The Red Guards of Young People Shaking China 1966-1976

 A group of college students and high school students who fought in paramilitary organizations as part of the Cultural Revolution in China (1966-1976). In the 1960s, students who participated in the youth movement of the Communist Party of China struggled to support Mao Zedong. In 1966, Mao Zedong was organized under the leadership of the Communist Party of China to help fight against party leaders such as Liu Xiaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, who thought Mao Zedong was not revolutionary enough to be satisfied. Mao Tse-tung then began to regain control of the party, which had been lost to his colleagues, but in 1966 the Red Guards responded to his convocation and were intoxicated as new revolutionaries who took the lead in eliminating China's outdated cultural heritage and ousting everything considered bourgeois within the government. In 1966, millions of Red Guards gathered in Beijing and held eight large-scale rallies with Mao Zedong, and the number reached nearly 11 million nationwide. The Red Guards participated in marches, meetings, and enthusiastic propaganda, while attacking and persecuting not only party leaders in each region but also teachers, school leaders, intellectuals, and people with traditional views. Hundreds of thousands of people were persecuted and executed. In early 1967, the existing party system such as villages, cities, and castles was overthrown throughout the country. However, these organizations soon began to argue with each other and tried to expand their power by claiming that they were the true representatives of Mao Zedong Thought. In this way, while the internal conflict of the organization increased, as industrial production was suspended and urban life was not maintained, the government recommended the Red Guards to return to their hometowns from 1967 to 1968. In addition, regular troops were deployed throughout the country to restore order, and as a result, the Red Guards movement gradually declined.

The important fact is that Mao Zedong and Kim Il-sung committed great karma that could not be washed away. This led to the Korean War's Korean War uprising, and as a result, Mao Zedong and Kim Il-sung would have been welcomed by the harshest hell in their afterlife.

The Chinese Enraged Uigua Movement in 1900

 In 1900, at the end of the Qing Dynasty, there was an extramarital peasant struggle in Hubei, China. It is also called Bukcheong Incident, Danbi Rebellion, and Kwonbi Rebellion. In the vicinity of Shandong Province, there was a secret association called Uihwagwon, a branch of Baekryeongyo Bridge, from the middle of the Qing Dynasty, which passed on the same martial arts as Taekwondo in Korea, and believed that Jumun would not be damaged by knives or iron artillery. After the Sino-Japanese War in 1894, the invasion of the powers put China on the verge of division, and the economic life of farmers was destroyed by the influx of cheap goods. In particular, the missionary work of Christianity, which has privileges, has raised the anti-Chinese sentiment and externally. The right to righteousness developed rapidly with many bankrupt farmers during the anti-Christian movement to burn the Christian church and kill its believers. On the other hand, the invasion of the powers led to the derivation of opposing groups called the Sugu faction and the Yangmu faction even within the ruling class. The Sugu faction was centered on Manchurian aristocrats such as Seo Tae-hu, the former ruler, and the Yangmu faction was centered on high-ranking officials of the Korean people such as Lee Hong-jang, who relied on the powers. Knowing that it was difficult to suppress the Uihwagwon, the Sugu faction used it as a reverse to counter the powers or the Yangmu faction, renamed the Uihwagwon to Uihwadan and made it anti-legislative. Uihwagwon also put up the banner of "supporting Qing Dynasty and destroying foreign countries," and made Bae Oe as the main purpose of the struggle. However, at the end of 1899, Yuan Shikai of the Yangmu faction took office as Shandong Sunmu and suppressed Uihwadan, so they flowed into Hebei Province and spread to the Daeunha and Gyeonghan Railway lines. In an instant, they spread to all provinces, northeastern China, Mongolia, and Sichuan, attacking foreigners and churches, destroying railroads and telecommunications, and burning foreign products such as oil lamps and matches. The attitude of the Qing court was always agitated, but under the guidance of the Sugu faction, it took measures to use the Uihwadan and declared propaganda to the powers in June 1900. The group invaded Beijing and attacked the missionaries of the great powers along with the government forces, and in Beijing and Tianjin, the group was flooded with members of the group, reaching its peak. In rural areas in the suburbs, there were many teenage boys gathered in Beijing, and they wrapped red and yellow fabrics around their bodies and divided the ranks into octagonal signs. They did not have an overall leader, but a platform was installed in each dong-ri, and this platform was a unit of Uihwadan, and the leader called Daesa-hyung was in charge of the platform, and teenage girls also formed an organization called Hong Deung-jo. Eight countries, including Britain, Russia, Germany, France, the United States, Italy, Austria, and Japan, formed a coalition, defeated government forces and armored corps in Daegapodae and Tianjin, and in August, they entered Beijing to rescue missionaries from various countries. Empress Seo and Gwangseoje fled to Xi'an and the Yangmu faction, which took power instead of the Sugu faction, cooperated with the allied forces to slaughter the remnants of the Uihwadan. When the Beijing Protocol was established in 1901, China's colonization deepened, and since then, China has suffered a long time from the payment of vast amounts of Danbi compensation.

