Development and Change of Russian Military Strategy (Mid-19C - Civil War)

 The characteristics of the late 19th century can be said to be social, political, and economic transformation. On this new technical foundation, military strategies developed.

In particular, railroad construction, the invention of telegraph/telephone, the conversion of sailing ships to steamers, and the introduction of speed tools had the greatest impact on the development of military strategies. All of these accelerated the speed of the movement of the large forces that appeared in major capitalist countries at the time, increased the scope of strategic action, allowed them to carry out operations across a wide range of fronts, and increased the importance of strategic mission performance and accumulation.

Along with the development of the industrial economy, important changes have occurred in the characteristics of the war and how it is carried out. What certainly influenced the development of military strategies was the policy of Western European countries to re-divide the already divided world, and the participation of large-scale national forces in war. The establishment of large factories and industrial complexes and new industrial sectors, the development of transportation means, and automation of production processes enabled the military to equip a variety of qualitatively high-quality equipment and increased the role of the economy in the war. All of these became factors that increased the duration and scope of strategic action (operation), and command and control of units and support for their activities became very complex.

The characteristic of World War I, in which millions of troops, aircraft, and various equipment including chemical weapons participated, is the large scale of operations. With the expansion of military action and destructive power, it is necessary to review the previous strategic perspective. When conducting research on strategic planning, the need for detailed and complete consideration of the country's economic capabilities and strategic reserve resources, strategic mutual cooperation between the army and the navy, and preparation for strategic cooperation between allies emerged.

Contrary to the initial intentions of all military forces, the characteristic of the discharge situation during the World War II became 'fixed position', which could not be solved by 'tactical breakthrough of the local language'. The Russian military strategy partially solved this problem in the South/West Front Attack (1916). During the war, strategic goals were achieved by successive operations and combat performance. It was the Army that played a decisive role in the armed struggle. Military action at sea was mainly limited to security and red blockade of marine supply routes. Submarine activities played an important role. The supplementary problem of military viability and mass loss was solved by using strategic reserve resources and maximizing national economic activities.

At that time, the characteristics of all warring states were the unification of military and political guidance and the possession of the highest political/strategic guidance organization. Lessons learned from the joint strategy problem are as follows. First, a single plan for military action, second, the creation of a single command unit, and third, strategic cooperation preparation. These problems were resolved very difficultly due to disagreements between allies related to the coalition.

During the civil war and military interference with Russia (1918-1920), ideological objectives that were difficult to accept mutually demanded strategic goals and active/aggressive military strategies in Russian military strategies. This new content was written in line with new and groundbreaking conditions related to the specific mission of defending the state militarily. One of the tasks of the military strategy was to set major axes according to the combat environment on several fronts, concentrate all efforts on major axes, and concentrate troops and means.

The main form of strategic action for the Russian military is how to carry out continuous attack operations by one or two front forces. An important offensive in strategic offensive operations was imposed on enemy groups to completely change the military and political situation through destruction and to occupy major political and economic areas.

Contrary to the seriousness of World War I, military action in civil war was clearly a mobile war. Strategic defense was used as an inevitable form of operation and was mainly carried out by limited troops. The civil war was divided by the wide range of guerrilla warfare activities. This activity was consistent with the regular military operation and had strategic value. Strategic mutual cooperation and missions between the Army and Navy were successfully resolved, and continued attention was focused on the creation and reconstruction of strategic reserve resources. The main characteristics of this period can be said to be flexibility and mastery in choosing a decisive direction to focus all efforts and military actions in line with the situation.

Development and Changes in Russian Military Strategy (18C-Early 19C)

 An important period in the development of Russia's military strategy was the 18th century.

The characteristics of this period can be seen as active foreign policy and promotion of maximal national function. The reforms implemented by Peter the Great made it possible to organize the military and expand equipment. For the first time in history, a national army was established to supplement the quota based on military service obligations by conscription. The characteristics of Russia's military strategy at that time were its aggressiveness, combination of offensive and defensive operations, and its goal of destroying the enemy's main forces.

The development of military strategies in the late 18th and early 19th centuries was related to the creation of large-scale armies. The main characteristic of Russia's military strategy was its combat performance to achieve strategic goals and gain leadership by decisive attacks. At this time, Russian troops participated in most wars and military disputes on the European continent.

Schwarov (1710-1762) was one of the outstanding commanders in Russian history and stated the importance of war theory through his own theoretical research that could raise war art and all military problems to an academic level.

Lumyanchev (1725-1796) submitted a wide range of military reform plans, arguing that Russia should have its own military system, different from Western Europe, based on national experiences considering its history and geographical characteristics. For the first time, he argued that military strategies are national and must take into account the country's geographic strategic situation. He also stressed the need to carefully consider the source of military expenditure and understand human/financial resources spent for the military and military, emphasizing that the nation's military power depends on economic power and military assets.

The most significant development of Russia's military strategy was the 1812 war against French forces (the motherland war), the Russian military action under Kutuzov's command in this war, and the expedition to Western Europe from 1813 to 1814.  The characteristics of this war are, first, various forms of strategic action that exhausts the enemy during retreat, second, solid defense and counterattack in advantageous positions, and third, strategic pursuit.

Kutuzov is the founder of a strategy contrary to the "achievement of victory by a single showdown" pursued by French military commanders in the war against Napoleon, a battle coordinated by time and space, and a total strategy in harmony with the task force.

In determining the mission and method of strategic military action, competent Russian commanders based on the possibility of mass migration of the nation's human/material reserve resources and demanded an understanding of economic and political relations. (President Kutuzov described the political situation as determining the type of war.)

In the wars of the first half of the 19th century, the need to carry out military operations of various scales was raised, and in the Russian military led by Kutuzov, operational elements such as armed forces working on different axes to achieve unified strategic purposes.

The beautiful queens of the world.

