state led by the leader who was immersed in war and conquest. Cities surrounded by barriers were built everywhere, and religions that were almost far from moderate were believed. What caused this change was the brilliant satisfaction of the north called Chichimek. Over more than 500 years, they pushed like waves into Mexico's civilized areas and wandered around destroying various places. Chichimek completely destroyed several ancient cultures or changed their character to the root. However, it is certain that they brought in the seeds of the upcoming gate name. The most prestigious and most dynamic people in ancient Mexico were the warlike Aztecs who were at the peak of power when the Espanians invaded, and they inherited the blood of Chichimek. Furthermore, the energetic Toltecs, who played before Aztecs, are also descendants of Chichimek. It was none other than the Toltecs who built the foundation for the Aztec civilization that marveled at conquerors from the old continent with its brutal splendor. The name Chichimek means "the descendants of dogs" in Aztec, but does not include contempt. It only indicates that they were wandering people who had invaded. However, it is difficult to say that this name is also appropriate. Because Chichimek is not just a hunter-gatherer. If it had been, it would not have been a large number of people that would pose a threat. Just as the rough and fierce Germanic peoples who overthrew the Roman Empire in the fifth century did, Chichimek had plenty of farming to support a significant population. Several remains of the settlement, which tell of its agricultural life, have been found in the desolate mountains of northern Mexico or in the back of the desert. When Theotiwakan faced a ridiculous end, whether it was because of a dispute inside or because of an attack from outside, Chichimek's first wave pushed to the Mexican basin and further south like a furnace. Fear swirled in the place of where they appeared. Chichimek, who decorated himself with feathers and paintings like the later Suwoo and Comanchi, attacked peaceful cities, slaughtered them at will, slaves residents, looted and raped to create a street of Abigyuhwan. However, sometimes they stopped unexpectedly, and those who had already become unable to resist must have looked up at the pyramids with the eyes of the outside world. As in the example of a satisfaction invasion, Chichimek neither conquered all places at once nor completely conquered them. Some of the cities in the Mexican Basin welcomed Chichimek as ruler and were protected, while others continued to resist for quite a long time. In addition, several cities outside the Mexican basin stubbornly protected the highly developed whale culture and had a strong influence on future people. These cities will be comparable to the Byzantine that was introduced to the West during the Renaissance by firmly maintaining the essence of Greek and Roman civilizations against the satisfaction of invading the Roman Empire. Soon, the order gradually regained in Mexico and the Mexican basins. Some Chichimek were inspired by the ancient civilization of the basin and defeated new invading forces from the north with surviving residents. In addition, there was Chichimek, who built an independent rugged city and improved it as the degree of culture increased. By 970 A.D., Toltech's city Tula, one of the cities built by people who inherited the blood of satisfaction, had built a powerful force with a large population and achieved great development enough to dominate the elements of the Mexican basin and far into Central America. The remains of Tula are located 80 kilometers north of Mexico and currently in Dalgoju. Mexico's history on record begins here. As for Tula's Toltech, Aztec poems and legends, which have been handed down from generation to generation, convey fragmentary knowledge like Homer in the Greek hero era. Such transmission literature was written by cultured indio after conquest by the Espanians or delivered to chronological writers of Espania. Because it is a transmission, the facts are quite fast. However, removing mythical elements and comparing them with archaeological achievements revealed that quite a few accurate facts were included. The story of the Toltecs first begins with a legend that they, a tribe of Chichimek wandering from the north in the early 10th century, were attracted by a king named Mixcoatl and settled in Kulwakan, a land several kilometers south of current Mexico. Mischkoatl seems to be only the legendary ruler, but his son Topiltzin is a real person. There are many myths about him, and there is no doubt that he is the first ambitious being in Mexican history. When he was young, Topiljjin practiced his studies to become a new building, and grew up and became a Daishingwan dedicated to Quetzalkoatl, the god of snakes with feathers. This god is the guardian