A hostage sent by the Baekje Kingdom to the Japanese Empire.

 If you look at the Baekje period of the Three Kingdoms Period, you can find a part that sends a hostage to the Japanese in the 6th year of King Asin. I looked at the entire Baekje period, but there was no article about why before this article. Suddenly, I found out that there was an article saying that they had sent a hostage for friendship. And after that, articles about the traffic of envoys to each other appeared regularly. I feel the need to infer whether it is right to see this only as a result of Kim Bu-sik's selection or whether there are other reasons. for this is the article of 397. If you look at the History of the Three Kingdoms from 391, you can see that King Gwanggaeto's Namjeong takes place on a large scale. In particular, in the case of Baekje, it records that Goguryeo's southward movement resulted in enormous losses and numerous loss of life every year. Therefore, Baekje must have suffered a tremendous loss of national power. This is a part that shows that the power of the nation weakens even before the later King Gaero died by King Jangsu and Namcheon. For that reason, friendship with the Japanese was more necessary than anything else, and Baekje would have been more urgent than the Japanese across the sea. This is because Namharu of Goguryeo was Baekje territory. I think it's the hostage that represents this. In the History of the Three Kingdoms, there was no mention of why in the Baekje period earlier than this, and there was a good reason why why why suddenly appeared in the form of giving a hostage during this period. In this reasoning, it is highly questionable whether the Chiljido, which was dedicated to the Emperor Kusu in 230 years after the death of the Japanese scribe, is true. This is because it is possible only if the Samguk Sagi has told a lie. From Baekje's point of view, I wonder why the third century was important or threatening.

Alexander Gwanggaeto Ho-tae of Northeast Asia 1. Wind on the western border (2)