Enigma and Ultra -2

 Later, the Polish army's crypto-decryption unit, which received information from the French Military Intelligence Agency, copied Enigma using design data around December 1932 and began decrypting correspondence for the first time.

(The core of the enigma was on the rotating board. When you press one of the 26 spellings on the Enigma keyboard, the signal reaches the rotating plate through the battery. Each rotating plate is spelled 26 times.Each rotating plate rotates separately, and at this time, light is sent from the top of the machine to the back of the character string. - The letters pressed on the keyboard and the letters receiving the light do not match each other. - The letters receiving the light are transmitted to the other party's Enigma machine, where the other party's Enigma must also be aligned with the one that sends the signal. Germany has created a more improved model by installing a plug connector system with more layers that randomly send electrical signals. Mathematically, the combination of characters possible whenever the enigma was manipulated reached 10 to 21. This process was entirely handled by the machine, and the correspondent simply had to learn how to adjust the keys and change the keys every time the machine was used.)

However, the number of people who decrypt Enigma's code was extremely small, so it was far short of manpower to respond to Germany's various confidentiality measures, such as changing keys and adding rotary boards every day. Furthermore, if one model is solved, Germany will soon create an improved model that enhances security, and in the end, its previous decoding techniques will be useless, and it will have to start all over again. This lasted for seven years, and in December 1938, when Germany added a fifth revolving board to strengthen Enigma's security, the Polish side faced difficulties, and Germany invaded Poland before it could decipher the code completely.

Polish cryptographers who fled to Paris contacted French and British intelligence agencies and handed over copies of the machines and data on their previous decoding operations to Britain. In early 1940, GCHQ moved to a mansion in Bretzley Park near London to escape bombing by the German Air Force, and hired experts from various fields to decode German codes and codes. Among them, Cambridge mathematician Alan Turing improved Polish cryptography machines (Bombes) to a new model that could store information, discovering Enigma's rotation plate combination and cryptography process. Less than a year later, GCHQ decrypted Enigma messages almost as soon as they were sent.

The operation, codenamed Ultra, has since achieved many results. The Royal Air Force Command, which deciphered German bombardment orders throughout the air war in Britain, concentrated its outnumbered fighter jets in major areas to maximize tactical effects and decoded correspondence coordinating attack plans for U-boats and fleets. (But Ultra wasn't perfect.) In 1941, German preparations for an attack on Yugoslavia were detected, but the decrypted ciphertext did not specify the location of the attack, so the British army could not find out. Even during the German western offensive in 1944, the order of attack was delivered only through ground communication, and the Allied Forces were unaware of this.) Communications between senior German officers were exposed for about five years, and all other types of information-related communications were the same, allowing the Allies to grasp the inside of the German intelligence organization. Furthermore, the ultra-system is not only able to decipher communication, but also to check the effective progress of the coalition forces' deception and double espionage operations.

Ernest Volkman : "Espionage", 1995

Enigma and Ultra -1

 On the morning of August 26, 1914, General Yakov Jilinsky, commander of the Russian Northwest Front Army, sent a series of commands to the first and second armies advancing to East Prussia via radio. At that time, wireless communicators were relatively new equipment for the Russian army, and Zilinsky was able to clearly convey his orders. However, they did not know that the German military had established a radio communication intercepting base. In a few minutes, the German command was able to capture Zilinsky's orders and figure out the size and operation plan of the Russian army. Based on this information, the Germans carried out large-scale military operations, and the Russians lost 250,000 troops in two weeks. This was the beginning of a series of defeats that led to the collapse of Charism three years later.