 First of all, I remember the three kings of Silla, the Chinese Party, and the first king of Japan (known as the chief of the third century women's women's women's women), who were captured in Japanese cartoons and dragged around Rome naked. Genovia, the dead queen of Syria's Palmyra, joined the Persian Xerreuk Seth army and was a warlike queen who participated in the invasion of Greece... ...this woman is probably also a model of the four daughters of the cartoon Armian. Emperor Xerxes lamented the defeat of the Persian army and said, "Oh, in our army, men seem to have become women, and women seem to have become men." She's the only one who fought so well... ...there was a queen of Armenia... ...and the Middle East was the birthplace of the queen? The Queen Gucciman warned of Mongolia's invasion due to her credit in the region, but the Byzantine Empire was famous for Queen Elizabeth, Queen of 16th-century Europe, and Christina, Queen of 17th-century Sweden.Ekaterina, who became a Russian empress as a German princess in the 18th century, Maria Theresia of Austria (Mary Antwanette's mother), all of whom were powerful leaders. Mrs. Pompadour, the sweetheart of Louis XV of France in the 18th century, was just a whore... ...and Queen Victoria of Great Britain in the 19th century ruled for 70 years in the mid-19th century when the British Empire was the world's strongest, but she was already a democracy. The powerless king of the Constitutional Monarchy... ...is the first thing the English think of when they think of a queen. He was also the emperor of the Indian Empire. This was the heyday of women... ...... ...superwomen. Queen Seo is the mother of the Chinese emperor, and Queen Min is the wife of the Korean king. Don't be mistaken ==================================================== Naver posting. Here Maria Theresia was not an emperor, but a queen of Hungary and Bohemia (now the Czech Republic), and her husband (Prince Franz I: Holy Roman Emperor and Duke of Austria) was a Scarecrow, not a queen of Denmark, but a regent. (If Eric III was the common monarch of the three kingdoms) and Roman Aureths.There were two princes with the title of "Lan" (Piyotr I and Ekaterina I), one of whom was famous, Ekaterina I, and Semiramis, known as the builders of Babylon in Iraq, the famous regent queen, although not historically identified.By the way, there were no queens in France and Germany, and there were eight queens in neighboring Japan.Of course, Korea did not rule the entire Korean Peninsula, but there were Seondeok, Jindeok, and Jinseong queens.As mentioned above, China was the only country in its 4,000-year history (though not recognized by historians), and there was an unprecedented and unprecedented situation in which it ruled China for 15 years. In Vietnam, there was also a queen named Sohuang Fieryay during the Ijo period.It wasn't very famous, though.There was also a queen in Ethiopia. I don't remember the name. That famous Emperor Hail Silasie put it up in the early days to take power. 【 In order to ascend to the throne of the first female emperor, Mujecheon used various methods such as superstition to form public opinion in his own advantage. For example, her nephew, Muwisa, ordered a person to dedicate a white stone engraved with the phrase "The emperor's mother rules the world, so that the emperor's achievements will prosper forever." Mujecheon Stream, who saw it, was very happy and called Yeonho Yeongchang. There was a backlash from Lee Won-ga, the 11th son of Lee Yeon, the party's great general, but Mujecheon immediately suppressed it and continued to make smooth progress toward the ascension of the emperor. Since then, no one has challenged her power. On September 9, 690, on the occasion of Jungyangjeol, Mujecheon finally abdicated King Yejong and became the emperor himself and called himself the "Seongshin Emperor." In addition, the national name was called "Ju" and the annual name was called "Cheonsu," and it was transferred to Nakyang, a prepared capital city. This made her the only female emperor in Chinese history. In history, she is referred to as "muju." When Wu Zhejiangcheon became emperor, she was already 67 years old, making her the oldest emperor to ascend to the throne in Chinese history. After ascending the throne to the emperor, Mujecheon appointed vicious officials such as Saekwonrye, Juheung, and Nae Junshin to prevent the rebellion of the water polo forces, and shot thousands of Tang Dynasty's end families and ministers as cruel punishments. In addition, he appointed many talents to expand and strengthen his power. The past system was first implemented during the Suyangje period to break down the bad customs of appointing officials according to their status and the resulting evils since the Wei Jin period, but it began to be established systematically by the time of no measurement. At this time, many of the newly appointed officials came from humble families. They needed a rise in status, and Muzetcheon became their spokesperson. As a result, many literary scholars grew into supporters of Mujecheon Stream, and Mujecheon Stream conquered the water politically and strengthened its political status and dominated China for 15 years. Queen Victoria (Queen; 1819.5.24~1901.1.22) King of England (r. 1837~1901) whose father is the Duke of Kent, the fourth son of George III. As the last monarch of the Hanover family, when his father died the following year of his birth, he was raised strictly by his mother from Germany and a German nanny. In other words, George III had 15 children, but when Princess Charlotte, daughter of his eldest son Prince Regent (later King George IV), died in 1817, none of George III's direct descendants survived. So three people, Clarence Kent and the Duke of Cambridge, the younger brother of the regent prince, married in 1818. It was Edward, Duke of Kent, the fourth son of George III, who won the race to become the father of the next British monarch. Edward's only daughter was baptized Alexandria or Victoria. After Edward's death and George IV ascended the throne in 1820, Victoria's succession became the third in line after the Duke of York (1827 death) and the Duke of Clarence (later William IV). Victoria spent her brief childhood at Kensington Palace with her German-born mother and Louise Leechen, a tutor from Coburg, Germany. It was Leopold, her uncle and cousin brother-in-law (Princess Charlotte's husband), who was elected Belgian king in 1831 and lived near Esher, Surrey, England, until she left. Victoria's childhood became increasingly unhappy by the trick of Sir John Conroy, his mother's adviser to the Duchess of Kent. Conroy encouraged the "bad uncles" to threaten the little princess, and joined the Duchess to isolate Victoria from her family and put her under her influence. However, Victoria, who is strong-willed, overcame this ordeal with the help of her tutor Leechen. Victoria grew away from her mother, and even after she became an adult, she could not forgive her because of her childhood memories. When William IV, the centurion, died, she ascended to the throne at the age of 18, but since the establishment of the House of Hanover, women's inheritance rights were not recognized, the relationship between Britain and Hanover ended, and she succeeded only the British throne. W.L. Melburn, then prime minister of the throne, guided her in the same manner as his father, and had a close relationship with the Whigs in his lifetime, which initially favored the Liberal Party and dissatisfied with the Conservative cabinet. In 1840, he married his cousin, Prince Albert of the Saxcoburg Gother family. He learned the essence of royal rule and the virtues of court life. Soon after, children were born one after another. Victoria gave birth to the first princess (Vicky) in 1840, who married Prince Prussia in 1858 and later became the mother of Wilhelm II, the German emperor. The British Crown Prince (later Edward VII) was born in 1841. Princess Alice of Hessen was born in 1843, Prince Alfred of Edinburgh and Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotta in 1844, Princess Helena (wife of Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein), Princess Louise (Duchess Argyle) in 1850, Prince Arthur (Duchess Connell) in 1853 The queen's first grandson was born in 1859, and her first great-grandchild was born in 1879. When the Queen died, there were 37 great-grandchildren alive. However, at the beginning of her marriage, Kong, a native of Germany, was white-faced in England and had no affection for her, but with her noble character and rich education, she became a good advisor and understanding to the Queen, and supported her in public affairs and family life. She, who was selfish, was able to grow up to be a queen that the people were proud of and respected, and she gradually became influenced by the character of the ball and fell in love with it. On December 4, 1861, when the Duke died at the age of 42, she was grieved and confined to Buckingham Palace and withdrew from all state offices. However, with B. Disraeli's persuasion, he gradually corrected his mind, and at the same time joined his Conservative Party, and in 1877, he received his tribute to the Indian empress.