 Goguryeo forces, including Prince Damdeok, arrived at Yodongseong Fortress in early May. A few days before his departure, Goguryeo's young general, Moduru, was called by General Gojin and visited his place, where General Gojin and Prince Neunggi and Prince Damdeok, the lord of Yodongseong, were already seated. When Moduru arrived, General Gojin recommended a seat as if he had been waiting. Moduru took the next seat with courtesy to General Gojin, Neunggi Seongju, and Prince Damdeok. General Gojin, Neunggi Seongju, Deputy General Gojin, and Prince Damdeok seemed to have tried to deliberate strategies and tactics to subdue the future generation under the supervision of General Gojin. General Kojin spoke first. "General Dosugi, how many soldiers were mobilized?" "40,000 people." "How is the morale of the soldiers?" "I'm in charge." The eyes of the people sitting at General Dosugi's report were on Prince Damsuru and Prince Damdeok. It was an implicit acknowledgement that the two contributed greatly to boosting the morale of the soldiers. When the decision to send expeditionary forces was made, the morale of the soldiers was not high. This is because it was impossible to distinguish whether it was an army for expedition or pressure to establish peace relations. General Gojin's heart was heavy because the morale of the soldiers, which was directly linked to the victory or defeat of the war, was lowered. However, this decision was a slight change. This was because Moduru, a confident young general who proudly expressed his conviction against the cowardly claim of the Duso group, volunteered to participate. The morale of Goguryeo troops was greatly boosted by Moduru's spirit. Allou was a man of great courage, fearless and unyielding. However, the biggest contribution to boosting fraud was the behavior of Prince Damdeok. When Prince Damdeok first said he would join the expeditionary force, the soldiers murmured to each other. "I can't believe you're sending a 12-year-old child with you." "I know." I don't know if I'm going to conquer Huyeon or go on a cruise," Prince Damdeok silently joined the expedition despite such ridicule. He rode on his horse without any help, without a trace of disturbance. However, rather than trying to be treated as a prince, he has been living and lodging with soldiers on his own. In the process, the ridicule quickly disappeared. The soldiers sang Prince Damdeok's mature and dignified spirit to resemble his mouth, giving a glimpse of Goguryeo's future hope in his appearance. The soldiers consciously maintained order and discipline and strengthened their will to repel future generations. As a result, the morale of the soldiers naturally increased. After the eyes of Lee Sim-jeon-sim came and went, General Ko Jin said firmly as if he had made up his mind a long time ago. "It's no good to prolong your attack on the consequences. The more time you spend, the less beneficial it is." "Are you suggesting an attack now?" asked Do Shogi. "Well, the later you delay, the more you defend yourself. It's best to attack Bali when you're clumsy." Everyone nodded in favor. Due to this atmosphere, Seongju, who is popular, carefully brought up. "I think that's the right idea. However, there is no direct royal command of His Majesty..." "As you know, Huyeon has troops stationed near the border." There would be no reason to do so if you would not be hostile. I have already reported this to His Majesty in detail." General Ko Jin's attitude remained firm. However, the lord of the castle asked back. "Even so, His Majesty's royal command..." "It is true that His Majesty's command has not been delivered yet." But His Majesty will accept the situation here with due consideration. So you don't have to worry." "I see." When I agreed with the highly skilled general, there was no other disagreement. General Kojin spoke again. "I should take control of Liaodong-gun and Hyeondo-gun in this expedition." There was a moment of silence when General Kojin's words fell. General Ko Jin made it clear that the goal of the expedition was not just to pretend to be a war, but to take full control of Liaodong and Hyundo forces for the sake of the security of the western border. Hyeondo-gun was located on the west side of the Daereungha basin, that is, near Busan, and Yodong-gun was located near the current Sanhaegwan. Liaodong-gun and Hyeondo-gun were places that served as outposts for the latter part of the plan to invade Goguryeo. If Hyeondo-gun was said to be an outpost through land, Liaodong-gun was a point where it was possible to attack Goguryeo through sea routes. If they took control of Hyeondo-gun and Liaodong-gun, they could easily defend themselves against future invasion. When General Ko Jin clearly declared the goal of the expedition, a powerful voice echoed in unison. "That's right." "We should take this opportunity to break all the invasions."" Moduru looked at Prince Damdeok in an excited atmosphere. Prince Damdeok listened quietly without showing any expression. He seemed to grasp the situation, and he seemed to be silent because he was young, trying to learn, and he looked very difficult to determine. General Kojin went on enthusiastically. "After breaking through the rear guard, General Neunggi will take over the prefectural governor, and General Moduru will take over the Liaodong army." "I see." Neunggi and Moduru answered powerfully. Tullu was very happy. I liked General Kojin's bold goal and was thrilled to be in charge of Liaodong-gun. I was able to realize that Goguryeo's spirit was alive without dying. At the end of the strategic meeting led by General Ko Jin, Prince Damdeok, who had been watching without saying a word, opened his mouth. "Do you mind if I tell you?" I think I'm being presumptuous... "No. "Say," replied General Gojin politely. General Gojin has already seen Prince Damdeok's behavior with his own eyes when he came to the expedition. "Well... I've set goals for this expedition, but I don't think we've discussed how to achieve them yet. What are you going to do about it? ... ... ... ... ... ... "Now the future is confusing because the national system is not being organized and riots are taking place. Even so, I think he knows that Goguryeo is considered an enemy. Then, it should be said that he is taking certain measures in preparation for the Goguryeo expedition." Prince Damdeok paused for a moment and looked at everyone. It was a quiet but confident voice. It was not the image of a 12-year-old child. It was like a military commander in charge of the general. Many generals, including Mordoru, were unconsciously intimidated by the little prince's manner. Prince Damdeok put more weight on his words. "Since the Yeon nation is clearly wary of Goguryeo, the success of this war depends on how it breaks through the first defense of the latter. If we fail to break the rear-end defenses in the near future, we could be in a dilemma. Then..." Prince Damdeok stopped talking here and looked around again. The audience was quiet at the sight of young Damdeok. I didn't dare to reply to the keen eye of reason. Only the sound of swallowing his saliva quietly flowed down his throat. Prince Damdeok continued again. "It's important who goes first in that the victory or defeat of this war depends on the first battle. Yeonna is not yet systematic in preparation, so it will try to develop Suseongjeon. Then, if I see a loophole, I will counterattack. With this in mind, the first battle will result in victory." Prince Damdeok's attitude, which clearly revealed his military tactics, also showed a military strategist. The generals were truly sympathetic to Damdeok's words. To General Kojin, Moduru bowed his knees and spoke in a loud voice, with one leg behind him, restrainedly. "General, I have a small request." "Tell me." "Please make me the vanguard." "I will surely defeat the army of the Yeon Dynasty at my own risk and repay His Majesty's holy spirit." General Kojin looked at Daeru proudly and felt that he was already getting old. "Let me see the old boy's spirit in the background. Don't let Huyeon ever try to overcome his country, Goguryeo again." "Thank you." I will thoroughly punish the later generations of Goguryeo territory and shake off the spirit of the country." The voice of Moduru, overflowing with spirit, spread vigorously through the barracks. Thus, Daeru was in charge of being the vanguard and was the first to cross the border of Huyeon and engage in a close battle with the Huyeon army. Source: Jeong Il-ho, Heavenly Kingdom, and Daeguryeo.

