Read the Manchu war again - Gwanghaegun, Nurhachi, and the Ming Dynasty IV.

 ● Surprised by Lee Seong-ryang's conspiracy to bomb.

In July 1608, about five months after his inauguration, a secret funeral was flown from the establishment of Dongjisa Temple, which was going to Beijing. Gwangnyeong Chongbyeong Lee Seong-ryang conquered Joseon and established Gunhyeon to make it a direct decree. 었다 was the news that he posted a spell to the emperor. 

It was a bolt out of the blue in the dry sky. I thought I was barely taking a breather after the death of Eom Il-goe, but something unexpected happened. During the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, what Joseon was most afraid of was Myeong's rush to take the direct control of Joseon direct control. However, the rumors heard were unusual.

It is not Lee Seong-ryang's thoughts alone, but the Doorsa Temple was also raised. "We should take advantage of the dispute between brothers in Joseon as an opportunity. 는 has also been told. 

Who is Lee Seong-ryang? He was Lee Yeo-song's father and a powerful warlord in Liaodong. He has been in his current position for such a long time that he has been called Ritaya and had a great influence. Many of the officials in Liaodong and Shandong were from his family or barracks. In addition, even before the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, he was well aware of the internal situation of Joseon. 

Gwanghae-gun asked the newcomers for countermeasures. Byeongjo Panseo Lee Jeong-gu opened his mouth. He diagnosed that Lee Seong-ryang's drooling in Joseon because of the fertile land and the production of ginseng and silver. Lee Jung-gu also said Nurhachi, which is connected to Lee Sung-ryang, is more problematic. 

Lee Sung-ryang's true feelings are unknown, but if he attacks Joseon, he is likely to use Nurhachi's troops. Lee Jung-gu ordered that the defense posture of the Pyeongan-do region, which is connected to the land of Nurhachi, should be improved to prepare for an emergency. 

Fortunately, Lee Seong-ryang's response to Sangju was negative. It has been reported that Song Il-han and Sahak-cheon, who are in the middle of military service, dismissed Lee Seong-ryang's claim. Although Joseon had flaws, Lee Seong-ryang's request was wrong because there was no crime of killing the king like Yeon Gaesomun and the manners of his officials were not violated by serving the Ming Dynasty. 는 was the content. Song Il-han insisted that Lee Sung-ryang be dismissed and summoned. Thanks to Song Il-han and others' refutation, it ended with a "happening", but it was an incident that showed that Gwanghaegun could continue to be hampered by the Ming Dynasty's newcomers because he was the second. The awareness of Nurhachi connected to Lee Seong-ryang also served as an opportunity to increase. 

●'Original dispute' Hurry up and put yourself to sleep

Gwanghae-gun hurried to officially obtain a book peak from Myeongjeong, while strengthening its inspection of fluctuations in the wake of the Lee Seong-ryang incident. Although Im Hae-gun passed away, he desperately needed a title book to block disputes over his legitimacy and serve as king properly. 

Even until March 1609, more than a year after his inauguration, Myeong did not proclaim Gwanghaegun as King of Joseon. In the diplomatic document sent to Joseon, the name "Gwanghae-gun, State Preceptor Kwon Seo-guk of Joseon" was used. National Preceptor Kwonseo means a person in charge of national affairs temporarily. 

Soon after, in June 1609, a bookkeeper under the name arrived in Seoul. The usefulness of the sense of compassion was him. Taesam refers to an eunuch. There were many names that called the eunuch, Chodang, Chosi, and Eomin. In the early Joseon Dynasty, the name of the speaker was also used a lot. 

The memories of the Ming Dynasty's inns that went to Joseon in the 15th century were not good. This is because there were so many demands and bribes. Moreover, many of them were from Joseon. However, it was more powerful against the backdrop of the Ming emperor's favor. Yoon Bong during the reign of King Sejong and Jeongdong during the reign of King Seongjong were representative figures. 

However, Yoo Yong was a more powerful figure. He was the second-largest figure in the Ming Dynasty among thousands of visitors. Why on earth did he come to Joseon? Gwanghaegun was on high alert until he arrived in Uiju and came up to Seoul. 

Yoo Yong was openly talked about even before crossing the Yalu River. "If you step into the Joseon border, you will surely get 100,000 nyang of silver." After arriving in Uiju, he said to entertain him only with silver. He said he didn't need a meal or tea ceremony if he gave him silver. When silver was scarce, it did not move. It wasn't just that. Among his entourage, many merchants entered Joseon to find a foundation. They also put out a lot of ready-made items and forced them to buy them. 

In the end, Yoo Yong came to deliver the emperor's directive to preach Gwanghaegun and took 60,000 nyang of silver. The royal court's official language shouted not to comply with the request of usefulness. However, Gwanghae-gun ordered him to be given preferential treatment. This is because it was urgent to officially finish the bookkeeping somehow.

● accepts the greedy customs of the name.

"It was expensive to come, and when you go back, you have to pay here and there." ´ This is the story of Yoo Yong-yi, who ripped out 60,000 nyang. After Eom Il-goe and Man Ae-min grabbed a stream in Joseon, the officials of Myeongyeong tried to come out to Joseon. 

The wind blowing in the name of the first half of the 17th century was enormous. In the background, the distribution of silver was located. At that time, Spanish and Portuguese merchants packed silver and flocked to the Ming Dynasty to purchase Chinese raw silk and ceramics. The silver was usually mined in the New World South America and Japan. Hundreds of thousands of kilograms of silver poured in every year were distributed to every corner of the Ming Dynasty. It was also sprayed on the land of Manchuria, where Nurhachi took place, as a purchase price for ginseng or fur. 