deity of learning and craftsmanship as a god since Theotiwakan in the past. When Topiljin ascended to the throne of Toltec, he changed his name to Quetzalkoatl, which was not to deify himself. At that time, the Daishin officials were often called by the name of the god they worshiped. It later became a cause of outrageous confusion. When the names of ancient Indio's historical and contemporary historians and Quetzalkoatl come out, it is often wrong to know whether they are referring to humans originally called Topiljjin or God. Around 950 A.D., Topilzin moved the capital of Toltech from the northern end of the Mexican basin to Tula, where it crossed the mountain. According to legend, he also put Nonoalka ( deaf and mute people) in the new capital's He expressed in this way that he moved people who did not know how to speak the Toltecs to Tula. It is largely certain that they were survivors who managed to maintain Theotiwacan civilization while being attacked by Chichimek in other places in the Mexican basin. Their knowledge and skills were far superior to those of the Toltecs at the time, just a few generations after they migrated from the savage Chichimek. It is believed that Topiljjin made them engrave ancestors, make wonderful earthenware, or build a temple. Topiljjin's Quezalkoatl developed Tula into a large city and taught residents to overcome all kinds of civilizations. He was highly praised for protecting his reverent single life. It was his fatal mistake to try to make Quetzal koatl, the gentle and benevolent god, the main god of Tula. This is because this god had the power to appeal to the city's influential Toltech people. The most worshipped of their gods was the fighting god, Tescatlypoca. This god was often forced to offer a heart that did not stop the warm blood and beating of human beings who became human offerings. The legend tells in detail the progress of this Tescatlypokapa's overthrow of Topiljjin and its gentle god Quezalkoatl. Contradictions are sometimes found in Cebu, but there are also interesting stories as follows. One night, Tescatlypoca turned into an old man and appeared in the presence of Topiljjin, who used his power to drink him. And he left his sister, the beautiful Quetzal Petlatl (a giant feather) in one shot. In the morning, Topiljin realized that he had lost sympathy and did something shameful that could not be undone. So he stepped down from Toltech's throne and went on a wandering path with faithful seeds. Scholars thought the story was made based on facts and interpreted it as meaning that the believers of the civilized gods since Theotiwakan and the believers of the brilliant fighting gods brought in from the uncivilized north fought religious struggles and divided Tula. As symbolized by Topiljjin's asylum, the believers of the fighting god won. In the second half of the legend, the human Quezal koatl and the divine Quezal koatl become one. Topiljjin = Quetzalkoatl, who left Tula and went on a wandering path, will stay in Cholula, which was famous as the center of culture and religion, for 20 years. After that, he departs for the coast, and there are several theories about what follows. In one of them, he rides a raft made by intertwining snakes and goes out to the sea. In other New Year's Day, it rises to the sky and becomes a "rise star. However, in any New Year's Day, he promised to return from the direction of sunrise by the time of departure and clearly predicted the date of return. It is 1519 in Western terms. This legend, which was widespread throughout Central America, was to predict the miserable end of Aztec civilization. In the year when the tradition of Quezalkoatl was being predicted, one of the most surprising coincidences in the history of Gogeum East and West took place. It was understanding that the Spanish conquerors first arrived in Mexico. Ancient toolas are currently partially but carefully restored. In that respect, it is quite different from Theoti and Khan or cities in its lineage. Delicate technique, which was a characteristic of the classical era, disappears, and on the contrary, ferocity and power are emphasized. The best building to be restored is a five-stage low pyramid with a wide top, and in the past, Daeshinjeon Hall was standing there. Currently, there are four 4.5m high stone pillars modeled after armed warriors on the platform. Four footnotes embossed with these stone pillars and statues of warriors were supporting the roof of a wooden temple before. In front of the pyramid, there is a place like a porch where more footnotes remain, and several footnotes are scattered around it. These footnotes and the cruel appearance of warriors engraved there are unique to Toltech. It doesn't matter if all of the places where they are found in Central America are influenced by Toltech.