Nazi War Crimes Trials-2

 3. Demyanyuk's

The Demjanjuk incident is an event that shows a very dramatic reversal. The charges against Demjanyuk were that he was a Soviet soldier, but after being captured by Germany, he worked as a guard at the Treblinka camp and participated in numerous Jewish killings. Working as an auto worker at a Ford company in Cleveland, USA, he confirmed that several survivors were "Ivan the Terrible," which was notorious among the detainees. Eventually, in 1986, he was deported from the United States to Israel and tried for murder. However, the battle continued as to whether it was the 'Evan' in question.

Initially, the Israeli court convicted him and sentenced him to death in 1988. However, in the Israeli Supreme Court, Demyanyuk's lawyers claimed in court that the United States and Israel conspired to hide evidence that he was not "Iban." They revealed that the U.S. Department of Justice had already obtained such evidence from the Soviet Union in 1978 and presented the data. These were 19 materials consisting of the contents of the KGB newspaper and captured documents from the Nazi's. These evidences contained testimonies that Ivan Marchenko, another Ukrainian guard, was not Demyanyuk. It was also argued that Martchenko, the real problematic "Evan," is nine years older and 3.5 inches taller. In the end, Demyanyuk was acquitted by the Israeli Supreme Court after Soviet data were released.

4. Andrea Artkovic trial

Andreja Artukovic served as the interior minister of the Croatian Ustasia regime, which was founded during World War II with the support of Mussolini and Hitler. When Germany seized Yugoslavia and established a puppet regime while working for the far-right organization Ustasis, it was nicknamed the "Balkan slayer" and "death interior minister" for indiscriminately slaughtering Croatian rival Serbs, Tito guerrillas and gypsies.

Following the defeat of the Nazi's, Artkovic stayed in Austria, Switzerland, Ireland and set his final destination in the United States. In the summer of 1948, he infiltrated Los Angeles, USA under the pseudonym Anich, and claimed citizenship. In the process, however, the U.S. government did not take appropriate action, knowing that the Yugoslavian government wanted him as a war criminal and requested extradition, and the Yugoslavian government disclosed him to the U.S. media in 1951. American newspapers have made headlines that one of the most important war criminals lives there. Legal proceedings to expel him have now begun, and his plan to settle for America has failed.

Artkovic's repatriation took more than 30 years due to the conflict between the U.S. and Yugoslavia, the parties to the Cold War, and delays in judicial proceedings in the U.S., but eventually ended up being expelled. In May 1985, 41 years later, a trial was held in Yugoslavia, the scene of his crime, and he was sentenced to death. The Yugoslav court sentenced him to death by firing squad and said it was a "win of justice." In Yugoslavia, capital punishment was not allowed for those over 80 years of age, and Artkovic was 86 years of blindness, but he sentenced him to death in the sense of judging the sins of the Croatian regime and Nazism.

5. Menten trial

Pieter Nicolas Menten, a member of the SS unit in 1941, is known to have killed dozens of Jews in a village in Poland. In 1949, he was imprisoned for eight months on charges of Nazi servitude. In the 1950s, Poland demanded the repatriation of him, who lived in a luxurious apartment with 40 rooms in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, on charges of war crimes, but failed. Manten hid his past and became one of Amsterdam's most successful art collectors. In 1976, Nazi hunters increased pressure on the Dutch government and began an investigation into it. Manten fled to Switzerland, but was returned to the Netherlands.