Silver was convenient to transport, so bribery was enough. In fact, Yunbong and Jeongdong, who came from the 15th century, also took a huge bribe, but it was usually indigenous. It was bulky and heavy, such as animal leather such as leopard skin and textiles such as triangles, horse saddle, and copper products. It took a huge number of scoops to carry them. The people's eyes could not have been good looking at the procession carrying bribery. Compared to that, it was too easy to carry silver. 

In 1610, a noun came to proclaim the son of Gwanghaegun as the crown prince. He was also a character named Yeomdeung and was also a hall. His goal was to rip off more than the amount Yoo Yong received. When the bridge of the Imjin River was lost due to a flood when entering Seoul from Kaesong, he received 1,000 nyangs of silver under the pretext of delay in his journey. 

The behavior that appeared after arriving in Seoul was spectacular. I asked him to make a silver ladder. It was to take a ride called Cheongyo and cross Namdaemun to perform a book bongrye. He eventually took tens of thousands of nyang. Woo Eui-jeong Shim Hee-soo said that Yeomdeung is not a person. 

Gwanghae-gun just moved on again this time. He didn't want to repeat his footsteps, which had been a crown prince for as long as 17 years but had not been approved by his name. 

To prepare tens of thousands of nyang of silver, I had to squeeze out a lot of blood. It was so difficult to deal with the people after the Imjin War. But it wasn't just people. Now there was a much more daunting task of putting both ends between the name and Nurhachi.

Read the Manchu war again - Gwanghaegun and Nurhachi, and the Ming Dynasty III.

 It wasn't just that. The attitude of King Bu's ancestors toward Gwanghaegun was also changing.This was especially the case from around 1600 (33rd year of King Seonjo's reign).

● Seonjo and Gwanghaegun's morning door are cold.

At that time, King Seonjo lived in Jeongneung-dong Haenggung-Today's Deoksugung Palace. Gwanghaegun went to greet his ancestors every morning, but King Seonjo rarely brought him to his room and refused to meet him.

The Annals of Seonjo on March 30, 1600 states that King Gwanghae would stay at the outer gate of the temple and return whenever he visited. It was natural for Gwanghaegun to be anxious about the cold attitude of the ancestors.According to the 1601 record, Gwanghae-gun visited in the morning and lunch. It would have been an action that reflected the anxiety arising from the cold attitude of the ancestors, and the anxiety of wanting to be recognized more.

In 1600, when Jungjeon Park passed away, the situation became more difficult. In October of the following year, Yejo suggested to his ancestors to remarry, citing that the site of the Jungjeon Hall has been vacant for a long time. King Seonjo accepts it without much hesitation.

● Prince's refusal to rebuild the bar and exclusion from argument.

In April 1602, the court's officials suggested that the Ming Dynasty send a chief envoy to request the Crown Prince's bookkeeping again. King Seonjo rejects it underground.The reason was that "Humankind stands right away only when you first recommend the book of the Middle Kingdom to make the position of the national mother right, and then request the prince'servings of the Crown Prince."

It was not the "senior" who offered to step down from the throne 15 times during the Imjin War.In 1603, when there was a rice paddy-faceted practice in which people who tried to overcome the national crisis were condemned as meritorious retainers during the Japanese Invasion of Korea, Shinryo suggested that Gwanghae-gun should also be included as meritorious retainers. It was argued that the achievements of the dispute activities should be recognized.

King Seonjo refused to do that either.

The attitude of ancestors was clearly a check against Gwanghaegun. During the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, there was a flaw in the authority of the earth, and I did not know that the resentment that was sold by the command of Myeonggun as an incompetent king and an object to be deposed was directed at Gwanghaegun. Power certainly could not be shared even among the rich.

In February 1602, King Seonjo welcomed the daughter of Lee Jo Jeong-rang and Kim Je-nam as a new queen. Queen Inmok, who had a bad relationship with Gwanghae-gun that could not be the same as Hwadong. Four years later, a son was born in Queen Inmok's body.

The road ahead of Prince Gwanghaegun was literally in the midst of mountains.When King Seonjo showed a lukewarm attitude toward requesting "Prince's Bookbong," some Shinryo judged that his mind had already left Gwanghaegun.

When Prince Yeongchang was born, Shinryo appeared in front of Prince Yeongchang. Yeonguijeong Yoo Young-kyung was a representative figure.Since March 1607, King Seonjo has been recovering from a minor illness, and in October, he collapsed and lay down in a sickbed.On October 11, King Seonjo said he would give Gwanghaegun a front-line position by lowering a memorandum from the sickbed. If it is not possible, he ordered to leave the regent at least.

Yoo Young-kyung and others desperately hung on to their ancestors lying on the sickbed.He appealed, "You can be in charge of affairs in this state, so take the order of the frontiers or regents." In the meantime, he attempted to hide the contents of the monument given by his ancestors.

Gwanghae-gun also stayed in the palace after King Seonjo collapsed and entered Sijil-Byeongguwan. Time was flowing in tension.

In January 1608, Jeong In-hong, a former chief judge, appealed to his ancestors and suggested that Gwanghaegun should hand over the throne and devote himself to taking care of himself. He also urged Yoo Young-kyung to punish him because she interfered with the legitimate potential. It was another unexpected situation. King Seonjo was furious at the contents of Jeong In-hong's appeal. He lowered his guard again and said, "If you do not get approval from the name, you may take issue with the name later." Immediately after he collapsed, he said he would immediately challenge, but after hearing Jeong In-hong's appeal, his mind shook again.