The Battle of Tannenberg shocked military leaders in Europe. Each country encrypted correspondence at a high speed to protect communication, and intelligence agencies also studied cryptographic analysis technology to decrypt it. As the systems for making codes and codes diversified and techniques developed, it became increasingly difficult to decipher them. However, no matter how sophisticated the ciphers and codes were, there was always a risk of exposure. Each language has its own type, and code decipherers and cryptographers have found these types in coded or encrypted messages. More clever techniques have been developed to hide this type, but this has led to problems. In particular, military communications should not only be able to quickly create codes or passwords, but also be easy to use.

This problem was soon solved in 1915 when an American engineer named Edward Hebern invented an encryption machine. The machine, which looks like a simple typewriter, automatically encrypts the message internally by typing it with a keyboard. The person who received the message just had the same machine and set the same key as the sender, and the machine read the password on its own. At first, the machine was quite crude, but in the 1920s, a Swiss engineer rebuilt it into a more sophisticated form, resulting in the creation of a high-tech machine called Enigma. Initially, Switzerland aimed to commercialize multinational corporations trying to encrypt sensitive internal correspondence, but Germany recognized that the machine could be used for military purposes. Germany bought a patent for machines and began improving the model in 1929, and in 1933, it developed the world's most advanced cryptographic machine. After that, Germany continued to improve Enigma and kept Hitler from selling Enigma commercially.

In early 1929, Gustav Bertrand, head of the French Military Intelligence Agency's wireless communication information department, discovered that Germany had begun to overhaul its military communication system with the introduction of a new cryptographic machine. Cryptographers who saw the ciphertext written by Enigma concluded that the existing method could not be decrypted.

In 1931, Hans Thilo-Schmidt, an employee of the cryptographic management department of the German Supreme Command (OKW), proposed to Henry Navarre, a French officer in Germany, to sell secrets about the new cryptographic machine used by Germany, and Bertrand described Enigma. However, the data alone could not determine the encryption process, and the British Information and Communication Agency (GCHQ) also judged that Enigma code could not be decrypted.

Kim Seongsoo.