The Toltecs refused to serve the moderate gods and continued to worship the gods given to their blood, but were also heavily influenced by religions with traditions since Theoti and Khan. On the band-shaped embossed sculpture decorating the pyramid of Tula, you can see several images of gods from ancient times. Quetzal koatle is also expressed as a feathery rattlesnake with a tail. In addition, the monster, which has a complex shape that matches various elements of snakes and birds, is thought to be Trelalok, the god of rain from ancient times. Tescatlypoca, who was also the god of fighting and the ruler of life and death, cannot be found among the gods engraved on the pyramid. Perhaps it is because Tescatlypokapa won and the pyramid was completed before Topiljin went on a wandering trip. However, there are many traces showing that personal offerings were prevalent in Tula. In the sculpture of the pyramid, there are several scenes of an eagle, the symbol of the sun, pecking at the human heart. There are also sculptures depicting an eagle-shaped bowl that is thought to contain the heart of a human sacrifice, and the altar used to lay the wood is decorated with bones crossing the skull. The alignment of the bones crossing this skull is common in ancient ruins of the Mexican coastal region. The design of the pirate's black flag that traversed the Caribbean Sea in the 17th and 18th centuries may have taken a hint from this. In a sense, it can be said that Tula was a new type of city. Unlike cities such as Theoti and Khan, which are built defenselessly on solid plains, Tula's temples and vast residential areas are concentrated on hills that are easy to defend the enemy. However, as long as Tula was located on the outskirts of the Chichimek sphere of influence, she would have been constantly exposed to threats of satisfaction. The former city was dominated by a new building, but the capital of this Toltech was a city of warriors. According to the order of the military leader, life was being established with objects taken from the conquered people. Tula was the backbone of the country that first imposed payments in ancient America and had administrative, economic, and religious systems. This system was then adopted throughout Central America until it was conquered by Espania. It was in the middle of the 10th century when Tula was founded, but not long after that, Toltech's troops, thought to have been organized into various tribes, advanced to various parts of Mexico. They ruled from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast to the east, from Guatemala to the south to the land of their ancestor Chichimek to the north. Around 1000 A.D., it showed phenomenal development, violated the Yucatan Peninsula, and targeted various places where the late Maya civilization was blooming. They seem to have invaded it from the sea. There is a record that it was that Quezalkoatl that led the invasion army, but this must have been influenced by later legends. Toltech seems to have destroyed some cities in Maya, but instead, with the help of Maya craftsmen, it worked hard to build a great and beautiful city of Chitchen Izzza. This heritage still shines brightly in the sunlight shining on the dry plain covered with shrubs. Chichen Izzza's architecture follows the Mayan style, but there are many traces of domination by Toltech, which brought in religion centered on death and human offerings. The skull design engraved on the altar is one example. It is not that the Maya sculptures up to then have dealt with personal offerings. However, in this sculpture, you can see a scary and intense scene that is incomparable to them. In Chichen Izzza, a unique personal offering that was not known in Tula, the city of Toltech, was being offered. The city's most magnificent building is a pyramid with a temple installed at the top and is called Castillo (Seongchae). To the north is a deep depression surrounded by limestone cliffs, widely known as "holy wells." When what was thought to be a sign of drought and divine anger occurred, the believers picked out a beautiful lady and threw her into this pond along with jewelry and other valuables to dedicate it to God. Centuries after this practice disappeared, according to the Spanish Chronicles, women were asked to be rescued and delivered the revelations given by the gods if they were thrown with sunrise and alive until noon. The story of Chichen Izzza's holy well has long been overlooked as a simple fantasy legend. However, when I dredged on the spring, there were many amazing treasures on the muddy floor. Hundreds of envelopes were found, including white bones of human offerings that were not blessed by the gods, beautiful necklaces of gold and Gyeongok, small knives for offerings of black stones with handles carved with jewels, masks made of copper or gold, and decorative plates. Most of the gold ornaments are thought to have been made far away. The Toltec