Prince ● 16 years... To overcome domestic and international checks and ascended the throne.

Gwanghaegun was lying down close.

"I was in a position that I couldn't handle, but I couldn't die because they suddenly told me to do Jeonseob." Yoo Young-kyung's dissuasion of Jeon Seop is not different from what I meant, but I just want to die because Jeong In-hong has made an unspeakable remark."

Gwanghaegun was at a crossroads in a situation where he did not know what would be said from the mouth of his furious ancestors.

On February 1, 1608, King Seonjo passed away. Gwanghaegun was crowned. It was the first time in 16 years that he became a crown prince.

Soon after, on February 6, he sent Lee Ho-min, the Yeonneung Buwon-gun, to Beijing as the Gobucheongsi Seungseupsa. It was a mission to inform the Ming court of the ascension of the ancestors and ask them to give him a posthumous title, and to get approval for the throne of Gwanghaegun.

The adjustment of the name was by no means formidable.

On April 12, when Lee Ho-min and his party posted a main copy asking for the approval of Gwanghaegun's ascension, the honorary department kicked it again and fell down. Still, his second son, Gwanghae-gun, could not approve it.

Confused, Lee Ho-min said, "Imhae-gun was unable to handle the crown prince's position due to stroke." Then, Yebunangjung of the name demanded to bring back the main copy proving that Imhae-gun refused the throne. It wasn't just that. Myeongjeong ordered Yodongdosa Temple in Liaoyang to enter Joseon and understand the situation directly.

It was the source of trouble that sounded like a "middle wind."

On June 15, Vice Minister Myung Eom Il-goe and Man Ae-min entered Seoul. They insisted on meeting Im Hae-gun in person. At that time, Imhae-gun was exiled to Gyo-dong, Ganghwa-do, accused of being a reverse mother.

● Silver, untie the crisis

It was a difficult task. I didn't know what Lim Hae-gun would say to them. In some ways, he was likely to catch another decisive weakness in his command.

In that case, how hard and boring will it be to have a scuffle?

Gwanghae-gun and the Joseon Dynasty solved silver in this passage. He gave tens of thousands of nyangs of silver to Eom Il-goong and Man Ae-min.After being treated as a "chuksa," they interviewed Im Hae-gun and told the Joseon gods.

"Tell the king not to be merciless by protecting Imhae-gun well." Then, he took a silver gwak and went home.

In no time, Gwanghae-gun became the "king."

Gwanghaegun was forced to use silver as a bribe to overcome political difficulties, but it set a bad precedent. After Eom Il-goong and Man Ae-min visited, officials from the Ming Dynasty in Liao-dong warmed their mouths. This is because I heard that Eom Il-goe and others caught a big catch in Joseon.

Since then, celebrities who come to Joseon have opened their hands without exception.

After the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, Joseon faced not only the military threats of Nurhachi but also the "economic threats" of celebrities.

Read the Manchu war again - Gwanghaegun and Nurhachi, and the Ming Dynasty II.

 Immediately after losing the Battle of Byeokje in January 1593, Byeongsangseo Seokseong, the chief officer of Myeonggun, sent Shim Yu-kyung to the Japanese military camp in Seoul. Shim Yu-kyung reached an agreement with Yukinaga Konishi that the Japanese troops would withdraw to the south after negotiations.

● The true intentions of the title revealed in the strengthening negotiations. 

The requirements that the two sides put forward in the four more years of strengthening negotiations were complicated. Konishi said, "Only when the emperor of the Ming Dynasty is given as the concubine of the emperor, 4 degrees of Joseon territory is removed, trade is allowed, and Joseon's prince is sent hostage to Japan can he withdraw from Joseon." Shim Yu-kyung said, "Only when the Japanese military completely withdraws from Joseon will Hideyoshi Toyotomi be proclaimed as the king of Japan." It was a difference in conditions in which an agreement could not be reached.

However, the Myeonggun command needed tangible results, saying, "Japanese troops withdrew from Seoul," to alleviate internal dissatisfaction with the increasing war expenses burden and defeat of the Byeokje Battle. The Japanese military was also determined to step back to the southern coast and watch the attitude of the title while taking a breath. The withdrawal of the Japanese military from Seoul was a "temporary achievement" in which both interests matched. Soon after, on April 20, 1593, something amazing happened along the Han River.

In order to "protect" the Japanese troops withdrawing to the south, the soldiers of the Ming army were blocking the Joseon army. The command of the Ming army grabbed Byeon Yang-jun, a Joseon general who was chasing the Japanese army, tied his neck with a chain, and hit it hard. Kwon Yul of the Jeolla auditor, who defeated the Japanese army at Haengjusanseong Fortress and led the chase, was summoned by Lee Yeo-song. It was a crime to attack or chase the Japanese army in violation of the guidelines of the Ming military command.

The Japanese army, which safely escaped Seoul under Myeonggun's "escort," did not intend to withdraw while staying on the southern coast. Myeonggun also tried to keep the Japanese army in check by deploying troops at the main point of Samnam, but did not show any fighting spirit.

The war was twisting strangely.

● Gwanghaegun, lead the armed forces to understand the public's feelings

It was also a quagmire for the command of the Ming army, including Seokseong. For the emperor, thanks to Shim Yu-kyung's performance, the Japanese army was guaranteed to step down soon and improve after the war, but the Japanese army remained motionless. In addition, the commanders of the Myeonggun stationed in Samnam shouted that the military and military supplies were insufficient.