 Kim Seong-su (1891-1955) 1891 - Born in Gochang, Jeollabuk-do - Graduated from Kunsan Kumho School 1910 - Entrance to Waseda University in Japan 1914 - Graduated from Political Science 1915 - Acquired by Kyungsung New Co., Ltd. 1920 - Founded by Dong-A Ilbo 1922 - 1923 - National University. Established by Korea University, 1947 - elected vice chairman of the Anti-Trust Committee - Democratic People's Party Supreme Council 1955 - was born in Gochang, Jeollabuk-do, where he served as an advisor to the opposition Democratic People's Party. He was the fourth son of Kim Kyung-joong, who was rejected by Honam, and became the adopted son of his uncle Kim Ki-joong at the age of 3. In 1906, he studied English with Song Jin-woo in Changpyeong, Jeollanam-do, and in 1908, he attended Geumho School in Gunsan. He went to Tokyo, Japan with Song Jin-woo, went to Seisoku English School and Ginjo Middle School, entered Waseda University in 1910, and graduated from the Department of Political Science and Economics in 1914. He acquired Jungang School in April 1915, became the principal in March 1917, took charge of Gyeongseong Jiknyu Co., Ltd. in the same year, and Song Jin-woo from January 1919.Based on the night duty room of the central school with Hyun Sang-yoon, the independence movement was organized, and it was fruitful through the March 1st Movement. In January of that year, Gyeongseong Textile Co., Ltd. was established, and in April 1920, Dong-A Ilbo was established. In 1922, the Dong-A Ilbo conducted a product promotion movement, and in 1923, he participated in the movement to establish a private university. In March 1932, he took charge of Boseong College and took office as the principal. Boseong College is the predecessor of Korea University. After the Sino-Japanese War, Kim Sung-soo deviated from the spirit of protecting the media, education, and industry and walked the path of Sino-Japanese cooperation after the Sino-Japanese War. In September 1937, he appeared in a radio lecture by the Seoul Metropolitan Government and appealed for the mobilization of Japanese war, and in June 1938, he attended as a promoter and director of the Korean Federation of National Spiritual Mobilization, and participated as a member of the Emergency Life Improvement Committee under the Federation. In July 1939, he attended and spoke at the Finance and Economy Maintenance Meeting of the Conciliation Society organized in Japan to promote the so-called imperialization. He participated as a director of the National All-out Chosun Federation formed in 1940, served as a general affairs member of the organization in 1943, participated as a preparatory member in the formation of Heung-Abo National Assembly in August 1941, and served as an auditor of Imjeonbo National Assembly in October. Since August 1943, he has written and made speeches praising the Hakbyungje and the conscription system. He wrote an editorial in the Maeil Shinbo on August 5th, "Give up the temperament of civilization and praise the spirit of commerce," and wrote an editorial on November 6th, "Hwang Min-dam's responsibility is great when he dies." In addition, he published an article and discourse, "Student, go to the temple." The Democratic Party of Korea after liberation from active political activities. The Democratic People's Party was founded and vice-chairman of the Korean Independence Promotion Association. He served as vice president. Kim Sung-soo later served as an adviser to the opposition Democratic People's Party and died in 1955. "Give up the temperament of civilization and praise the spirit of commerce" (Maeil Shinbo on August 5, 1943) was subjected to the audit week of the Joseon conscription decree, and one group of thoughts was given to the Korean Peninsula Youth Corps. The pleasure of implementing the conscription decree on Joseon, which was suddenly fired on May 8 last year, was truly a great pleasure for 25 million Korean residents in the peninsula, so there was nothing to compare to anything else.However, with the implementation of the conscription system, we are now qualified as imperial citizens in name and reality because we are honored as young people in the first half of the year and have achieved the second quality to produce in the future. How can you be unwelcome and not thrilled? This is because it is the only one and only good medicine that promotes the spirit of Sangmu in treating the chronicity of the above-described civilization. However, even if you do not make a costume by making a tea bag and wearing it, it will not be worth an embargo, and no matter how much Western medicine you will take, it will not take effect. Then, whether the young people will wear this honor of implementing this conscription system and take this Western medicine in any way to fully realize its effectiveness in appearance and content.When the honor of unexpectedness returns, consider the