civilization, which spread from Tula, Mexico, did not have a profound effect only on Maya on the Yucatan Peninsula. It has some influence on the current United States, especially the Mississippi Valley. It is thought that the fact that stones were collected and stacked on the gardens of Seokgasan Mountain, which can be seen in this region, was made around 1000 BC, but after the 10th century BC, a large Seokgasan Mountain (made like a mountain by collecting stones on the gardens) was built. The people who were worshiping the god enshrined on these Seokgasan Mountain do not seem to be the Toltecs who migrated. The religious ideas that fascinated them may have been handed down from tribe to tribe or from traders who came from Toltech's ruling territory. Tula collapsed around 1160 AD. It is thought to have been caused by a new attack by satisfied Chichimek. Chichimek threatened them from the North throughout Toltec's prosperity. Tula was completely ruined. However, Toltech's name was not broken. Several warlike tribes, called descendants of Toltec, have either settled in various places from Mexico to Nicaragua in the far south or entered the ruling class of the conquered city. The devastation of Tula and the annihilation of the Toltec Empire were not fatal to Mexican civilization, unlike Theotiwacan's fall about 500 years ago. This time, Chichimek swept Mexico with unprecedented heartless cruelty, but many city-states had the power to counter them. For example, the Mishtek people, who were building forces around Mitla, a city encouraged in the mountainous area of the southeast of the Mexican basin, developed their civilization without being disturbed by the people. On the contrary, they expanded their scope of power to the vicinity of Oahaka, occupying Monte Alban, the ancestral site of the ancient Sapotechs, which had been abandoned for a long time, and used some of Sapotech's tombs as tombs of their priests or powerful people. More than 500 artifacts made of gold, silver, Gyeongok, Turquoise, and other expensive materials were found in the famous Tomb No. 7 of Mishtek. This can be said to be the most luxurious treasure found in Central America so far. When it comes to the Mexican basin, Chichimek, which has newly invaded, seems to be assimilated without any resistance. The number of residents soon recovered to its previous state as it was supported by agriculture with high production efficiency by the artificial island "Chinampas" created along the shoreline. The fight lasted for more than 200 years, and small and medium-sized city-states quarreled with each other. However, none of them took control of the rich Mexican basin, which is indispensable for establishing hegemony in Central America. It was around 1200 A.D. that the Aztecs achieved this feat, and they appeared.
The warriors of Goguryeo...Mid- to long-term infantry.
It is not accurate when mankind, the birth of warriors, began to do something called "war." Even before it was written down, mankind would have done what was called war. Several or dozens of primitive humans would have fought with other humans to protect their hunting grounds or to occupy a good home with stone axes and stone spears in their hands, inevitably selecting experienced and powerful people as their heads and planning them. Knowing that it was more advantageous and less hurt to fight together than to fight separately, he probably went around in groups of several or dozens of people with good eyes or fast feet separately to secretly peek at the other person's village. As the scale of the fight grew, there would have been people under one leader who received the order, delivered it to others, and made people move as the leader wishes. In order to secure a lot of stone axes and stone spears for fighting, women or young children who did not fight may gather, split and cut stones, make them, collect them separately, and take them out and use them when necessary. As science developed over time, he had a metal knife and axe instead of a stone axe, and as he had an iron arrowhead instead of a stone axe and a short window to throw away, mankind became more immersed in the war, rewarded those who fought bravely, and pointed fingers at those who ran cowardly. The rulers, who began to get what they wanted through the war, began to find weapons that could kill the other person better to immerse themselves in the war, while putting a "honor" on those who fought bravely. People collapsed fighting over this invisible illusion of honor in a bloody and terrible battlefield, and the honor began to look even higher and more brilliant over the bodies piled up one after another. Seeing people who were not afraid of death to take this honor, people called them warriors or warriors, and those who could not become warriors went to the battlefield closely with people with the same weapon to avoid being cowardly on their own, and people gathered and went around the battlefield continued until mankind got a new slaughter weapon called machine guns. Perhaps the first military disease mankind had was infantry. Over thousands of years or tens of thousands of years, many diseases appeared in the human army and disappeared while enjoying their heyday, but infantry survived for a long time instead of being in the spotlight, so they still occupy their place proudly, although they are not the main players in the battlefield. The warriors on the ground....They're infantry... 