Subsequently, a geographical trial of the mentees began. The Dutch government also spent as much as $5 million in litigation costs. Some were acquitted, but the slaughter of 20 Polish Jews was found guilty. However, the Dutch Supreme Court overturned the ruling in 1952 on the grounds that the Ministry of Justice granted immunity in recognition of its contribution to supporting the Netherlands after the war, and was convicted again at the request of the government. Menten finally insisted on mental and physical weakness, but it was not accepted, so he began serving in 1980.

5. Schwamberg trial

Schwamberg was involved in a number of Jewish killings while working as a SS captain in concentration camps in German-occupied Poland. Known as the "Polish butcher" arrested in Argentina in 1987 and repatriated to Germany, he was briefly arrested in Austria in 1945 and fled, and has lived in Argentina since 1949. In 1987, the West German government offered a reward of $500,000 and was soon arrested by the police. After losing his shield with the resignation of Argentina's military regime, he was deprived of his nationality under the Alfonsin government and deported to Germany. He is the Simon Bicentral Center (a representative Nazi hunter organization). He was one of the most wanted teenage Nazi war criminals in the country, who arrested 1,000 war criminals and put them on trial. Originally, he was indicted on charges of being involved in the genocide of 3,000 Jews, including 40 people he killed himself. Victims who flocked to the Court of Stuttgart from various continents pointed to him 50 years ago, confirming that he was the master, the judge, the murderer, the god and the devil. He was said to have been cruel enough to chase 15 men and women who entered the burning warehouse and shoot again at the lit people. Even the lawyer did not deny his crime, but only pointed out the confusion and contradictions of the evidence, claiming that "time is the enemy of the truth." Already an 80-year-old man, he watched the trial with a very bent back and expressionless face. He denied his crime and denied his memory during the war. At the same time, I remembered the pre-war work and the fact that I joined the SS. Schwamberg was sentenced to life imprisonment after 11 months of trial in this case, which would be the last major Nazi criminal trial.

Nazi War Crimes Trials-1

 1. Eichmann trial

On May 23, 1960, Israeli Prime Minister Ben Gurion announced that he had arrested Adolf Eichmann at the Knesset. At that time, Eichmann was living with his family in the suburbs of Buenos Aires under the pseudonym Richard Clementz. The Israeli government claimed that his arrest was made by Israeli volunteers, but it is widely believed that it was actually carried out by intelligence agencies. He was abducted on 11 May 1960, detained for a week, questioned and forcibly transferred from Argentina to Israel after signing a memorandum of voluntary transfer. Argentina immediately protested and turned into a diplomatic issue, but ended with an apology from Israel. It was a clear violation of sovereignty, but there was no way the international community could not recognize Israel's moral position, which lost the lives of six million of its own.

After being investigated by Israeli police, Eichmann was charged with being a member of the SS, SD and Geshtapo, which had already been identified as criminal organizations in the Nuremberg trial, and as one of the highest decisions and implementers of the Nazi Jewish slaughter policy. Originally raised in Linz, Austria, Eichmann moved to Germany and joined the Nazi's, becoming an expert on Jewish issues relatively early on. Since his appointment as Jewish Director at the SD in Berlin in 1934, he was promoted to an officer at the end of 1937 and was responsible for the forced migration of Jews to the region along with the annexation of Austria. In 1941, he was appointed as the head of IV B4, the department in charge of Jewish affairs in Geshtapo, and maintained his position until the end of the war.

The trial began on April 11, 1961. Jerusalem's district courts were crowded with hundreds of reporters from all over the world. During the four months of the trial, 114 trials were held, with 1,500 documents and 120 witness interrogations. Eichmann's lawyers argued that he simply exercised limited power without any initiative while obeying his boss's orders. It was that he was only the head of IV B4, which had nothing to do with any political policy-making and was only a secondary institution responsible for transporting Jews from various other European regions to concentration camps. However, as an expert on Jewish affairs, there was no way to deny his role in 'passionate dedication' to the genocide. In addition, the Eichmann trial is considered the "best drama in legal history" due to numerous legal issues such as jurisdiction issues of Israeli courts, violations of international law following kidnapping, and statute of limitations.