honor of Sojongrae and be ready to fully enjoy it, and when the Western medicine is obtained, there will be a banquet to take good care of it first and make it fully effective. In this regard, the misunderstanding calls for a group of patience and further training from now on. So where is the secret to practicing this, and what is the slander? Oh In now, I would like to repeat once again the story of the imperial people who have been singing "one stone ritual" for four to five years without having to teach the military again. The first rank is the people of the imperial country. Let's serve the military as loyalty, and this group is, not to mention, a grand joint that achieves our survival goals. In particular, the youth of Joseon make the most argument by confirming this goal before anyone else. From the confirmation of this goal, everything is on time and the military is resolved. 2. When the loyal subjects of Adeung Hwangguk cooperate with each other and strengthen their unity, this line is the one line of the main gate of the Korean people. All of our conventional flaws are the inability to cooperate exclusively in mutual love and cooperation, and as a result, 10 people in 10 colors. There was a time when they could not unite with 100 people. In other words, humans are a kind of collective animal. If the power of the group is not exercised, its ability will not reach that peak far. This group is unity, and in order to become unity, the molecules cannot be obtained without mutual love and cooperation. In order to explain this Shinae Cooperation by cutting off its stake, it may not be enough as a Gicheon Book, but to put it simply, let's seal a clause of the educational rule that sings in our daily lives in an easy way. Among the lines, "Be filial to your parents, be loyal to your brothers, be husband and wife, and be bung Woosangshin," all of the so-called Shinae cooperation is included. In particular, the two characters of "Chunggun" were not indicated here, but it was a group of Kisil filial piety Chunggun, a group of Udo Chunggun, and the incarnation are also the same. It is the ground method of Chunggun's that all the subjects strengthen unity through mutual trust and cooperation, and once there is a speed, it is the meaning of our lives here. In other words, when they become children, they fulfill their duties, and between brothers, they fulfill their brotherly books, and they are married.It is the essence of Shinae Cooperation that Bungwoo fulfills his duties. 3. A Deung Hwangguk Shinmin should practice asceticism and clarify the way of the Yellow Sea. Gold is only a piece of earth and stone if it is not trained and crude, and even a wooden house cannot be the same as a golugeogak unless it is a Buddhist monk. Therefore, no matter how talented the above personality is, it will not be desired to be born without endurance and training. To become a human being, work is hard and hard. Leeds are also tough. When that gold jade was dissolved in deterioration and deposited into iron stone, the pain was whatever, and how much pain did it suffer when that Dongryang was small? Isn't it the same amount that all people admire because they endured all kinds of pain, and the same amount that all men admire, and the same amount of gold and jade that is true? Humans are also absolute and cannot deviate from this principle. In this way, building endurance training and becoming a completely great believer and transferring the ecliptic is soon reaching the final purpose of Odeung. Who doesn't know the above theory, but I would like to emphasize once again that the future achievements depend solely on the Simsongchaehaeng of the above narrative.                                                           "When I die of cause, Hwangmin's responsibility is great" (Maeil Shinbo on November 6, 1943) I have always told you from the denomination or Shishiro Youth Student, but he has been striving for intellectual training and strong ethical polishing in school. Education is to make you a complete human being in these two ways. Moreover, in an era when a new global order is being built, the ethical aspect must be heightened at once. I would like to reiterate my thoughts, which I have often told you since my usual days, ahead of your advancement. To put it simply, it would be nothing more than "do your duty." I have always said that life is not a waste of duty, and now is the time for you to put this word into practice as a body in reality. Of course, I know well that you are in a situation that cannot be imagined by me or other seniors who say that you should give your life easily. Yesterday morning, when I gathered all the soldiers and looked at them from above the church, I felt a solemn emotion that was difficult to express in words. But I speak from the conscience of an educator who has been engaged for a long time. "Dead of duty, my friend,"