1 - The First Slaughter...The first infantry recorded in the literature of Hoplites and Pecetai should probably be found in Egypt or the Middle East. Armed with leather shields and windows with bronze jaws, Egyptian infantry could not pitch or wear armor, and were assigned to tanks, which were their main weapons at the time. It was from Greece that the first recorded infantry born in the Middle East reached its heyday. The ancient Greek heavy-duty infantry, which created the image of the heavy-duty infantry we commonly think of, was called Corinthian Bronze Pitcher and Round Shield-Hoflon, and this was the etymology of Hoflites, referring to the heavy-duty infantry of Greece-also wearing bronze chest armor and shanks. This was completely different from the fact that warriors of the previous hero era took the one-on-one battle honorably while traveling in tanks. The birth of heavy infantry in Greece is closely related to Greek politics. Although the concept of democratic politics in ancient Greece is very different from today, it was the free people called citizens who supported it, and of course, the subjects of war were also them. As citizens who were not professional warriors and could not afford expensive weapons such as tanks and could not always gather and receive military training appeared as leaders of the battlefield, tactics and arms changed in line with them. Instead of complicated tactics, simple and simple tactics, that is, tactics that collide with the enemy's forces with the spear forward were introduced, and soldiers' defense equipment inevitably began to thicken in order to withstand this situation. When soldiers with shields and spears collided with the enemy camp, the victory and defeat quickly became divided, and as time passed, the spears became longer and the shields and armor became smaller or smaller. Of course, it was to kill the other person better. The large scale created by the Hoplites is called Palanx. The victory or defeat in various wars in ancient Greece was determined by which Palancz lasted longer and collapsed the right side that the other party could not defend with a shield. Therefore, it was considered a disgrace to break down Palancz's greatness, and soldiers standing at the end of the right were able to earn honor as warriors even if they survived or died. In this situation, it was natural that Spartan heavy-duty infantry, who had been educated only as warriors from childhood, had an overwhelming advantage, and the myth that Spartan heavy-duty infantry were invincible continued until Epaminondas of Thebes defeated themselves in Leuktra in 371 BC. Numerous wars broke out over Greek hegemony, but it was Macedonia in the north, which the Greeks treated as barbarians. Macedonia's heavy-duty infantry was called Pecetairo, who consisted of farmers, not ordinary citizens, and had been trained in groups for several years. What makes Pecetai Loi different from the existing Hoplites is that the window has increased in addition to the fact that defense equipment has been lighter and simplified. The five-meter-long jangchang was called Sarisa, and 256 Palangks, consisting of 16 rows of jongdae and traverse, moved faster than Palangx in Greece and were able to handle long windows skillfully. Often, Macedonia's victory was only understood in terms of using cavalry that were not noticed at the time, but Macedonia's cavalry, who were not able to use the ruler at the time, were not guaranteed a complete victory on the battlefield. At that time, the Macedonian army, which had two outstanding commanders, Phillipos and Alexandros, introduced a groundbreaking concept of tactics - hammer and anvil tactics, and the role of Macedonia's strong lieutenant general, who played the role of anvil that shattered the opponent, should never be ignored. 