He had nine children, had relatives with Germany and Russia, and after a happy last year, while the Bohr War was in full swing, he ended his 64-year reign. The Queen's reign was the heyday of Britain in the Victorian era, becoming a leading advanced capitalist country, and politically represented by Disraeli and W. Gladstone, the two major parliamentary politics developed. While living in such a brilliant era, she followed the principle of 'ruling but not ruling'. In other words, the Queen couple's frequent spending time in Scotland and Aile of Wight was proof that the British monarchy had changed into a new type. Albert and Victoria adopted a lifestyle similar to that of the middle-class people in pursuit of a cozy privacy that does not require attention to others. Albert was interested in intellectual issues and science, but Victoria's hobbies were more like those of most British people. Victoria enjoyed Charles Deakins' novels and sponsored circus and wax exhibitions. Many people claimed that Victoria was pretending to be noble, but she wasn't. Victoria was also not a Sabbathist. The Queen enjoyed socializing with the poor Scots in Balmorral Castle, but she still had little appreciation for the presidency. In 1846, Victoria and Albert supported the abolition of the Grains Act to relieve the suffering of famine-stricken Ireland, but the couple remained far more interested in building the palace and foreign policy than in the Irish tragedy. Moreover, Victoria fully supported the government's policy of oppression of Chartists (who advocated extensive political and social reforms), believing that British workers were satisfied with their lives and were loyal to the Queen. When the last large-scale Chartist demonstration in London in 1848 ended in failure, the Queen said she was moved by the loyalty of the majority of the people. Thus, H.J. Palmerston, who strongly promotes diplomacy with a strong personality, did not like it. In the latter half of his conservative years, he was critical of Gladstone's liberalism, but he established the pattern of British monarchs today by keeping his duty and not forcing his own will. Ekaterina II (1729-1796), the daughter of Germany and a Russian empress, was one of the most successful women in the Rococo era, filled with love and color. The real name of Ekaterina II is Auguste Friederike von Anhalt Cerfst. The 15-year-old girl, with her eyes down and her quiet European court manners, entered the palace of Queen Elizabeth of Russia with tens of thousands of maid-in- She married into a far-off foreign land because the marriage policy, or political marriage system, was widespread throughout Europe to form an ally with the blood of the royal family. The coy Auguste was a child who knew nothing, but he began to use his natural resources to gradually turn the Russian palace into his own. But her mother-in-law was the problem. Queen Elizabeth heard complaints from the people with a blatant party and a subsequent lust. To make matters worse, Ekaterina's husband, Peter III, was not interested in the girl. Mother Elisabeth, who wanted to see her descendants as soon as possible, began to select young and charming aristocrats with her own hands and quietly let them into her daughter-in-law's bedroom every day. One day a year later, the Russian royal family began to be excited by the first cry of the long-awaited crown prince. However, Pyotr, who succeeded the empress as king, continued with a cold look, saying, "Only God and the Empress know who the father of this child is." On the other hand, Ekaterina, who mastered Chinese medicine completely with the active cooperation of her mother-in-law, was ripened into an incarnation of Jeongyeom, who had nothing to fear in the world. One day, Ekaterina received intelligence that Pyotr was plotting to get rid of him. She wasn't the only one to be beaten up. Ekaterina got up and put her hair in her military cap, disguised herself as a soldier, and led the army to take over the royal family. The 33-year-old Ekaterina finally took possession of the great power of Russia and succeeded in defeating the indecisive emperor Pyotr, while subduing the Russian military government at her feet. It also did its best to increase Russia's position as a relatively underdeveloped country compared to other European countries. However, her personal life was more colorful. Her sexual life, which opened her eyes to the castle with the active support of Queen Elizabeth at an early age, ripened to the point where several men became groggy overnight. The rumor spread throughout Europe, but she was not ashamed at all. Ekaterina II, who had already begun to claim to be "female more than woman," was proud that dragonflies were also different from other women. It is not so easy for one natural person, Maria Theresia, queen of Hungary and Bohemia, to fully protect the important status and power given to her, whether thanks to her skills or surroundings. In particular, the more forces around him seeking that position and power, the more difficult it is to make it completely his own. It may not be possible without superhuman beliefs and strong will to properly demonstrate one's skills in a position that defeats one's surrounding ambitions.In the 18th century, continental Europe was not a very comfortable place for women. In the island country of England and Russia, which had been in a dream until then, a queen appeared sometimes, but all Western Europe, including France and Germany, which were actually the essence of Europe, was only male territory. Among them, there is an empress who overcame the crisis caused by being a woman and proudly took her place. She was Maria Theresia, the empress and empress of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. The Habsburg family in the 18th century, the only heir to Europe's best family, deserved to be said to be the best family in Europe. The Habsburg family, which started in the small area of Yeongju around the 10th century, made territorial expansion the family's biggest goal. In the early 18th century, the Habsburgs, who expanded their territory by war and sometimes by political marriage, put almost all of Europe under their influence except France. The kings who ruled Spain and Italy were all members of the Banggye Habsburg family, and there was no place in Europe where the Habsburg woman did not become queen. In fact, Austria, parts of Germany, and Hungary, which are directly governed areas of Habsburg, were more than half of Western European territory, and in the early 18th century, these Habsburg families also had concerns. This was because the only heir, the crown prince, died at an early age, and Maria Theresia (1717-1780), the daughter of King Carl VI, was the only one left to succeed the immediate Habsburg lineage. Carl VI, the war of succession to the throne, did not want the direct rule of Habsburg to be divided by other border Habsburgs after his death. He revised the laws of the country and made a law to hand over the throne to his daughter. and had been promised to abide by this law by the princes of each region under the Habsburg Government in their lifetime. However, when Maria Theresia ascended to the throne after the death of Carl VI, Bayern and Saxony, who were under the control of the Habsburg family, opposed her succession to the throne. In addition, Spain, which was Habsburg's border, and related France also opposed the succession of the throne because Maria Theresia was a woman. Instead of acknowledging the throne of Maria Theresia, Prussia even staged an armed demonstration to give up the land of Schlezien.Maria Theresia's pride is greatly hurt by the incident. However, she was not frustrated. First of all, the legitimacy of the succession of the throne is recognized by using all diplomatic means considering the interests of each country and hostile relations between countries. In the war against Prussia, Schlezien is eventually lost, but some lands are restored after several wars.And to silence the talkative foreign relatives, she ruled the Austro-Hungarian Empire with her husband, Franz Stefan, on the outside. Franz Stefan, the husband of Maria Theresia, a submissive wife at home and an outstanding politician in politics, was then the most handsome man in Europe. Maria married Stephan at the age of 19 after an intense relationship. The couple also had 16 children under the family name Geumseul. There were 10 children who grew up as adults, all of whom married politically to expand their territory, the goal of the Habsburg family. Among them, the youngest daughter, Marie Antoinette, was politically married to Louis XVI of France to restore her hostile relations with France. Maria Theresia's husband Franz Stefan was nominally a co-emperor, but was not interested in politics. He was interested in architecture and art, so he thought it was the joy of life to cultivate gardens and decorate palaces to entertain his wife.Therefore all practical politics were carried out in the hands of Maria Theresia. When she was a girl, she grew up educating only the virtues of women, but when political reality fell into her hands, she began to massage them freely. In particular, diplomatic skills were excellent, led to victory in the war, and achieved considerable results in internal affairs. She was a more competent and powerful monarch than any other European emperor.However, when she returned to her family, she claimed to play the role of a perfectly obedient wife. She led the family harmony without touching her husband's pride, who is alienated from politics. The perfect eighteenth-century queen. Eighteenth-century Europe was buzzing with new ideas. The Enlightenment idea was a big hit.