The charges against Eichmann were Israel's violation of the Nazis and Nazi Collaborators Punishment Law, 5710 of 1950. This law not only excludes the statute of limitations for important crimes, but also stipulates that defendants punished by foreign countries can be punished by Israeli courts. It took three days to read the Eichmann ruling. Naturally, it was a death sentence as scheduled. The same was true of the appeal ruling made by the Israeli Supreme Court. The petition for amnesty was also dismissed. On May 31, 1962, Eichmann was executed in the middle of the night. His body, cremated at his request, turned into a handful of ashes and scattered along the Mediterranean coast.

2. Barby's trial

On February 24, 1983, Jean Bertier, a prosecutor in Lyon, France, presented eight charges against Barbie. These were inhumane criminal facts to which the statute of limitations did not apply. The facts charged in the eight items were as follows.

1. The killing of 22 hostages in retaliation for the attack on two German police officers in 1943

2.19 arrests and torture in 1943

3. Aiding and abetting the sending of 86 Jews from Lyon

4. Between 1943 and 1944, 42 people were shot around Lyon.

In 1944, French railway workers were searched and arrested, some of whom were injured and others missing.

6. In 1944, 650 people, mostly Jews, were transferred to Auschwitz and Ravensbrook camps.

7. Seventy Jews in Bronx, two pastors and other Jews shot at Senjenny Laval.

8. Send 55 Jews, mostly children, from the village of Yijiu Village

However, Barbie's sins did not stop here, and later increased to 41 charges. As a sadist, he was a man who was tired of a Swiss woman who lived with him, shot her and threw her baby in the arms of a Jewish mother on a train bound for Auschwitz. For this cold-blooded act, he receives several medals from the Nazi government and is branded as the "Butcher in Lyons" by the occupied French.  However, the reason why the French wanted Barbie so badly was that he was the murderer of Moulin, the spiritual pillar of the French Resistance.

Until now, the fact that Barby lived in Bolivia has already been widely known since 1974, and the French government has demanded repatriation. In particular, lawyer Krasfeld, a Nazi expert, has made every effort to bring Barby to court, but failed to achieve his goal due to the Bolivian government's stubborn refusal. In this situation, the sudden expulsion of Barbie led to speculation of secret transactions between the two governments. In fact, it is said that the plane that brought Barbie from Lafaz to Lyon carried weapons, 3,000 tons of wheat, and $5 million back. That's why France strongly wanted Barbie to be sent back.

The Barby trial was held from May 11 to July 4, 1987. At that time, 73-year-old Barbie said in the Injeong newspaper that the alias "Klaus Altman" was used in Bolivia and replied that the address was Rapaz. During this trial, the citizens of Lyon had the opportunity to testify face-to-face with the person in charge of their imprisonment, torture and execution 40 years ago. However, Barbie and his lawyers sarcastically said that they were trying to blame Barbie for everything that happened during the war, saying, "Next time I'll say I stole the Eiffel Tower." In addition to the 39 lawyers who filed civil lawsuits against Barby, Jewish organizations, Resistance Group, and individual survivors were adding to the trial. In the end, a jury of nine citizens convicted, and three judges of the Lyon Criminal Court sentenced them to life imprisonment.

Barbie's presence had a great influence on American society. Just before Barbie was still repatriated to France, a U.S. CIC agent happened to see Barbie's face on the screen when he was watching NBC's broadcast reporting the news of La Paz, Bolivia. The agent, who clearly confirmed his impression, contacted NBC and revealed that he was a CIC agent who was controlling Barbie, who was hired as a CIC informant. When all these reports went out on NBC again, American society was shocked by the revelation that the war criminals were used as intelligence agents.

Cold War and the Nazi War Crimes

 Since then, the Cold War between East and West has intensified, surrounding Nazi crime. In particular, the Soviet Union and other eastern regions have criticized Western countries for becoming a paradise for Nazi criminals. After the fall of Berlin, by November 1947, the U.S. side had spared no effort to hand over 1,292 war criminals to France, as well as other allied countries' trials, and to search for witnesses.