2 - Back to being a citizen...Rome, which was located on seven hills in the early days of the Roman Civil Corps and started as a weak force, gradually began to grow as it conquered the surrounding peoples. In the early days, the Romans, who fought mainly with the Etruscans, inherited the Greek tradition and formed an corps of free people, and were essentially different from Greek and Carthage mercenaries who were paid to move. The Roman army, which did not show much difference from other ethnic groups in the early days, formed a small group called Manipulus (finger in Latin) in a universal battle formation centered on the existing three greats after the battle against the Samnium, a mountain tribe. This was a groundbreaking formation at the time, unlike the entire collapse of one heat when the existing large collapsed, the collapse of one Manipulus caused damage only to the manipulus, and at that time, more complex and faster manipulation was possible. In contrast to the growing window of heavy infantry in the succession war following the sudden death of Alexander the Great, the Romans abandon the long window and introduce a short, thin window called the Filum. Roman legion soldiers, who collided with Greek heavy-duty infantry after the Carthage War, but slaughtered heavy-duty infantry armed with long spears and heavy armor using short filums and Gladius. Instead of a long spear, a short spear and a short knife became the main players of the battlefield again. What could the Romans overcome the absolutely disadvantageous length difference? Josephus, a Jewish historian, wrote this article after seeing the training scene of the Roman legion. "For Romans, training is a blood-free battle and battle is a blood-leeding training." It is well known that the Romans who lived in the Mediterranean Sea are smaller than the Galliana Germanic. Nevertheless, it is believed that the above article shows how the Romans were able to conquer Gallia and block the Germans for a long time. Even in the Greek era, breaking away from the great was a disgrace, and the same was true of the Roman era. Referring to the last stories about mid- to long-term soldiers, he said that the soldiers needed in the army to win the battle were not brave ones, but soldiers who knew how to fulfill their responsibilities. The intangible shackles, called "responsibility" or "honor," could only be made in the military and were only used in the military. In "Skill and Civilization," written by Victor David Henson, the author emphasized - discipline and obedience - as important conditions for distinguishing between warriors and soldiers. If there is a battle with the gang members who have been trafficking drugs and shooting several times from an early age and the cadets of the Virginia Military School who have no combat experience but understood with discipline and obedience, the gang members can never beat the cadets of the military school and mentioned two above. I don't know what will happen if the battle actually takes place, but what I can say personally is that when it comes to unfavorable circumstances, cadets will act according to orders, but gang members only act for themselves. Rome transformed those who decided to become legion soldiers into the most efficient and powerful slaughter machines in the Mediterranean as well as Europe at the time with weeks of training and education. Of course, what was put into practice was the harsh discipline and obedience that made the soldiers feel in their hearts and move until their hearts stopped, according to the greatness and orders that never collapsed. This was the real weapon of the soldiers who defeated and slaughtered the warriors who had a large physique and a long spear with small and short spears.
3 - Before talking about Goguryeo's heavy-duty infantry, what should be mentioned first is whether there were heavy-duty infantry in Goguryeo. There is no clear definition of heavy and long infantry, but I think heavy and long infantry should be subject to the premise that they should wear sufficient protective armor and pitches and use dense dustproofing using shields, spears or spears as their main tactics. Did there really exist heavy and long infantry in Goguryeo? Iron Changchok accounts for the largest amount of relics excavated from the ruins of Goguryeo Boru excavated from Achasan Mountain. In addition, windows are often seen on battle maps and procession maps in Goguryeo's ancient tombs. The specific appearance of the lieutenant general infantry is shown in the matrix diagram of Anhak No. 3. In the matrix map here, there have been many discussions mainly on the appearance of mid- to long-term soldiers, but in this mural, you can also see the appearance of heavy and long-term infantry. Goguryeo infantry in the painting are wearing feathers. The pitch is lined vertically, which is personally presumed to indicate that the pitch is connected by overlapping rectangular iron plates. The armor worn on the body is also drawn so that it can be seen as tight as the armor of mid- to long-term soldiers. I don't know if it was sticky with deer leather like armor in the early Joseon Dynasty, but it would not be too much to say that at least a certain size of iron plate was attached to the leather. The biggest difference from mid- to long-term armor is that the armor of the mid- to long-term soldiers completely covers the lower