Kings of each country were immersed in the so-called Enlightenment monarch's sweet dream of taking off the image of the previous cruel and absolute royal authority and leading the people to the rich and strong of the country from the standpoint of those who first woke up.Maria Theresia was also influenced by such enlightenment ideas, and she reorganized her domestic affairs to make laws against the exploitation of harsh farmers, and nowadays, she has established an education system equivalent to elementary school and implemented a compulsory education system. But basically, she was a man of moderate eighteenth-century thought. Previously, nostalgia for absolute royal power remained, and he was more attached to the concept of a territorial state ruled by the Habsburg family than the Korean family, centered on the people. Having even a hint of resistance to radical enlightenment ideas, she was very wary of the indiscriminate behavior of her son Joseph II, who was absorbed in enlightenment thoughts.Maria Theresia was a woman who never let go of her position in her hand like sand and held it firmly. Her political ideas had limitations of the times to some extent, but this was also one of the reasons for achieving the stable prosperity of the country due to the vigilance of reckless haste. Maria Theresia's skill in protecting her position and country as a seasoned female politician in the 18th century in a male-centered Western European society has given some implication to female politicians today. Source: You are an interesting person to answer the World History Dictionary. ^^ Hmm... Hereeun (2004-01-08 22:08) As you may know, any of the world's most famous female emperors are Cleopatra of Egypt in the West (Cleopatra VII, 69 BC to 30.8.30 BC), the last queen of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt (ruled 51 BC to 30 BC). Nationality: Activities of the Ptolemaic Dynasty in Egypt: Politics) Queen Elizabeth I of England. (Elizabeth I (1533.9.3-1603.3.23)] Queen of England (r. 1558-1603). Nationality: English field of activity: Political birthplace: Greenwich, England) In the East, there is a Chinese Empress. (Seo Tae-hu, 1835-1908), Empress Jahui, the concubine of Hampungje of the Qing Dynasty, is also known as Empress Jahui's nationality: China's Qing activities: politics) and Queen Seondeok during the Silla Dynasty. Ho: Seongjo Hwanggo, Shiho Seondeok Activity Area: Political Real Name: Hui Deokman There are so many other women who have been active in history. I just want to ask of an empress that you reply from the limits that I know you've gotten you. If you want to learn more about queens of the top If you go in your local library, or novels are a feature to electrical wiin. And study a lot of you.^^ --------------------------------------------- ---------------- more details ★ Perform of Macedonia The name Cleopatra's royal family, Ptolemy family is particularly a woman's name's policy in Egypt. She was the second daughter of Ptolemy XII (the king of the oboe), 

After 51 B.C., he married his younger brother Ptolemy XIII and co-ruled Egypt. After that, he was once expelled from the throne, but in 48 BC, he tricked G.J. Caesar, who was in Egypt, formed a relationship and reinstated it, and in 47 BC, after Ptolemaic XIII fought and died with Caesar, he remarried Ptolemaic XIV and ruled jointly. He said he was born, she called La, and she once one between Caesar's son in Rome as a guest of honor, but returned to Egypt after Caesar was assassinated. 41 to 40 years bc bc m tar source of Antony and Asia Minor and developed a bond in Alexandria. Octavianus cooperation with the broken off in 37 bc by Anthony's second appearance in front of her, I was and married with two of a deepening political and human ties. She and her children of Rome was Anthony's 34 years bc sokjju a (Alexandria's donation,). But Antony and Octavius, where confrontation with Antonius with her, in the Battle of the coalition and is spread by the Battle of Actium in 31 bc was defeated. She was Antony and tried to recover his lost standing in Alexandria, but in 30 years to the chest with a venomous snake and attacked by oktabianuseugun bc to commit suicide. Her death was Ptolemy 300 years, Rome, by the success of a group of the Mediterranean world domination and the end of the Kings, Octavian was a man who was also due to be the opening of the Roman Empire. She was in features and appearance of feminine charm and a polyglot -- Bilingual diplomacy, Antony and Caesar two Roman hero in wax in the Kingdom of the upheaval, to maintain good at the Queen. However, be beautiful and talented woman, who only alluring charm emphasized, the femme fatale to this day and executives lined with named. But this is the first emperor Augustus in order to form a creation myth of monarchy was a hoax tale, there is a view. Cleopatra's life has appeared as a good subject for many literary works, including "Heroes of Antonius" by Plutarch and "Antonius and Cleopatra" by Shakespeare, and "Cesar and Cleopatra" (1868) by G.B. Shaw in modern times. ★Queen Elizabeth ★ Born in Greenwich. The daughter of Henry VIII of the Tudor Dynasty and the second Queen Anne Boleyn. After his mother was beheaded for adultery and treason, the right to succeed to the throne was deprived in the midst of a complex power struggle in the court. In addition, when her half-brother Mary I's return policy to Catholicism was disgruntled and extended to Wyatt's rebellion, she also spent a troubled girl's life in London Tower (1554) on charges of rebellion. After his release, he learned the classics of Greece and Latin from R. Uscom, a humanist, and studied foreign languages such as Germany, France, and Italy, and was proficient in history, music, and theology. When Mary I died, she succeeded him at the age of 25, and was asked to marry Felipe, king of Spain, but refused to do so when she ascended. Her long reign achieved the heyday of British absolutism, so she was called the "great queen Beth" by the people and became the object of respect. In religious policy, when the Catholic reaction of former Queen Mary I intensified the rebellion of the new and old onions, the Queen revived the chief and unification decree (1558) to make the king recognized as the supreme religious authority. At the same time, by forcing the entire nation to observe the rituals and prayers of the National Church, it sought to establish diplomatic relations and suppressed Catholicism and Puritanism to promote religious unification. The administration of Congress was manipulated by two-sided operations of coercion and concessions, reducing its authority, and only 10 times during the 45-year rule did not hold parliament. Politics centered on the Privy Council, and a special high court was established for religious prisoners in addition to the Sincerity Office for political prisoners. W. Cecil, Walsingham, etc., bacon, T.He accepted the advice of Gresham and others, and appointed a prestigious person from the province as a magistrate to take charge of local administration. In addition, by accepting Gresham's proposal, the opening of the currency was carried out, the value of gold and silver was kept constant, the monetary system was unified, and inflation was suppressed. In addition, working hours and wages were determined by the Dojo Ordinance (1563), and the poverty relief law (1601) prevented the non-oxidation of farmers who lost land due to enclosure movements and dissolution of monasteries. A mercantilism policy was adopted, such as granting monopoly rights to various industrial fields such as glass, sugar, milling, metal, and mining, and promoting the protection and development of them. In particular, the development of industries with emphasis, such as the wool textile industry, promoted merchants' overseas expansion and protected them by issuing exclusive licenses to the "merchant adventurers. In addition, by issuing and organizing patents to many trading organizations by company organizations, trade expansion and overseas expansion were promoted. It was around this time that the British East India Company (1600) and the foundation of the North American colony of Virginia by Walter Lorry were established. In order to escape the pressure of Spain, which was the strongest at the time, Felipe II refused to seek marriage, helped the Netherlands independence, and threatened the Spanish ship's maritime control by ordering F. Drake and J. Hawkins to attack trade ships with the United States. Felipe tried to depose her and propel the Catholic Mary Stuart, but failed, and Mary Stuart was executed, worsening relations between the two countries. Spain's maritime domination was hit hard by the defeat of the invincible fleet, but the British people's national awareness increased, paving the way for maritime development. Among the reign of the Queen, England was the foundation for growing from an island country to a large country, and "Cheerful England" was formed, and in terms of culture, scholars and writers such as Shakespeare, Spencer, and Bacon arrived. In this way, the queen became a symbol of all kinds of glory as the "Queen of fairies," and British absolutism reached its peak. However, since 1590, it has faded and has been attacked by the House of Representatives in the 'anti-trust dispute'. She died of senility as a maiden queen, and James I, the son of Mary Stuart, who was executed, ascended to the throne as her successor. ★ Empress Seo ★ When Dongchije ascended to the throne at the age of 6, he conspired with King Gongchin to wipe out the opposition in a coup and became regent with Empress Dongtae (also known as Empress of Hampungje) as a mother. When Dong Chi-je died in 1875, he established his sister's third-year-old son and ascended to the throne as Gwangseoje, becoming regent. When Gwangseoje was 16 years old, his parents' home began, but Seo Tae-hu was in charge of state affairs.