Even if I ask you for one last request, of course, I don't think you will take this word honestly without any doubt or counter-question. As you have a higher level of intelligence than the general public, it is natural for you to question any proposition. Moreover, you are not forced to blindly follow up at a moment when you have to make an immediate judgment. However, I am proud to know that I am more aware of your counter-examinations and troubles than those in other categories. As much as I am proud, I do not agree with your attitude of uniformly denying your troubles. I'd rather wait with you when you get through this agony and grasp the bright aim of the light. This is because I am well aware that only the faith of Ambassador No. 1 identified through this process of distress is the most unchanging of any other resolution. Then, in response to my words, "Give your life for your duty," you will naturally be asked to specify what kind of obligation it is. As one of the educators, I cannot say anything that is not false or conscientious, as I was asked by my parents to make my precious soldiers a wonderful complete human being. I'm going to be bold to tell you that I have this serious responsibility. If you say that it is our duty now, you must be well aware of it. It is the duty of our Korean Peninsula compatriots to build great projects in the history of mankind in the face of a new dawn. The army has been born on this land and has been blessed with various benefits until now to have such human qualities and dignity. This is what the nation, the family and the society are all about. Each of these past days is expected to fulfill its obligations to the military. Furthermore, a much greater and heavier obligation would be a duty to the future. Imagine the day when the construction of a new order in Daedong-A was completed without our participation, if the army failed to join the Geumcha Daedong-A temple. We were born in Daedong-A, but as rotten beings, we will never be able to find our existence in this historical era. Although I don't know if you are escaping from the battle line of this temple and preserving the small lives of individuals, what will happen to your younger brothers and sisters who succeeded you and were born in this land? The army is truly obligated to the future of the peninsula. I think that your troubles are now confronting this point. However, the moment is being pushed forward regardless of the troubles and counter-question of the army. The construction of Daedong-A is working hard without having time to look back on the trivial existence of the army. Before this sale, when the army loses the opportunity to meet a genius and the peninsula falls behind, we will not be able to quit one molecule of the construction of Daedong-Aa and become a great imperialist as the imperial people. It is only when the army fulfills the above-mentioned obligations that the army will live in this land, and as the l-molecule of the empire, it will be able to obtain brilliant treatment, or rights, that is, the same as the inner country. Usually, when discussing obligations and rights, in Western society, obligations are made by claiming rights, but in the East, rights inevitably arise from whales to fulfill their obligations. I want us to go to Gochang to see Hwang Min-hwa.Since then, I have often heard you ask for your rights as an imperialist to the general society. To be sure, however, Japan has performed all its obligations to shine the glory of today's empire for 3,000 years. However, we have only been here for 30 years. Can we ask for equality in rights with a difference of 5,000 and 30 years? You should realize that this is a mistake that has been misled by the Westerners' theory that only claims rights. However, I have one thing on my mind here. The rhythm of time is not very important in the performance of duty, and the magnitude of the duty is not in the accumulation of time, but in the nature of the duty itself. Can't we carry out a mission comparable to the sacrifices that the natives have made for a long time by performing great obligations, even for a short time? A golden opportunity to carry out this mission has opened up to us at this moment. I declare to you that your sacrifice will never be an worthless sacrifice. By sacrificing for this peninsula where the army was born, this peninsula fulfills its qualifications as an imperial country, and it can be said that the future of the peninsula depends only on the future of the army.