In the meantime, it was the Korean people who died. The inconvenience of Myeonggun, who simply entered a long-term presence without willingness to fight, was severe. Looting and rape were carried out by military generals who were released from military service everywhere. On the one hand, he suffered from the Japanese army, and on the other hand, he had to suffer from the Ming army.The betrayal I felt from Myeong-gun, who was considered "our side," was great. Among the people, lamented, "Myeonggun is Chambit and the Japanese is Irlebit." The public sentiment in the Myeonggun area became uneasy.

When the Myeonggun stationed in the provinces said that Joseon's support was insufficient, the Myeonggun command began to peck at the ancestors and the Joseon Dynasty.In October 1593, the Myeonggun command asked Gwanghaegun to go down to Samnam and oversee hospitality for Myeonggun. In the background of the request, there was distrust that 'the incompetent ancestors were incredible.'In November 1593, Gwanghae-gun went south again.

Until returning to Seoul in August 1594, he led an organization called Mugunsa and traveled around Chungcheong-do and Jeolla-do. In particular, in December 1593, we were able to hear more about the war situation and public sentiment in Jeolla-do from Park Kwang-jeon, a master during his prince days in Jeonju.

Park Kwang-jeon informed Gwanghae-gun of the reality of Jeolla-do in crisis. Although the Japanese military is stationed in Geoje Island, if it enters the Seomjingang River through Jinhae and Goseong, the safety of Jeolla-do cannot be guaranteed. What Park Kwang-jeon particularly emphasized was "to deal with public sentiment."

He announced the reality that most of the supplies needed to carry out the war were being requisitioned in Jeolla-do at the time, and the situation in which a number of people were fleeing due to various taxes and labor, and urged them to punish violent local officials to console local public sentiment. Although it was pushed by the command of the Ming army, it was a valuable experience for Gwanghaegun to see the horrors of the mint chocolate groaning in the pain of the war. It was certainly from such an experience that he tried to avoid being caught up in the war between Ming and Nurhachi after ascension.

● Myeong, shake Gwanghaegun.

Gwanghaegun's status as a crown prince seemed to have been solidified through military activities. But it wasn't.

This is because the adjustment of the reputation has been hampered. From 1594, Joseon requested the Ming Dynasty to appoint Gwanghae-gun as the crown prince.

Gwanghae-gun contributed to overcoming the war, citing the justification that the whole people were praising him.

Myeongjeong refused Joseon's request. Since Gwanghae-gun is not the eldest, but the second, he gave the reason that if he is condemned, the "order of Jangyu" will collapse.

Then King Seonjo appealed for approval of Gwanghaegun, citing the circumstances that "the eldest son, Lim Hae-gun, has ordinary qualities and is difficult to act as a king due to surprise symptoms after being captured by the Japanese military."

Myungeun refused again.A total of five times by 1604, the chief government official went to Beijing, but it remained the same.

In a reply to Joseon, Honorary Ministry said, "Gwanghae-gun is wise." He urged Gwanghaegun to step down from the crown prince position, saying, "A wise man does not do anything that goes beyond his turn." Of course, there was a quick situation that Myeongjeong refused Gwanghaegun. At that time, it was connected to the situation in which Shin Jong-in delayed the appointment of his eldest son, Ju Sang-rak, as the crown prince with Ju Sang-soon in mind between Jeong Gwibi. The Ministry of Fame was concerned that if Gwanghaegun was approved hastily, it might give a justification for the new species to push out its eldest son and label Ju Sang-soon as the crown prince.

The attitude of the title was also "intended" to shake Joseon. In 1418, when King Taejong pushed out his eldest son, Prince Yangnyeong, and replaced the crown prince with his third son, Prince Chungnyeong (the latter King Sejong), Jin had approved it without hesitation. Given the precedent of Prince Chungnyeong, the attitude of the title was clearly dual.

In the issue of Crown Prince Chaekbong, which was customary to comply with Joseon's request, it was also intended to pose as a "upper country."

The intention was to continue to reject the request for approval and melt Gwanghaegun's sorrowful soy sauce to the point of melting it, and then to show off by allowing it to be a bookkeeping as if giving it a big favor.

The intention was to "rescue" Joseon by sending troops and to tame Joseon by emphasizing their "grace" of acknowledging Gwanghaegun, who was not even qualified.

It was the prelude to predict that after the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, Ming would become a much more burdensome being to Joseon than in the past. In fact, as Nurhachi's challenge intensified, the temptation to use the "tamed" Joseon also grew.

Read "Horan Byeongja" again. - Gwanghaegun and Nurhachi, and Ming Dynasty I.

 The response of Gwanghaegun was cautious when asked to join Nurhachi. No, you were cold.

He said Nurhachi cannot be overcome with the weak power of the Joseon army because he is a "strong enemy in the world." Nevertheless, he pointed out that the reason Wang sent a separate text was because he was not familiar with the situation of Joseon. He showed that he had no intention of accepting the request for a title easily. However, the arguments of the non-defective retainers were different.

They reminded them of the fact that they asked them to repay Jaejo Ji-eun with a great cause in the gate and confronted that at least 7,000 troops should be sent. Then Gwanghaegun went to work."The rainy season is approaching soon, and it is worth knowing the level of the command of the Ming army to take an adventure into the tiger cave by mobilizing large troops."