However, after the Cold War began, these demands were gradually rejected. It was clear that the Soviet Union and other Eastern countries had distrust of the Western countries' willingness to punish war criminals. Western countries have never delivered war criminals demanded by the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, or Hungary. The Soviet Union demanded the extradition of five generals, Gudelian, von Röttwitz, Reinepart, Rod, and von Formann, but the United States refused because they were not tried in the Neurmberg trial and were vital to the defense of the United States. In addition, it is a well-known fact that the United States has recruited a number of Nazi war criminals as intelligence agents or introduced them to the United States in order to use them against the Soviet Union and other communist countries. For example, a large number of leaders of the OUN, which was a Nazi organization in Belarus, flowed into the United States, and based on these facts, the Soviet Union constantly accused the United States of providing shelter to Nazi war criminals. Lithuania also criticized the U.S. policy of protecting war criminals by presenting the addresses of war criminals from their own countries living in the U.S. In fact, when it comes to the pursuit and punishment of Nazi war criminals, the communist bloc was more enthusiastic than the West. In 1986, East Germany arrested Henry Schmidt, Dresden's head of Geshtapo, for the slaughter of 720 Jews, and sentenced him to life in prison.

However, despite these mutual accusations and competition, they tracked down and identified Nazi criminals.Mutual cooperation was indispensable for deportation, prosecution, and trial. Various data archives on the location of the crime, the nationality of the criminal, the current residence of the criminal, and the crime changed with the end of the war, requiring cooperation from related countries.

The United States and the Soviet Union were cooperating within a certain range, especially by realizing this need for each other. The U.S. Attorney General met with the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union to pledge cooperation on the punishment of Nazi war criminals, and in fact, provided relevant witnesses and documents to play a major role in repatriating and prosecuting Nazi criminals. As shown later, most of the Nazi criminals who migrated to Western countries such as the United States and Canada were from the Eastern region, so data from the Soviet Union, which exercised control over the postwar Eastern region, became indispensable for identifying war criminals.

However, this cooperation was distrusted and undermined by political battles in a state of mutual cold war. In several cases, it was argued that the evidence provided by the Soviet Union and other eastern regions was fabricated for political purposes. For example, in the case of Artukovic, who served as the Minister of Interior and Justice of Croatia's Nazi puppet state, his son claimed that "it was manipulated by Yugoslavia for political purposes." Even his attorney concluded that it was "a tragic episode in the history of U.S. justice," agreeing that it was only a big case created by the Special Investigation Unit (OSI) of the U.S. Department of Justice to prove the need for its existence. The fact that OSI is a Soviet law enforcement agency with cooperation is actually KGB, and since the Soviet Union is under the control of KGB, there was a possibility of manipulation by KGB, which considers the confrontation between the two sides as a national security issue. In addition, there was an opinion that it was difficult to acknowledge the credibility of the testimony provided by the Soviet Union because it was made in the absence of all legal procedures guaranteed by the U.S. judicial process. Following these questions, the Ministry of Justice's rebuttal was announced that its own investigation into the appropriateness of the special investigation team's handling of the case and the allegation of evidence manipulation by the Soviet Union were not true and verified by U.S. The Cold War between East and West became the most important obstacle that made it impossible to completely punish Nazi criminals.

In the meantime, Jewish killings and Nazi crimes have already been forgotten as things of the past. In the mid-1970s alone, 48 criminal cases related to Nazi criminals were pending in West Germany, but the West German media showed no interest in this. West Germany was widely aware that "the price of the Nazi crime has already been paid, and the shadow has been overcome a long time ago."

From this swamp of oblivion, a situation was created to refresh the memory of Nazi crime again. With the expiration of the statute of limitations under the West German Criminal Act imminent, public opinion has risen not only within West Germany but also across Europe. There have been constant calls for impunity for Nazi war criminals, and the media have begun to deal with stories of horrific genocide during the war. In 1978, NBC of the U.S. aired a four-day series of "Holocaust," astonishing 1.2 million viewers.