The Legend of Vikings

 In the 8th century, Scandinavians, who still remained heathens on the European continent, began to provoke provocations in various parts of Europe. Looking at their route of invasion, one group of Swedes headed for Russia and reached Constantinople. The other army, mainly Norwegian, advanced to Spain and the Mediterranean via northern and western Wales and Scotland of England. The Vikings, which we call the Danes, bothered the French coast and the eastern and southern coasts of England (mainly East Midland and Yorkshire). We call them Vikings by the name we are familiar with. The etymology of the word Vikings meant "creek-dwellers." In the ancient North Korean language, vik refers to "creek, fire." Vikings' primary invasion: Early on, they were primarily for plunder, but by the middle of the eighth century, they had clearly begun to take over Britain. At this time, the English living on the east coast of England often witnessed large-scale pirate ships appearing in the sea. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle written by Bead, three Danes ships first came in 787, followed by a 793 and 794 Dane raids that robbed the monastery in Lindispanner and Wemouth. Looking at the next chronicle in 832, we can see that Britain has been thoroughly ravaged by pagan Northern European pirates for nearly 40 years. Their attacks have become frequent, and in 851 there is a record that they finally winter in mainland England. Until now, he had returned home by boat in winter, but since then, he has settled in British soil. As such, the period of Dane invasion, looting, and colonization from the middle of the 8th century to the end of the 10th century is called the Viking Age. Alfred the Great's Achievement: The disaster caused by the Danes is severe, and British culture is seriously threatened. York fell in 867, and this unfavorable situation gradually moved south and spread throughout the country. Fortunately, however, King Alfred (811-900) of the Kingdom of Wesex was able to prevent the Dane from going south. The Seven Kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon entered the ninth century and unified into one kingdom of Wesxes. The kingdom became powerful during Alfred's grandfather, Egbert, called Britain's first unified king, and he formed a unified kingdom by integrating the sovereignty of Mercia and Northumbria. Alfred was born the fourth son of Ethelwulf, the predecessor, but became king when all his brothers were killed in the battle against Vikings. From the year he ascended to the throne, he fought against the Danes. At last, the fate of Anglo-Saxon is on the verge of turning into a storm when the new invasion forces of Guthrum, the Dane king, attacked Wesax on a large scale. His army, which was inferior in numbers, also gradually retreated as he lost, and in 878, King Alfred was pushed to the point of being pushed to a part of Somerset. However, in the same year, his army launched a surprise attack and succeeded in defeating the Danes in the battle of Edington (Ethandune), which will remain in history. He promises to withdraw Wessex and convert to Christianity, and he becomes his godfather. Winchester, the city where he worked, was created by Roman soldiers, as the mother of -chester, but it makes him proud as a city that defended Britain from the Danes' invasion. Winchester is the eternal home of King Alfred, and on High Street stands a statue of King Alfred. Danero: Wex was saved in this way, but by allowing the Vikings to live freely in British territory, most of the land of central and northern England was actually taken by the Danes. This is a kind of extraterritorial area that allowed the Danes to live in accordance with their laws, and it makes us feel how powerful Vikings were at that time. Thus the Vikings were able to settle peacefully in the land to the Tees River north of the Thames, called Danelaw, and in what is now Norfolk, Linconshire, Yorkshire, and its neighboring areas. Vikings' Second Invasion: From the 10th century until the Norman invasion, the Kingdom of England was at a turning point before the new millennium. This period was an era of constant change and flow, and it was also a time when England was crowded with multiple races, including Anglo-Danes, Norse, Viking invaders, and even Norman mercenaries. In the meantime, the Dane invasion, which had been quiet from the continent, resumed, followed by the invasion of Vikings led by Norwegian King Olaf Tryggvason and Danish King Svein. The Battle of Maldon, which is also shown in the ancient English poem, took place in 991, and was greatly defeated despite the British fighting. At this time, Wexaxon's king was Ethereum, the most incompetent king among Alfred's descendants, and he used to collect taxes called Danegeld to buy the Dane people, but it only bothered the people and did not have much effect. When he died in 1016, London was also occupied. After much consideration, the British Wise Men's Association (Witan) chose Knut, the younger brother of the Danish king, as the king of 1017-1035. Although he was a Dane, Knut converted to Christianity and tried to become a true king of England, accepting Emma of Normandy as his wife. Eventually, until he died at the age of 40, England became a country ruled by the king of Vikings.