part, that is, the armor of the mid- to long-term infantry covers only the upper body slightly below the waist. Also, if you look at the mid- to long-term infantry at the top, unlike mid- to long-term soldiers whose armor came down to the elbow, only their shoulders are covered with armor. In other words, unlike the mid- to long-term disease, except for the lower part of the face and elbow, the mid- to long-term infantry can be seen as covering only the body. This takes into account the characteristics of infantry, which, unlike mid- to long-term soldiers traveling on horseback, must be mainly moved on foot, and can be said to be a common form of ancient heavy and long-term infantry. What I personally find very interesting is their shields, which are very narrow, pointed up and down, and vertically drawn in the middle, so it seems to have a shape that goes slightly into both sides based on the center, not a flat. Scutium, a large rectangular shield carried by Roman legion soldiers, is not flat, but has a concave shape with both sides inward from the top. Perhaps it seems to be intended to slide the blade of the enemy's spear when the enemy's spear hits a shield, but the books or scholars have yet to confirm it. In other words, it would be interesting to compare modern tanks with slanted gloves to give them a tilt angle. Then, why were the shields they carried pointed up and down? I don't know about the top, but if the bottom is not flat, it can be very inconvenient because the shield cannot be erected on the ground. Also, to put in personal assumptions, it weighs on the possibility that it is a means to attack the enemy. Scutium, which was used by the Roman army, also has a large protrusion made of iron in the middle, which can cause considerable damage even if it pushes the opponent away or hits the enemy with iron. I don't know if this strange-looking shield of Goguryeo was also made to stab the other person with a pointed end. Shields of this shape can be found in other ancient tombs in addition to Anhak No. 3. Of course, some argue that the army in the murals of Anhak No. 3 or other tombs is not an army for combat purposes, but considering that modern honor guards use firearms used by ordinary soldiers except for their costumes, I don't think their weapons or armor are much different from ordinary troops. Finally, let's look at the window. The windows on the murals are very short. Unlike the cavalry's windows that are larger than the cavalry's height, the heavy infantry' windows are tilted and placed over their shoulders, making it impossible to accurately compare, but they do not look longer than the cavalry's windows. Did the Goguryeo people not use or recognize the existence of the intestines? Looking at the Huhanseo-dongyiyeoljeon, he left the following records while explaining Yejok. "I'm good at war on foot. The length of the window is 3 sheets ( – – 1 sheet refers to about 3 meters) and is used together by many people…Hereinafter, the Huryak Yiye tribe refers to the Dongye tribe who lived in today's Gangwon-do and Hwanghae-do regions, and was subjugated to Goguryeo. And a small needle is attached to the window carried by the heavy infantry from the ancient tomb. Although it looks like an S-shape and a curved shape, all of the heavy and long infantry windows were slanted, and the cavalry's windows were already invisible, so it can be seen that they were attached only to the infantry's windows. This small thread attached to the spear of the heavy commander infantry probably played a role in pulling the joint of the opponent's cavalry, that is, the leather strap connecting the collar. In fact, among the relics excavated from Baekje and Silla regions, irons with only hook windows or small hooks were excavated, and of course, they have been recognized as weapons for atmospheric use. Fortunately, there is a record of how these weapons were used. In August of King Jinpyeong's 19th year of King Geonbok's reign (the 24th year of King Jinpyeong's reign: 602), Baekje raised a great army and wrote Amakseong Fortress <Mak> as Mo.When > was surrounded, the king had the general Pajingan Geonpum, Murigul, Iribul, Sangean Mueun, and Biriya with military service, and Gwisan Mountain and Chuhang also went to the front to Gamsimjik. Baekje was defeated and retreated to the pond of Cheonsan Mountain and was waiting to hide its troops. When our soldiers advanced and led them back, Mueun became a subordinate and stood at the back of the army, and the ambush suddenly rose and pulled Mueun down with a hook. It can be said that the weapons used in the war among the Three Kingdoms History's thermoelectric Gwisan episodes basically fall into the category of "technology. It can be said that the weapon used by the other party in the war zone is basically a problem that can be accepted as much as possible if only utility is