The controversy over the dispatch of troops began like this. And it leaves a strong aftereffect that affects the existence of the Gwanghae-gun regime and furthermore, the fate of Joseon.

●Whenever the breath of a superpower grows on the Korean Peninsula, "resurrection"

A few years ago, a broadcaster surveyed high school history teachers to select people who should be reevaluated in our history. Teachers cited Gwanghaegun as the "object to be evaluated again" the most.

It was unexpected considering that after Gwanghaegun was deposed as Injo Banjeong, it was branded as "a tyrant" and "a foolish monarch."

Gwanghae-gun (1575-1641) was a person who lived in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, but today he has become a hot topic. He is "resurrecting" whenever pending issues related to diplomatic issues arise under geopolitical conditions sandwiched between the powers.

Opponents called him even when public opinion was divided over whether to send troops to Iraq in 2004.

Unless the influence of the powerful powers on the Korean Peninsula disappears, interest in it is unlikely to fade easily.

Gwanghaegun was the second son of his ancestors.

King Seonjo had no son with Queen Uiin Park. Instead, he had 13 sons with his concubines, and the princes he got from Gongbin Kim were Imhae-gun and Gwanghae-gun.

In 1606, when King Seonjo was 54 years old, he got Yeongchangdaegun again from Queen Mok, a newly greeted official at Neulgeumak. However, after the death of King Seonjo, among his sons, there are princes who die unambiguously.

After Gwanghaegun was crowned, Imhaegun and Yeongchangdaegun died on charges of reverse motherhood. Gwanghae-gun was expelled from the throne by Neungyang-gun, the son of Jeongwon-gun, the grandson of Inbin Kim. Injo-dae, Inseong-gun died of reverse slander, and Heungan-gun, who was appointed king by Yi Gwal, also died after failing to rebel. Did King Seonjo really predict this situation?

In any case, Gwanghaegun, a spy and son, could not dream of becoming a prince as well as a king in a normal situation. Among the few historical records, there is also a content praising him in his childhood, saying, "Gwanghae-gun is intelligent and strives for his studies." However, his inherent limitations, neither the deficit nor the eldest son, could be overcome only by "intelligence" and "myeons."

● "He's intelligent and likes academics. Crown prince's book".

It was the Imjin War that changed the fate of Gwanghaegun.On April 28, 1592, the news that the Joseon army under Shin Rip, who drained from Chungju and confronted the Japanese army, was defeated, flew into Seoul. The atmosphere of the city fell into a state of panic due to rumors that the Japanese army would soon come, and the court officials suggested that the ancestors be dispatched. King Seonjo, who had no sharp measures, accepted the proposal.

Shortly after the decision to leave the country, Ubu Seungji Shin Jap suggested to his ancestors to quickly punish the crown prince and settle public sentiment. He was Shin Rip's brother who died in Chungju. King Seonjo called the ministers to Seonjeongjeon Hall.

When King Seonjo asked, "Who would like to be the crown prince?" the ministers' answers were consistent."It's a matter for your highness to decide on his own."

When King Seonjo could not make a decision readily, the ministers did not open their mouths. This is because it is extremely inadequate to select or recommend the "main county of the future" in a position of subordinate. The concerns of ancestors and the silence of the ministers lasted from day to night. When Lee San-hae, a young Ui-jeong, tried to escape from his seat, he dragged a newbie, saying, "We have to see the end of today.

"Gwanghae-gun is intelligent and likes academics, so I want to make him a crown prince. What do you mean?"

In response to this word from King Seonjo, the ministers shouted, "Jongmyo resignation and the blessings of the people." It was the moment when Gwanghaegun became the crown prince in a flash.

On April 30, King Seonjo and Gwanghaegun went north to Pacheon. Soon after, in May, when the royal court was staying in Pyongyang, King Seonjo ordered Gwanghaegun to take charge of the dispute and leave for Hamgyeong-do.

In a situation where there was no prospect of preventing the Japanese military from moving north, King Seonjo was considering returning to the Ming Dynasty via Uiju in the worst case scenario. However, the moment he crossed the Yalu River, King Seonjo could no longer be the King of Joseon.

Bunjo was to "divide the adjustment" and hand it over to Gwanghaegun in preparation for such a situation.

As soon as Gwanghaegun became the crown prince, he became the king who led the "divided court."

He was given a mission to comfort the people who were tired of the war and to recruit modern kings to deal with the war.

● After the victory of the Lighting Alliance, the Ming Dynasty feels the same way.

The dispute settlement activities of Gwanghae-gun began in June 1592. Until December, he moved to Pyeongan-do, Hamgyeong-do, Gangwon-do, and Hwanghae-do to recover public sentiment and encourage the Japanese to fight. The security problem was serious as Japanese troops were stationed everywhere around the area where he traveled.

Sometimes, he did not avoid crossing rugged mountains and hills or staying homeless.

The achievements of Gwanghae-gun's dispute settlement activities were great. As long as the king's ancestors stayed in Uiju, a perfect border city, there was no royal court for librarians south of Hwanghae-do.

In fact, the adjustment of Uiju at that time was barely connected to the Samnam region through the West Sea via Ganghwado Island. Therefore, many of the people in the inland areas scratched by the Japanese military thought that the country had already collapsed. Just then, Gwanghae-gun appeared leading the dispute and announced that the government was in good shape. The emergence of Gwanghae-gun meant that the "object to dedicate loyalty" to the people was still alive.