In 1898, when Gwangseoje hated this and approached the constitutionalist Kang Yu-wei and tried to change the constitutional monarchy, Seo Tae-hu encouraged conservative officials to carry out a coup, end the new administration, and cause a martial law coup to end the Gwangseoje. As the anti-imperialist struggle of Uihwadan escalated, he used it to declare propaganda against the powers, but was invaded by the allied forces of eight countries and fled to Xi'an. After returning to Beijing, Empress Dowager Seo, who opposed all progressive reforms, carried out new political reforms, including preparation for constitution, unemployment, and promotion of education, but externally, China's anti-colonization became more serious. He died a day after Gwangseoje died amid the heightened revolutionary and constitutional movements along with the loss of authority of the Qing Dynasty.

Personal opinions of members of the historical club - the concept of nationalism and the nature of the nationalist movement

 The concept of nationalism and the nature of the nationalist movement The opinions of academia on how to view the nationalism or nationalist movement during the colonial period are largely divided into five as follows. First, nationalism and socialism are strictly distinguished, only nationalism is regarded as the ideology of the national liberation movement, and socialism is regarded only as the ideology of the class movement. In this case, compromise and non-compromise within nationalism are not a big deal. Rather, we value the improved and compromised cultural movement and self-government movement even more as "training skills." From this point of view, we do not appreciate the new society formed by uncompromising nationalists in association with socialists. This view has long been adhered to by South Korea's anti-communist conservative academia. Second, in the wake of the March 1st Movement, the period when nationalism dominated the anti-Japanese national liberation struggle in Joseon came to an end and the nationalist movement rapidly declined. And the view is that most of the upper classes of bourgeois nationalism have fallen into folk improvementists and have completely merged with Japanese imperialism. From this point of view, with the decline of the nationalist movement, nationalism lost its dominant position in the anti-Japanese national liberation struggle, and instead, the communist movement developed rapidly and came to the forefront of the national liberation struggle. On top of this view, the National Unification Front is not considered very important. Third, 'nationalism' in the colony is considered to be established only in uncompromising cases, and thus, 'national improvement' is considered to be incompatible with the category of nationalism. In this case, the commonality and similarity between 'nationalism' and 'nationalist improvementism' are denied, and national improvementism is regarded as a 'pro-Japanese enemy' who has been eliminated from the front line of the national movement. In this view, 'national improvementism' itself is regarded as a product of Japanese colonial rule policy. And this view greatly emphasizes the importance of a national unification front between socialists and uncompromising nationalists. The national liberation movement and revolution in colonial Korea should have been achieved through the united front. Fourth, the basic nature of bourgeois nationalism in the colony is regarded as a "movement" in its attitude toward imperialism, and in reality, there are uncompromising leftists and compromising rightists among them. And these two currents sometimes conflict because of the difference between compromise and non-compromise, and under this situation, it is considered very important to form a united front for socialists and non-compromise nationalists. However, it is also important that the left and right of bourgeois nationalism basically aim for capitalist modernization, advocate the ideology of nationalism, and have an anti-communist attitude. Fifth, the concept of 'nationalism' in the colony is understood as the ideology of the national liberation movement. Therefore, this is different from the concept of 'Bourgeois nationalism'. In other words, if you look at the bourgeois nationalist movement aiming for capitalist modernization and the labor-farm movement aiming for a socialist society broadly, it is considered to be included in the national liberation movement, and the ideology can be considered to be included in the category of 'nationalism'. Therefore, there may be "Bourgeois nationalism" and "socialist nationalism" among the colonial nationalism. In this case, compromised national improvementism falls into a subcategory of nationalism as a branch of bourgeois nationalism. In this regard, it is necessary to understand that Korean nationalism during the colonial period had more diverse contents. First of all, there are various factions, including compromisers who have advanced to self-government, cultural activists who oppose self-government, left-wing nationalists who insist on uncompromising political struggles, armed or terrorist tactics, and diplomats who value diplomatic movements. On the other hand, in terms of political ideology, there were various branches such as far-right conservative bourgeois democrats, guild socialism, Christian socialism, samgyllism, and neolationalism. Research on the nationalist movement is centered on the evaluation of the "cultural movement" and "autonomous movement" of the bourgeois nationalist right in the early 1920s, the background of the formation of the left-wing national front in the late 1920s, the nature of the nationalist. The opinions of the academic community on how to evaluate the "cultural movement" and "autonomous movement" of the bourgeois nationalist right are divided into two parts. On the one hand, it is believed that nationalists developed the spread of education, raising national consciousness through media organizations, a movement to protect national culture through research on Korean history and Korean language, and a movement for ethnic enterprises. From this point of view, it is evaluated that this movement was a mainstream movement to realize that independence was impossible immediately after diplomatic movement and independence war theory abroad and popular uprising theory at home was frustrated. On the other hand, the so-called "power-building theory" and "preparation theory" argued in this movement did not resist imperialist aggression, compromised with them, and gradually developed from the independence movement to the retreating autonomous movement. In the early 1930s, the cultural movements of bourgeois nationalists developed into the Joseon Studies Movement, the Historic Preservation Movement, the Texting Movement, the Benaro de Movement, and the Manchurian Redemption Movement. In particular, this cultural movement tends to emphasize 'nationalism', 'nationalism', and 'national culture', and there is a question of how to evaluate it. Until now, the mainstream of academia has highly praised this as the "National Culture Protection Movement" and the "Modern Enlightenment Movement." Although the movement recently redefined national uniqueness and subjectivity academically and ideologically to deepen awareness of national issues, it emphasized the "high nationality" and "national specificity" on the premise of excluding superficial political struggles. Meanwhile, the background of the nationalist left's active efforts to form a new organization has been discussed before, such as revitalizing the right's self-government movement and cooperative proposals by socialists. Recently, research on the ideas of the nationalist left has been conducted focusing on Ahn Jae-hong's "National Left Front Theory." Accordingly, Ahn Jae-hong established the Sobourjuage as the central force of the uncompromising national movement, and the Sobourjuage, which could not achieve sufficient class growth under the Japanese colonial rule, thought that a coalition of nationalists and socialists was needed. And Ahn Jae-hong said that based on this idea, he should first try to unite the "political avant-garde" centered on the intellectual class, and that it is too early to organize the base crowd such as workers and farmers and mobilize them. The class basis of the bourgeois nationalist movement emerged as an issue in domestic and foreign academia in the 1960s by calling it 'national improvementism' and developing disputes over its character and class basis. This debate between Heo Jang-man and Kim Hee-il was mainly related to the hierarchical basis of national improvementism. First, Heo Jang-man argues that the independence movement of nationalists in the 1920s was divided into three categories: left, right, and middle. In other words, "Left-wing nationalists who represented the interests of the lower class of the national bourgeoisie launched an independence movement, and right-wing nationalists who represented the interests of the upper (minority) leaned toward the reformist nationalist movement and took a compromise position. The middle class was influenced a lot by the upper class in the beginning, but after seeing the influence of the powerful anti-Japanese movement of the labor force and the betrayal of the upper class molecules, they gradually moved away from it and leaned toward the people's public." Heo Jang-man eventually cited Min Ho-sik's "New Japaneseism," which insisted on "one-in-one" as examples of the idea of subordinate bourgeoisie separately from national bourgeoisie, and the "New Japaneseism" in 1924. On the other hand, Kim Hee-il argues that the hierarchical basis of national improvementism is a subordinate bourgeoisie. He understood national improvementism as a product of imperialism policy rather than an intrinsic product of the national bourgeoisie itself. Kim Heeil said, "It's the indigenous people of Korea in the 1920s".Azis were divided into subordinate and ethnic parts, and the former was differentiated from the latter. If the ideological expression representing the former interests is national improvementism, the latter can be said to be nationalism." He argues that national bourgeoisie and nationalism have both sides of imperialism and revolution, and thus contain some anti-imperial elements, while subordinate bourgeoisie and folk improvementism have only one-sidedness against imperialism and revolution and compromise. The discussion of North Korean academia on the hierarchical basis of national improvementism was then largely organized in the direction of Kim Hee-il, and Kang Dong-jin, who conducted research in Japan, generally agreed with Kim Hee-il. However, these views on the hierarchical basis of national improvementism were not actually derived from the specific movement of 'national improvementism' or the analysis of individual 'national improvementists'. Recently, I suggested that the bourgeois nationalist right and Builbae should be distinguished from the bourgeois nationalist right and the latter should be obtained from the upper level of national capitalists and the parent family of subordinates in the 1920s. He also raised the opinion that the hierarchical basis of the bourgeois nationalist left should be found in the lower class of national capitalists and in Sobourjua.