Since then, a treaty to remove the statute of limitations for war criminals, including Nazi war criminals, has been adopted by the United Nations and measures to indefinitely extend the statute of limitations have been taken in West Germany. In 1972, a trial of deportation trial against Hermine Braunsteiner began in the United States for the first time as a deportation measure for Nazi war criminals, and until the 1980s, stories of many Nazi war criminals were discovered and deportation measures were taken. This was a time when the interest and pursuit of Nazi war criminals under the Bish regime of the three Baltic countries, Ukraine, Croatia, and France, which were allies of Germany, was focused rather than on Nazi war criminals in Germany.

Beginning of the pursuit of war criminals in the Nazi era.

 After World War II, millions of refugees were born in Europe. Most were victims of the Nazi's, survivors of concentration camps, slave workers, prisoners of war, and those forced to migrate by the Nazi's. Western Europe, the United States, Canada, and Australia, which enjoyed relatively political and social stability, had no choice but to accommodate them, with nearly 1 million refugees supported by the International Refugee Organization (IRO), about 70% of which flowed into the United States, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. However, these included Nazi officials who carried out genocide and punishment and those who voluntarily supported them. They disguised themselves as refugees from the Nazi and communist bloc by concealing their status and activities during the war. As their country became communist and unable to return, they moved to the United States, Canada and Australia, not to mention Western Europe. Among those who took refuge in Western countries disguised as refugees, there were not a few German residents of Eastern countries such as Yugoslavia, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Ukraine, the Baltic States, and Poland, and they gave active support and cooperation to Nazi war agencies. In this way, it is not easy for Nazi war criminals and inhumane criminals who have been hiding in shelters around the world to even check the exact number. According to officials from the Nazi-hunting organization, West Germany, and the U.S. government, the number of Germans responsible for inhumane crimes during and before World War II ranges from 150,000 to 200,000. After the end of the war, 35,000 Nazi criminals were prosecuted and executed by the United States and other allied countries, but this accounted for only 20% of all criminals, and the rest were scattered around the world in search of shelter. At that time, it was virtually impossible to classify and exclude those mixed with ordinary refugees. Even the IRO of the United Nations could not properly identify the refugees receiving the support. There could not have been a proper way to identify them on the ruins of war. Through this poor classification and examination, Nazi criminals were able to hide their past and safely seek refuge in a new country.

Was Neanderthal-Homosopiens mating possible?

 Does modern "Homo sapiens" have the gene of "Neanderthals"? In other words, are modern people hybridized with Neanderthals who lived 250,000 to 25,000 years ago and then disappeared? At the "Neanderthal Symposium" recently held by New York University in the United States, scholars had a heated debate over the questions that have continued since the discovery of Neanderthal fossils in the Neander Valley in Germany in 1856. The question was whether Homo sapiens and Neanderthals, two primates that shared similar characteristics, had crossbreeding. According to the traditional definition, life is born only by hybridization within the same species, and the second generation born by crossbreeding has no reproductive ability. A typical example is a mule born by crossbreeding between a mare and a male donkey. So are Homo sapiens and Neanderthals completely different species? Participants at the meeting concluded that "neanderthals and homo sapiens are completely separate species in evolutionary and anatomical terms." However, opinions were divided on whether it was a biologically independent species. Dr. Chris Stringer, a paleontologist at the London Museum of Natural History, who leads the theory that modern human ancestors moved from Africa to Europe 150,000 years ago and drove out remaining primitive human beings, argued that hybridization can occur. On the other hand, Dr. Mark Stoneking of the Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany said, "An analysis of genetic patterns of modern humans and DNA collected from fossils of Neanderthals and early modern humans showed no evidence of interbreeding between the two species." Dr. David Ser of McGill University in Montreal concluded that "the two are biologically different species," based on an analysis of mitochondrial DNA extracted from fossils of 24 Neanderthals and 40 early modern humans. "Neanderthal genes did not contribute significantly to Homo sapiens. The contribution should have been less than one percent." Some scholars said Neanderthals and modern humans did not mate because of the huge time gap between the two species in continental Europe as well as the difference between species.