In December 1592, the Ming Yuan army led by Lee Yeo-song came in, and in January of the following year, the Jo-Myeong Allied Forces won the battle of Pyongyang. As the war turned around and the Japanese army retreated, expectations were overflowing that the war would end soon.

However, as Myeong-gun was defeated by the Japanese in the Battle of Byeokje, the situation began to twist again.

After the defeat, the command of the great army changed its position. He declared that he would end the war through negotiations with the Japanese military. He said he could no longer bleed for Joseon. Boring strengthening negotiations began.

Since the start of negotiations, the Ming military command has forced the Joseon Dynasty not to attack the Japanese military. It was to appease the Japanese army. The command of the Ming army also beat the generals of the Joseon army who violated their orders and attacked the Japanese army. The Joseon army's operational control was deprived by the command of the Ming army.

When King Seonjo fiercely protested against the policy of the Ming military command, threats arose from the Ming court to replace the king.

It is said that "the incompetent ancestors are deposed and the competent Gwanghaegun is crowned."The plan was to tame their ancestors with the "Gwanghae-gun Card" to carry out their reinforcement policy.

In response, King Seonjo set up a counterfire, saying, "I will give the King Gwanghae-gun a positive command." The crisis of Gwanghaegun began. Through the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, he came to experience the reality and power of the Ming Dynasty.

Austria's national hair, enlightenment monarch Maria Theregia.

 The home of art and culture where Mozart and Klimt were born, the small neutral country that loves peace, and the unspoiled nature and pure Edelweiss of the Alps. These are images that come to mind when I hear the name of Austria. Austria, however, was once one of the two home states of the Habsburg royal family, which accounted for half of Europe, and its ruling territory was twice that of modern Germany and was at the center of Europe's complex political vortex.

Austria's First Queen Maria Theregia (Blue Thought), written by modern Western history expert Kim Jang-soo, an honorary professor of history education at Catholic Kwandong University, deals with the life and politics of the queen, who played an important role in forming Europe's political landscape throughout her 40-year reign. In Korea, where modern Western history studies are biased toward Britain, France, and Germany, academic books dealing with Austria in earnest are rare.

Maria Theregia was born on May 13, 1717 as the first daughter of Karl VI, who served as the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and King of Austria. The birth of Maria Theregia was not a blessing because it was a imperial family who desperately hoped for a son to inherit the throne. Just before that year, his son Leopold Johan died seven months after his birth.

As a result, King Buhwang Karl VI only had three daughters, but did not give up hope of seeing his son, so he did not teach Maria Theregia about national administration, legal, military system, or politics. Maria Theregia, like her grandfather Leopold I and father Karl VI, who are well versed in art, showed talent for music, dance, and acting from an early age. However, his health condition was not so good, often suffering from dizziness, causing parents to worry.

Marriage of Maria Theregia, who may become the heir to the throne of the Austrian Kingdom in the future, was of all European interest. This is because the marriage of the royal family leads to the merger of territories and changes the landscape of European power. Franz Stefan, the Prince of the Great Department of Rotringen (Loren in French), between France and Germany, was chosen as a groom, and Maria Theregia fell in love at once after seeing him.

Franz Stefan had twists and turns, having to give up his sovereignty in Lotringen to get Maria Theregia, but the two became a couple with a spectacular ceremony in 1736. The couple will have as many as 16 children. There were only four sons and six daughters who grew up to adulthood.

Maria Antonia, the youngest daughter, will change her name to the French name Marie Antoinette after marrying Prince Louis, who will become king of France in the future. Maria Theregia, who pushed for a political marriage with the Bourbon royal family, emphasized diplomatic relations with France, urged her daughter Maria Antonia to be modest at the French royal palace, but soon forgot her mother's advice and indulged in a luxurious life. Upon hearing the news, Maria Theregia sent a letter to her daughter asking her to correct her "dumb behavior," but it was useless, and her daughter faced a tragedy in the guillotine during the French Revolution. Fortunately for Maria Theregia, this tragedy took place after his death.

On October 13, 1740, when his father Karl VI, who had a sudden stomachache while hunting, died a week later, 23-year-old Maria Theregia ascended the throne of the Austrian kingdom with 730,000 영토를 of territory. Concerned about the health of his daughter, who was three months pregnant at the time, Karl VI ordered her not to attend his funeral.

The throne of Maria Theregia immediately led to political conflicts with neighboring countries. At that time, in Europe, the sovereignty of the state was regarded as private property of the royal family, so when a king of a country died, claims of inheritance by neighboring countries, which were complicated by confusion, often led to political disputes or wars.

Bayern's first vice president Karl Albrecht challenged Maria Theregia's succession to the throne, while France, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Sardinia-Piermonte, and Cologne's first kingdoms agreed. Above all, it was Friedrich II of Prussia, who was later called the "King Friedrich the Enlightenment monarch" that threatened Maria Theregia and Austria. The two monarchs, who would be called "lifetime rivals," fought for supremacy in Germany and even Europe almost throughout their reign.

The military conflict that began over the succession of the Austrian throne gradually expanded, leading to a "seven-year war" in 1756, which is an international war involving almost all European countries. Both Austria and Prussia end the war by signing a peace treaty in Hubertusberg, with their national power exhausted to the point where they can no longer afford to continue.

In a series of wars, Austria lost considerable territory, including Nieder and Overschledgene, and Count Glitz, and its international status also fell. There was also a long way to pay back the enormous war expenses. In contrast, Prussia has emerged as a military power with a standing army of 200,000 people, strengthening its finances under Friedrich II's Enlightenment policy.