On the other hand, Kim Yong-seop pointed out that there were measures for the national capitalist camp's landlord position and peasant position, and the socialist camp's peasant position in relation to the agricultural problem under the Japanese colonial rule. According to this, the national capitalist camp had a similar view as the Japanese colonial authorities on the issue of land ownership improvement, tenant farming legislation, agricultural land policy, and cooperative policy. These research results show that there were various ideas of the left and right even within nationalism.

China's Cultural Revolution Mao Zedong's Nonsense

 The political and social turmoil that shook Chinese society for 10 years from the fall of 1965 led by Mao Zedong. This revolution, called the "Musan Cultural Revolution" in China, not only shook Chinese society violently as a socialist social revolution movement, but also left it in unprecedented chaos and shocked the world. In particular, the sudden emergence of the Red Guards movement under the slogan "Giovanni Yuri" in the summer of 66 and the succession of political leaders and the establishment of Mao Zedong absolute power were unexpected changes. [Regulations at the time] In China, the Cultural Revolution at that time was emphasized as a "revolution that moves the soul of people", and officially defined the "New stage of the Chinese socialist revolution" as distinguishing. The Cultural Revolution was based on Mao Zedong's instruction to the entire Party and the whole people at the 10th Plenary Session of the 8th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in September 1962. [3 aspects] The Cultural Revolution consistently has the characteristics of a power struggle within the Communist Party of China and a popular movement of intra-party struggles, but there are three aspects: political, ideological, and social. Politically, Mao Zedong's absolute authority was established in the first stage of the Cultural Revolution, and a new political leadership was established, with Lin Biao as chairman of the State Council and Mao Zedong's successor. However, it also showed that it was impossible to escape from the so-called powerful forces, including Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, unless led by the People's Liberation Army centered on Lin Biao, which showed internal contradictions in China's power crisis. The shocking Lin Biaoyu incident in September 1971 proved this. Ideologically, the Cultural Revolution had an aspect of fundamentally changing the conventional sense of culture or value, as initially appeared as <Moon Ye-pung>. There was a question of how socialist society inherited human cultural heritage at its development stage, and in this respect, China seemed to be trying to thoroughly rewrite its civilization history, but the absolutization of Mao Zedong Thought only resulted in a function of systematic ideology. Socially, he sought to transform Chinese society by pursuing the so-called "Utopia of Poverty", and Mao Zedong's consciousness had the idea of breaking down the new stratification of Chinese society centered on urban elites. The Hangzhou Incident in the summer of 1975 and the Tiananmen Square incident in April 1976 were a popular rebellion against Mao Zedong's politics, and in October of the same year, Mao Zedong's close aide, "Sainbang", was overthrown. Mao Tse-tung announced the opening of the Literature Revolution in Shanghai, where the so-called Zhang Qing Literature Salon gathered, and on November 10, 1965, young literary critic Yao Wenyuan, then secretary of the Shanghai City Party Committee, published a new historical drama called Haepa. The criticism of Wuhan expanded to Beijing's leading intellectuals, the so-called Samga Village Group, and soon the party's Beijing City Party Committee was fiercely criticized as a stronghold of the powerful, and the mayor of Beijing (the first secretary of the party's Beijing City Committee). In this process, in early April 66, the Party Committee of Beijing was reorganized, and on April 18, the editorial of the People's Liberation Army, the People's Liberation Army, first officially identified this series of processes as the "Proletarian Cultural Revolution." Subsequently, on May 16, the Party's central <Notice>, which served as a signal trumpet for the Cultural Revolution, was promulgated, and the Party's central cultural and revolutionary group (Leader 伯達,, First Deputy General Zhangjing) was established. Soon on May 25, Nye Yuanz, a young female teacher at Beijing University, posted a cover letter criticizing principal Lu Ping and others as members of the "Uncle Group." On June 1, Mao Tse-tung ordered the Daejabo to be broadcast nationwide and praised it as the "Declaration of Paris in the 60s of China in the 20th Century." On June 3, the announcement of the dismissal of Feng Zhen and the reorganization of the Beijing Municipal Party Committee announced the collapse of the powerful stronghold, and Lin Biao's achievements in maintaining Mao Zedong Thought began to be widely reported. In August 66 the 8th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held in Beijing. On August 5, during the session, Mao Zedong attached <Let's Shelling the Command-My Great Self-Portrait>, and on August 8, <Decision on the Cultural Revolution of the Proletariat> was announced. However, on August 18, 66 at Cheonan Gate Square, the Red Guards, who gathered at the first 1 million rally, entered major cities across the country and carried out violent old culture destruction activities praising Mao Zedong Thought. The Cultural Revolution changed from a street struggle centered on the Red Guards to a struggle for powerlessness. However, the resistance of the real power group was persistent, and as the armed struggle between secession and anti-decentralization continued in various places, the People's Liberation Army under Lin Biao decided on January 23, 1967 to intervene fully. In Shanghai's struggle to withdraw from power called the January Revolution, the rebels in Shanghai began to envision commune-type power, but Mao Zedong and other central parties suddenly suppressed this commune plan. This became a turning point for the Cultural Revolution, and then Mao Zedong and Lin Biao Liquor appealed for the revolutionary faction's withdrawal from power by the Great Union and appealed for the establishment of a revolutionary committee. Against this backdrop, the 9th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (abbreviated as the 9th National Congress) was held in April 69 for the first time in 13 years since the 56th National Congress. The Ninth Plenary Session marked a major turning point in the Cultural Revolution, and at the same time was a ceremony to establish Mao Zedong's unparalleled authority and promote Lin Biao as Mao Zedong's successor. Cheon Bo-da, a close aide to Mao Zedong and a leader of the Cultural Revolution Group, was demoted at the 9th Second Plenary Session from August to September 1970 because it was called "Daeyasimga and Conspiracy." It was Lin Biaoyu that happened in this situation. The Linbiao Incident remains a mystery to this day, but in July 1973, Chinese authorities announced that Linbiao fell to death in Mongolia after failing to kill Mao Zedong. The Communist Party of China's 10th National Congress was held in August 1973, after a serious incident called the Linbiao Incident, which was the major conclusion of the Cultural Revolution. At the 10th National Congress, a new central leadership was elected after adopting Zhou Enlai's political report and Wang Hong-won's report on the revision of the party regulations. Mao Zedong was elected as the chairman of the Central Committee and Lin Biao was the only vice-chairman at the ninth round, while five people were elected, including Zhou Enlai, Wang Hong-won, Kang Sung, Ye Jianying, and Li Li Deng. The 10th National Congress showed a ceremony that carried out Lin Biao's execution and criticism of the Soviet Union in a grand manner, but it also confirmed the size of "Non-Mao Zedonghwa under Mao Zedonghwa" and "Tidal Current" aiming for the post-cultural revolution. However, on the other hand, the Confucius Critique and the Emperor Yechan movements, which took place before and after the 10th World War, soon became the "Birim Bikong" movement, and the internal axis of the late Mao Zedong regime gradually intensified. The Hangzhou incident, which took place in the summer of 1975, was an incident in which the army overpowered the confusion around Hangzhou caused by the alliance strike to demand higher wages for factory workers, and the Mao Zedong system's terminal social contradictions. In this way, Prime Minister Zhou Enlai died of illness on January 8, 1976, amid the internal struggle between "bird" and "anti-bird". Deputy Prime Minister Deng Xiaoping, who read the investigation at his funeral, dared to pledge the succession of the "Four Modernizations" line to the face of the Cultural Revolution leader, causing great anxiety among the Cultural Revolutionists. In early February, Hua Guofeng of the non-Shanghai group of Munhyeokpa was nominated by Mao Zedong as acting prime minister of the State Council, but it was the Tiananmen Square incident that occurred as a public protest against such a "reversal current." The Central Committee of the Party convicted this case as a counterrevolution case and dismissed Deng Xiaoping from all positions, but when the Tiananmen Square incident was later reevaluated, the Tiananmen Square was the most powerful of the popular rebellion under Mao Zedong. Under these circumstances, when Mao Zedong died on September 9, 1976, China's power center intensified the struggle for succession power within Mao Zedong's close confidant system without time to mourn his death. Taking Mao Zedong's death as a decisive opportunity, on October 7th, things will be handled on a "definite basis."The Huaguofeng system was formed at once with the shocking Beijing coup in which all of the literary and revolutionary Shanghai groups, "Sainbang", who quickly insisted on Mao Zedong's succession to power, were overthrown. In this way, Huaguofeng presented his legitimacy as a successor to Mao Zedong as another Mao Zedong's motto, "If you do it, I'm relieved." However, "Shadow of Mao Zedong" soon clouded Huo Guofeng's political future as a whole of China's internal affairs progressed, and in July 1977, Deng Xiaoping was revived at the Third Plenary Session of the 10th Communist Party of China. At the 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in August of the same year, "Four Modernizations" among the new party conventions were specified, and at the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in December 1978, it was decided as a unified national goal. In this way, China has largely shifted to the route of today's "Four Modernizations." [Today's evaluation] On October 1, 1979, in celebration of the 30th anniversary of the founding of China, Ye Jianying first pointed out the mistakes of the Cultural Revolution.