British hero Oliver Cromwell

 Cromwell [Cromwell, Oliver, 1599.4.25-1658.9.3] 

General of the Parliament against King Charles I during the Puritan Revolution. Born in Huntington, eastern England. Born the son of an upper family, he studied at Grammar School and Cambridge University in Huntington, and was greatly influenced by Puritanism. After that, he studied law at the Lincoln's in London, married in 1620, returned to his hometown and devoted himself to the management of his own territory. It is said that around this time, he opened his eyes to faith and experienced repentance, and became conscious as a person chosen by God. He became a member of the House of Representatives from Huntington in 1628, but when Congress was dissolved in 1629, he disposed of his possession, moved to St. Ives, and then moved back to Eli. During the short-term and long-term parliaments of 1640, he was elected from Cambridge and stood out as a politician by his involvement in 18 committees. When the first civil war broke out in 1642, he led the cavalry along with Count Essex (3rd), a general of the parliamentary army, and established his major in the Battle of Edgehill. After that, he formed an excellent cavalry regiment with Puritanism-based discipline and equipment, and in 1644, he became a deputy commander of the Eastern Allied Forces and won the Battle of Mastonmoor, giving his army the name Cheoldaegi. In 1645, he reformed the entire army, forming a new model army, and became the deputy commander of Fairfax, making a last-ditch attack on the king in the Battle of Nazevision, capturing the king in 1647. However, when the king fled during the conflict between the parliamentarians, and the second civil war broke out in 1648, he made an expedition to Wales and defeated the invading Scottish army at Preston. In 1649, King Charles I was executed to eradicate the roots of the counter-revolution, and the royal and aristocratic houses were abolished to declare a "republic and free country," while suppressing left-wing horizontalists and authentic horizontalists, and in 1649, he visited Ireland. In 1653, the long-term parliament was dissolved, and when the nominating parliament composed of only recommended members was too radical, it was dissolved, and he himself established a state-of-the-art and began to rule politics. When the royalist conspiracy was revealed in 1654, the whole country was divided into 10 military districts and 11 military districts later in 1655, and military government ministers were assigned to carry out military dictatorship. In 1657, he was given a crown, but he refused it. -Other additions. -James I of England safely overcame the rebellion of Gaiforks and died after being expelled. However, his son [Charles I] was angry with Congress and [Puritan] for supporting Catholicism, and eventually rebelled. The British civil war, which began in this way, ended when Charles' head was cut off at the execution table. Any British history book explains how Charles I's head was cut off. and the fact that it was Oliver Cromwell who commanded the execution. But to find out what happened to Cromwell's head, a very special history book is needed. During his lifetime, Cromwell had a very ugly face on his head. There was a large wart on the left eye, and his nose was large and red. He was nicknamed "Guri Nose," "Ruby Nose," and even "Almighty Nose." Revolution often reverses things. The person holding the axe bag may be axed. The next story is all true. On September 3, 1658, Cromwell died at the age of 59. Dr. Bates removed the head during an autopsy. He said his brain weighs three kilograms (if it was really that heavy, wouldn't he have broken his neck after nodding his head?) He prepared to pickle the body in vinegar. The method is described in a book published in France in the 17th century. Saw the head and split it into two pieces, and the brain is placed in a bowl with intestines and blood.》 Fill the empty head with a cloth, sew it, and attach it again. The body is wrapped in a green cloth like a mummy. But it's useless. As the burial was delayed during the preparation of a luxurious funeral, the bodies began to mold and smell very unpleasant. The funeral committee prepared fake bodies because they could not show moldy bodies in public. The head was made of wax on the wooden body, and the face was colored with glass eyeballs. In October 1658, one of the imitations is displayed, and people wait in line for hours to see it. The real body smelled so bad in the coffin that it was buried in Westminster Abbey in a hurry around October 26. In November 1658, one of the imitations was seated in a carriage and held a state funeral. The funeral costs (60,000 (which is now billions of won), which is the most expensive funeral in the world for a piece of wood and wax. Still, countless tourists from all over the world flocked to see the spectacular view. In May 1659, Cromwell's son took over the position of the "Homingwan." But he was expelled, and the new parliament summoned Charles II to serve as king. Doctor Bates becomes a hero after being suspected of poisoning Cromwell! Meanwhile, Congress charged Cromwell and other people who killed the king with treason. They are sentenced to beheaded, and 11 Puritans who are still alive areheaded. But what people really want to see is the execution of Cromwell. On December 4, 1660, Congress voted to dig Cromwell up the road and drag the body to the gallows. January 30, 1661, the 12th anniversary of the execution of Pals I. Cromwell's body was suspended from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. from a gallows in London. When the sun went down, the body was cut and decapitated. The body was well pickled and wrapped in cloth, so it was not until it was struck eight times with an axe that the head was cut off. The head was stuck in a pole and hung in the Westminster Hall. Charles II dies in February 1685. Cromwell's head escaped the plague and the fire in London. But the head was gone! Rumor has it that after being hit by a worker's fist, it was used as a soccer ball among the boys and split, and the debris fell into the Thames! Another rumor has it that a pole with his head stuck broke in the middle of the night, and a sentry named Private Barnes took his head home and hid it in a chimney. When Private Barnes died in 1720, he told his family where he hid his famous head. They found it and sold it to a Frenchman named Dupue. His private museum was full of stuffed animals, wax works, and shoes. In 1738, Dupu dies. The whereabouts of the head disappear and claim that a person named Samuel Russell has it. The head is on display on the display stand in Fuzhou. A jeweler named James Cox bought the head in 1787. Now the head is missing one ear. It is said that Cromwell's descendants stole it. Cox gets 230 pounds and sells it to a man named Hughes. If you look at the picture of this head in 1790, it has a tape on it. for his head was splitting. In 1799, the head was displayed on Bond Street in London. When the drunk Samuel Ressel returned and made a commotion asking for his head back, Hughes investigated in 1814 and sold his head to a pastor named Henry Wilkinson. In 1827 Wilkinson wrote a history of the head and cherished it! Now the skin has turned yellow. However, his hair and beard were well preserved. One visitor described the neck as "black and eaten by insects." The visitor went on to say, "My nose is flat. He probably cut his head off with his face facing the floor." At the top of the head, there was a hole in the place where the pole was inserted, and it did not come out. There was also an axe mark on his neck. In 1898, Cannon Horace Wilkinson gets this hair. Then, in 1935, two doctors borrowed the head and examined it. They concluded that this was really Cromwell's head. for the warts and acne marks on his face matched his portrait. There was even a worm in his jaw that had been infected by a pole! On March 25, 1960, the head was donated to Sydney Sussex University in Cambridge, Cromwell's alma mater, and buried there. A frame in the chapel says that he is buried nearby. However, the exact location has not been disclosed. for I didn't want to be stolen again. Cromwell's head is still buried there. Even a successful revolutionary leader can suffer such terrible revenge once the revolution is over.   Contents: [Book] Revolution is hot [Page 73]