In the midst of repeated wars, Maria Theregia carried out a series of reforms to transform Austria into a modern state. As a prime minister, Haukwitz was appointed to reduce the privileges of nobles and strengthen the royal authority, such as restricting the nobles' right to consent to taxes, strengthening the central government's administrative power, and abolishing the duty-free privileges of nobles and priests. In addition, the Supreme Court was established and the laws of each region were compiled into the "Teregia Code" to unify the laws.

The military system was reformed by taking lessons from the defeat of the war of succession to the throne. Austria chose a way for aristocrats and British monarchs to recruit mercenaries or form troops to fight against foreign invasions. Therefore, it was difficult for different Yeongju-affiliated forces to operate organized operations because of their different weapon systems and command methods. This is why he established a standing army system early and lost helplessly to the Prussian army, which had been trained in high intensity. Maria Theregia had Count Daun, a military leader, push for military reform, including the creation of a nationwide standing army, preparation of service regulations and training rules, and the creation of a military school where ordinary people can enter. He also participated in military camping training every year and took the lead in building a strong army.

Education reform was also promoted using Sviten, a doctor and enlightenment. By enacting a school law, elementary and intermediate schools were established throughout the Austrian kingdom, and the church deprived the church of its monopoly on education, making the university a state agency. A medical department was established at an empty university, and competent doctors were invited from each country, while laying the foundation for the medical qualification test.

As these reforms paid off, the national finances became sound and the overall stability of the state administration was restored. Based on this financial confidence, it was completed in 1749 after massive renovation and expansion of the Sönburun Palace, which was promoted by previous kings but failed to produce results. With 1,441 rooms, 390 halls, and 149 kitchens, the elegant and simple Baroque-style Sönburun Palace was a royal palace suitable for the people and their families who symbolize the state.

Maria Theregia, 48, who was deeply hurt when her beloved husband died immediately after collapsing in the court in August 1765, said, "I'm about to say goodbye to my happy days," and cut her long hair and handed out all the colorful clothes and jewelry to her daughters and court ladies. After that, until his death, he lived wearing only a black hat tied up to his chin and only a black widow.

In early November 1780, Theregia, who was hit by strong rain while traveling around the Sönburg Palace in an open carriage, felt chills and lay down and could not recover throughout. On November 28, he died after leaving a will to Josef II, his son and co-governor, saying, "Please pay special attention to the welfare of the people and support for the poor."

Both the empty citizens of the Austrian kingdom who loved and praised his full sense of justice and warm heart sincerely lamented the death of the Queen, who was mother and ruler. Friedrich II, who ascended to the throne in the same year and confronted him all his life, also said, "The queen left great honor to the Austrian kingdom and Habsburg," adding, "I fought a long war with the queen, but I never regarded her as an enemy."

Regarding the reign of Queen Maria Theregia, the author said, "We have established the foundation of an enlightening absolute monarchy in the Austrian Kingdom and this has been strengthened by his sons in the future," adding, "We have ruled for 40 years as a monarch who considers fulfillment of duty, integrity, and morality an important virtue."

About Freemason.

 Numerous myths about Freemasons are circulating throughout the process.   This story is not about yesterday and today, and has stimulated curious people with all kinds of conspiracy theories. The same charm of a story as Freemason may be due to the implication that the world is being led by one story, one subject. Nothing could be more attractive to modern people who have lost a single meaning for the world. For small citizens who have degenerated into accessories to a mechanical society, conspiracy theory provides an image of a world where something is worth living by showing the widest and most powerful appearance of power. The reality of Freemason that can be clearly stated is as follows. Freemason means a mason without a fixed workshop. Engineers in medieval society were classified as apprenticeship-skilled craftsmen. Of course, this distinction is not legal or official. If you are a ceramic baking technician, you will first become an apprentice and become a skilled craftsman with some skills, then become a craftsman (master) and own your own workshop. Master depends on whether there is a workshop or not. However, most of the masons who work in architecture were not eligible for this system. This is because the technology of architecture must be used in the construction site, and there is little work that can be done in the workplace. Therefore, I had to move around and work wherever architecture took place. No matter how craftsmanship was, there were few cases where there was a workshop. (There was a workshop only in special cases.)   Cutting, carrying, stacking, and trimming stones... It is only the work of completely membrane workers in the world, but in the Middle Ages, it required very skilled skills and thus, its status was recognized to some extent. However, due to the professional characteristics of not being able to stay in one place, they had to move around several places. Even the boundaries of the kingdom or the state were transcended and built around. They were called Freemasons.    However, these freemasons were able to enjoy a wide variety of experiences in those times due to their professional characteristics of not settling in one place. First of all, I was able to speak the local language as much as I could because I stayed at one workshop for at least two to three years, so I was able to master four or five languages throughout my life.   Above all, by experiencing various cultures, they were able to acquire a view of each culture objectively, and were not slaves to one system or ideology. Therefore, they were able to have very progressive ideas at the time. Lodge, commonly mentioned with Freemason, was the accommodation of these workers. Like a youth hostel network, freemasons have built accommodations and conference halls throughout Europe to provide them with people coming to work in the province. Like architects, they had knowledge of mathematics and geometry, and they also had a considerable level of knowledge. They also made their own passwords, which served to guide them to visit facilities such as Lodge. In other words, when he arrived in a village, Freemason, who knew this character, was able to follow the instructions to find Lotte, rest, and hang out with other colleagues. (These materials were often used for treasure hunting in novels and movies.)For example, the recent National Treasure) group with this whole European network was Freemason. This was not a group that started with any intention from the beginning, but a wide network of construction workers. This is what provided a powerful network when the enlightenment movement took place in Europe, or when the civil revolution or dissident movement took place. In other words, intellectuals, revolutionaries, or resistance forces such as Voltaire were able to utilize a very wide range of networks using the Freemason organization. Of course, there were many intellectuals who were originally freemasons. Through this process, Freemason's organization began to be used in various forms in various regions, and many events occurred. There is also a theory that this organization is involved in the French Revolution. This organization is not owned by just one group, but has evolved in virtually various forms. For example, the organization we call mafia was originally the Freemason Regiment of Sicily Island. These were secret associations that resisted Italy's home country, and after Italy was unified, a large number of them moved to the United States to become the current mafia.  The KKK group is also a descendant of the Freemason organization that migrated from Europe.   It is very likely that Freemasons are involved in the founding of the United States (the Freemason symbol counted after $1 is already famous) The significant changes this Freemason organization has brought to human society can be said to be the introduction of anti-monarchy and capitalist systems. Whether intentionally or unintentionally, freemasons are basically guilds and commercial organizations. The power they had was a wide range of networks and capital. However, under the powerful kingship and papal authority of medieval society, money or human networks did not exert much power. As a result, Freemasons tried to achieve a society in which capital power creates greater power than kingship and papal power (i.e., political power and religious/cultural power), and in fact succeeded perfectly.   Of course, this was not done with any single intention, it was linked to the activities of various types of organizations, and above all, it was impossible without the transportation and commercial revolution. To sum it up, it's like this. The people of Freemason are medieval masons, and as the networks they created by professional needs were utilized by progressive forces, they gave mankind a change that would never have been possible in other ways, and transformed society so that their strengths - capital - became the standard of this important society. However, this is too much to see as a unified group, so it is difficult to recognize it as a "single subject that moves the world" as mentioned in conspiracy theory.