In June 1981, the Cultural Revolution was officially denied by the Party's resolution on some historical issues since its foundation by the Sixth Plenary Session of the Communist Party of China. Source: Naver

Story of King Seongjong of the Joseon Dynasty 3.

 In the Taiping period, such as King Seongjongjo, who had escaped the enemy, there seemed to have been a man who tried to fight back, and at one time, the monster of the enemy and all his companions were captured. Upon receiving the report, Sungjong calmly said, "If a counterattacker is sent to the door, he or she will risk an ambiguous person for no reason. Naturally, it is easy to make false statements because they cannot overcome punishment, and slander occurs, causing the world to become noisy, resulting in disastrous consequences. The others were so vain that they took the wrong path, that they should let them all go." and gave too much generous disposition. Thus, only one monster remained in the group and all were released. King Seongjong allowed the monster to enter his civil war, and then left and right eunuchs to leave, leaving only two kings and monsters sitting face to face. As a result, no matter how magnificent and fierce his spirit was, he was overwhelmed by King Seongjong's dignity and bowed his head without knowing what to do. Looking at the figure, Sung Jong smiled and said, "You've conspired because you're jealous of this seat I'm sitting in. How can a queen and a minister have a seed? You have done a good job as a bookkeeper. I'm not the only one who wants to watch this position. Therefore, if your qualifications are suitable for this seat, I will not hesitate to give you this seat. Then let's spend some time together and try out your qualifications. But there is no need to be afraid of killing him. Therefore, if you have a better quality than I do, I will not hesitate to give you my seat!" Thus, the king spent several days letting monsters eat and live together. However, he was a monster who was treated well, let alone being beaten once, but he was overwhelmed by the dignity and spirit of King Seongjong of the U.S., and was anxious as if he were sitting on a needle cushion, and all he said was, "Hurry up and kill me!" "Hey, man! Is there any reason to be so afraid of nothing as long as I have said that I will not kill him? When I tried you out, you weren't qualified to be a king. If you wanted to be a king on such a subject, how could you? I'll let you go now, and you'll go out and plot it again and take it away. I'll step down when I'm in a hurry." Then, despite the fierce opposition of all his subjects, he managed to free him. King Seongjong's wide and large magnitudes were also seen from this. - You can be a government official if you are good at it. On a bright night of one month, King Seongjong climbed a silkworm and was stung by the wind. At that time, a clear sound of writing came from somewhere as if rolling jade. Sungjong, who suddenly stopped walking and listened, was unconsciously walking in search of a place with a sound of writing. Soon after, King Seongjong stopped walking and stood up, and it was the room where a scholar named Gujongjik lived. King Seongjong did not hesitate to open the door and enter. Unexpectedly, after reassuring Koo Jong-jik, who was at a loss due to the inlaid procession, King Seongjong asked him to continue reading again. This is Sungjong who likes to read poems. Gujongjik was to close his eyes and memorize them like a fluent speaker after covering the Chunchu Jwajeon that he was reading. He was a scholar who had not yet reached his back, but he was well-known for his knowledge and good memory. King Seongjong was especially impressed when he saw him memorize Chinese characters without any mistakes. The next day, King Seongjong called Gujongjik and offered him Seungji. This has never happened before. Then the government officials raised a great deal of controversy. "For those who have no merit, giving too much government office becomes a disturbance to the reason of the crown," they appealed in life. When King Seongjong received the appeal, he did not say anything and appointed Koo Jong-jik again as Yejo Champan. The court officials continued to appeal, making more noise that it was a mutiny. Sung Jong did not say anything again, but this time he raised his pitch position to become an air conditioner. As it turned out, even the talkative officials couldn't do anything about it. They agreed in unison that if they appeal again like this, Koo Jong-jik may finally become a regular monk, so let's stop judging him. A few days after such an incident, King Seongjong brought several servants together and ordered them to present and read Chunchu Jwajeon. The Chunchu Jwajeon is a book in a rough sentence, so it is not even easy for a common person to read it fluently. None of the disciples were strong.  King Seongjong ordered myopia to call in Gujongjik, looking at them all bowing their heads and sitting silently. Eventually, when King Seongjong ordered him to be strong, Jongjik was to memorize the difficult left-handed battle without any mistakes in Chinese characters. King Seongjong said to his servants, looking proud. "Just as military officers are good at archery, civil servants are good at writing. The previous day, when Koo Jong-jik gave him a government post to do well in this article, he became grumpy for no reason, and divided the arguments, saying that I did not have such a thing. Yes, no matter how talented you are, people who are not from a prestigious background should not be able to hold government posts, and if you can't write, but if you're good at writing, you have to go to high places. If I had to go one more time, I would have let my position ride as a regular monk, but your appeals were cut off because it wasn't that time yet. Don't just stay in your time, but read a lot of writings." Many of the servants who were subjugating were only ignorant of Hwang Gu-ji and were at a loss. Later, Gu Jong-jik's official position reached Woo Chan-sung.