recognized. Therefore, it is considered quite dangerous not to recognize its existence just because it is not recorded in the librarian's record. Goguryeo was basically a settled agricultural nation. Although he worked hard on farming in China's librarian to Goguryeo, there have been several records that he always lacked food due to the barren land. Although the customs of nomadic peoples such as the criminal intake system remained and cavalry were valued, I don't think the existence or role of infantry can be ignored or ignored. It is believed that the infantry, especially the heavy infantry, played an important role, whether Goguryeo's tactics in the field completely destroyed the opponent, such as the Macedonian hammer and anvil tactics, or the siege pressure tactics widely used by nomadic peoples in the East. In addition, the Cheongyasu Water Technology, which Goguryeo used against China's large-scale invasion forces, would have been an important support in the defense of the fortress, which was the most important.
pro-Japanese group Land Litigation by Opportunist Idiot Pursuing Descendants of Evil Private Interests
In addition to the "five enemies of Eulsa Temple," including Lee Wan-yong and Song Byung-joon, pro-Japanese group descendants, who received titles and "silver funds" from the Japanese during the merger between Korea and Japan, are filing a series of lawsuits against the state to return their assets. Therefore, it is pointed out that it is urgent to enact the Special Act on the Restitution of Property for Pro-Japanese Ethnic Actors (tentative name) to fundamentally block this. The Institute for Ethnic Affairs released a report on the 7th that was commissioned by the National Assembly's Legislation and Judiciary Committee to investigate the land status of pro-Japanese ethnic actors for two months from mid-October last year. According to a series of property return lawsuits ◇ reports, the first trial is currently underway after the great-grandson of pro-Japanese group Yoon Deok-young (the father-in-law of Sunjong Yoon Taek-young) filed a lawsuit against the state in October last year to recover the mountain 19 Bongilcheon-ri, Jori-eup, Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do. Yoon Deok-young was recognized as a pro-Japanese group who helped Lee Wan-yong merge while serving as a "sijongwongyeong" at the time of the merger between Korea and Japan, and received a self-made position and 50,000 yen in silver money from the Japanese. In addition, Lee Geun-ho's descendant, who was crowned Baron for the merger, filed four lawsuits, including a lawsuit last year to recover 17 parcels (1,698 pyeong) other than 36-dong, Osan-si, Gyeonggi-do, and is undergoing the first trial. Lee Jae-geuk's descendants, who received 25,000 yen in silver money and baroness, also won a lawsuit to return 667 pyeong of fields in Munsan-eup, Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do, and pro-Japanese group descendants such as Lee Hae-chang (receipt 30,000 yen in silver) and Lee Ki-yong (a member of the Japanese Empire). ◇ Song Byung-joon, a country that stands by to find land pro-Japanese group, received 798,923 pyeong in Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, apart from 133,000 pyeong of land in Bupyeong, Gyeonggi-do, where his descendants filed a return suit, and Lee Wan-yong is estimated to own 145,98 pyeong in Gwangju, Gyeonggi-do. The total amount is 950,000 pyeong, and it is estimated to reach trillions of won in terms of market price. Baek Dong-hyun, a researcher at the Institute for Ethnic Affairs, said, "It has been confirmed that real estate believed to be pro-Japanese group's property is scattered on a huge scale across the country," and predicted, "The number of lawsuits by descendants will increase in the future." However, courts are generally tolerant of pro-Japanese group descendants. In a lawsuit filed by Lee Jae-geuk's descendants in 2001, the court rejected the lawsuit, saying, "It is against justice for anti-ethnic actors to protect their property acquired through pro-Japanese acts," but the plaintiff won the appeal. According to the report, the winning rate of pro-Japanese group descendants exceeded half. In particular, the Ministry of the Interior and Safety recently disclosed land-related records in the name of Japanese and said it would return them to descendants if the ownership relationship was confirmed to guarantee property rights for the purpose of guaranteeing property rights of registered people like Japanese. After the Ministry of the Interior and Safety's policy came out, pro-Japanese group descendants sometimes visit the institute to inquire about their ancestors' careers, said Cho Se-yeol, secretary-general of the institute. "We urgently need to enact a special law on property recovery (tentative name) to fundamentally block lawsuits for pro-Japanese group descendants."