The reason Baekje and Silla couldn't beat Japan.

 In Japan, the topography and surrounding currents are natural fortresses, so foreign enemies can never invade. It's because there's a problem with the ocean currents and the entrance is long and narrow.Anyway, I was saying that I would fail out of ten. According to the literature, while describing the shape of the Japanese archipelago in detail... I was explaining it, and it seemed plausible.Hae-ja, who has the power to make a valid argument, should take a closer look at the map. On the other hand, Japan has a natural environment that is easy to invade the Korean Peninsula. It is said that the Japanese of the archipelago can reach the coast of the Korean Peninsula in a short time by sea currents. In particular, it is said that the Gyeongsang-do area can be unprotected because it is difficult to guard Japanese enemies.   Don't simply infer that Baekje and Silla couldn't invade the archipelago due to the difference in military power and that the Japanese crossed the sea and invaded the coast of the Korean Peninsula...Consider various factors such as topography and ocean currents. I remember that there was a part in the Samguksagi where when the Japanese ran wild, the King of Silla considered conquering 를 across the sea, but dissuaded the bookkeeper that it was never an advantageous scheme.   Now I'm going to talk about something else. Can you say that the Japanese in the Samguksagi specifically refer to the Japanese in the archipelago? I found it while searching through Sohae-i's national station book. I got it, so read it. If you feel the pressure of the length, you can just read the last paragraph. Volume 2 of Gyeongseyupyo, Chugwan Hyeongjo, 5th Hyeonggwan Persistence, There are only several islands in the southwest sea, of which the large one is 100 ri in circumference and the small one is the 40 to 50 ri. There are many stars and Go eggs, and there are about 1,000 small and large ones stuck together, which is the outer fence of the country. However, since the opening of the country, the royal court has sent envoys early to rule over this river soil. Therefore, each of the coastal villages worked on their own and attached them to each other, taking up a lot of the strong and less of the weak. A pile of green mountains is clearly in front of this village, and when asked about the village to which it belongs, it is said that a very distant village outside hundreds of ri has jurisdiction over it. In addition, the name was subordinated to the village, but in fact, it was tied elsewhere, so the palace went to the D-009 year old, or the county gate became D-010 year old, or the county Toho carried Gong or made a management system. The place where Jin and Bo were located was tied to Suyeong, and the place where the villa was located was tied to Management, but the simple act came from all directions and arbitrarily searched the people. In this way, even if you try to appeal to the village, it takes 10 days to get there due to the rough wind, or it is difficult for Sammunju D-011 to work as it is blocked by the children. For this reason, all the people of the Haedo Island regard the Bugul as sweet, even if they feel sorry and unfair, and do not swear to enter the government office. Once all fishing grounds or salt fields have been washed, they cannot escape even if Changsangju D-012 has changed several times, and even if they have been washed once, they cannot be missed even if the owner has changed several times. Even if a person is killed while fighting, he or she is dead, and when a bad harvest occurs, he or she leads his or her wife to Japan and saves his or her life by saying that he or she was a false drifted man, and when the thief reached his or her own weapon and style, he or she refuses to make adjustment orders. This has usually existed since Silla and Goryeo, so its origin is long. Since I have been on the beach for a long time, I learned the situation well. What do you think, Haejja?  Until Silla, Goryeo, and Joseon Dynasty, the people of Hado Island went to Japan to live in the event of a famine and were left unattended in the coffin.  This is the case in the Joseon Dynasty, and during the Three Kingdoms Period, the people of the Hado Island also crossed the islands and lived in harmony with the humans there, so they were Japanese.