Mao Zedong, the only big figure in China.

 Mao Zedong, 1893.12.26~1976.9.9 Ja Lunz. Born in Shaosan, Shantan County, Hunan Province. The son of a poor farmer entered elementary school at the age of 8 while helping his father's farm work, and read Analects and Four Books until the age of 13. Until the age of 16, he could not go to school due to opposition from his father, helped with farming, and read books from time to time, and in 1909, he entered Dongsan High School. After that, he moved to Xiangxiang Middle School in Changsha, and became an enthusiastic reader of the alliance "Minlipbo" and was greatly impressed by the anti-cheong and revolutionary theories in the newspaper. When the Shinhae Revolution broke out in October 1911, he joined the Revolutionary Army, was discharged from the army in 1912, entered the first middle school, and entered the first Normal School again. Having failed to study at university or abroad, he was greatly influenced by Yang Chang-ji, a teacher who returned from studying in England and worked hard to criticize Chinese feudal ideology. In 1917, almost all of them consisted of students from the 1st Normal School and organized the New People's Association, which became the home of the Hunan Revolutionary intellectuals. After graduating from school in 1918, he went to Beijing to help Hunan youth study abroad. In October of that year, Mao Zedong joined the Junior Chinese Society, and with the introduction of Yang Chang-ji, he worked as an assistant for Li Da Zhao, the director of the Beijing University Library, and actively participated in the activities of the Philosophy Society and the Newspaper Research Society. He also received lectures on materialistic philosophy and ethics from Yang Chang-ji, and while contacting secret student groups, he read a lot of books on anarchism, so his ideas leaned toward Marxism. After the outbreak of the May 4th Movement in 1919, the Hunan Student Union was established and published the Xiangjiang Review, but soon it was closed and fled to Beijing, and he read many books on the Russian Revolution. In 1920, he met Chen Du-shu in Shanghai and returned to Changsha to become the principal of the primary school attached to Changsha 1st Normal School and the language teacher of the teacher department until 1924. In 1922, she married Yang Chang-ji's daughter, Yang Lun-hui, and participated in the inaugural meeting of the Communist Party of China in Shanghai in July of that year, and attended the first National Congress of the Communist Party of China as the representative of Hunan Province. When it became a national joint venture in 1924, it concurrently served as a central committee member of the Communist Party, the first candidate of the Kuomintang, a central executive committee member, a deputy director of propaganda, a central peasant movement training center, and a president of the Political Weekly. In 1926, he went to Shanghai under Chiang Kai-shek's purge, went to Wuhan in 1927, became the head of the Central Farmers' Department of the Communist Party of China, and after the division of the state and public, 3,000 farmers entered Jingangsan Mountain and joined Judeo's army. The following year, he became a political member of the Gongnong Red Army, and in 1930, he became a member of the Red Army's First Field Army and the chairman of the China Gongnong Revolution Committee. In 1931, he became president of the Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Soviet Government in Luizin, Jiangxi Province, and was elected president of the People's Committee. In October 1934, the 12,500-kilometer Daecheon Stream from Luizin to Yanan, Shaanxi Province, was started, and on the way, Juni of Guizhou Province took control of the party at the conference. After the Xi'an Incident, when the joint national cooperation was successful, the Anti-Japanese National Unification Front was established, and the Red Army was reorganized into the Eighth Route Army of the National Revolution to counter the Japanese army. In addition, he published "Earth War Theory" (1938), "New Stage Theory" (1938), "New Democracy" (1940), and the last one was adopted as the platform of the Communist Party of China. In April 1945, the 7th National Congress of the Central Committee announced the theory of coalition government as a political report, and became the president of the Central Committee. After the war ended, in August 1945, he met with Chiang Kai-shek in Chongqing to agree on the principles of peacebuilding, but when it became impossible to implement, he won the civil war between 1946 and 1948. On October 1, 1949, he established the People's Republic of China in Beijing. He visited the Soviet Union in December 1949 and signed other agreements with the Treaty on Friendship and Friendship between Japan and the Soviet Union in February 1950. In 1957, during the anti-rightist struggle, he published The Problem of Correcting Contradictions within the People, and in 1958, he launched the second five-year plan and launched the so-called three-sided Hong-gi movement, including the General Line, the Great Leap Forward, and the People's Corporation. He resigned as president in April 1959 and remained only chairman of the party until his death. In April 1964, Mao Zedong Eorok was published, and after October 1965, he was completely isolated and in a state of pension in the party, but led the Cultural Revolution, and promoted the Mao Zedong Thought through small and medium-sized debates and the Cultural Revolution after 1960. In October 1968, Liu Xiaoqi, who had been president since 1959, was ousted. In 1969, the Mao Zedong-Linbiao system seemed to be established, but in September 1971, Lin Biao died after failing the anti-Mao Zedong movement. In 1970, he adopted a draft constitutional amendment to establish a single-person system and reigned as China's supreme leader. However, in April 1976, just before his death, the Tiananmen Square Incident, also known as the popular rebellion, occurred, and the great hero and dictator Mao Zedong died completely isolated. In his previous life, his goal of restoring China's independence and sovereignty, unifying China to wipe out the humiliation of the Chinese people, keeping the bureaucracy in check, maintaining public political participation, and emphasizing China's independence was admirable. More than 30 years after Mao Zedong's death, the main character of a large portrait seen in Tiananmen, China, he still remains influential.

He is a villain who has influence in China but has recently established the basis of China's diplomacy, which seems to be a gangster.