● A theory of period division in Korean pre-modern history. The division of the times is useful for systematically recognizing the development of history and understanding the characteristics of each period. Since the establishment of Korean modern history, discussions on the classification of the times have been actively developed. In the early days, it was common to classify the times according to the perspective with the dynasty as the main indicator. The division of the times according to the dynasty is difficult to have meaningful content, and the process and opportunity of historical development cannot be revealed. After liberation, as the method of classifying the period based on Marx's historical materialism was actively proposed, systematic classification of the period was also attempted in domestic academia. Since the late 1950s, there has been an active debate over the existence of slavery in North Korea, and although there was a consensus that there was no labor slavery, views were mixed on the characteristics of ordinary farmers such as Haho and Bugokmin who carried the burden of public payment on community relations. In the end, they also saw the end as a slave-like situation, so they saw Gojoseon, Buyeo, and Jinguk as slave societies. Paik Nam-un's view that feudalism existed in Korea with its economic foundation as an indicator gradually took the lead in both South and North Korea. However, as the land ownership system was denied, it was converted to a landlord feudalism based on the land ownership system. In other words, the holding system was identified as the basic production relationship of the feudal system, and was recognized as the same character as the permanent residence system in Europe. However, the theory of feudalism faces the difficulty of how to understand and position the dominance of Asian countries over land and people. Kim Hong-sik saw that the governance structure of the Joseon Dynasty was more concentrated in a national public form as a private relationship of individual landlords. Satoru Nakamura recognized that unlike patriarchal slavery and feudal serfdom in Europe based on systematic small-business and pre-modern land ownership, there were types of national slavery and national serfdom in Asia. Lee Young-hoon (Japan Otaku) defined the Korean Middle Ages as a national serf system and considered it to be a small farming society from the late 17th century. Kang Jin-cheol's view, which uses changes in the state's receipt style as an indicator of the classification of the times, is useful for recognizing changes in the function of the state and the form of existence of farmers. According to him, during the Goryeo Dynasty, personal exploitation based on multiple people turned into land-based susu during the Joseon Dynasty, which means a transition from ancient society to medieval society, and the progress of private land ownership during the Muji period led to this change. This change in the acceptance style was more pronounced in the implementation of the Daedong Law in the 17th century than in the late Goryeo and early Joseon Dynasty. With the use of ironware, Kim Cheol-jun saw that the clan community reduced its scope and converted it into a kinship community, leading to the emergence of tribal powers, and growing into an ancient state through the tribal federation. From Gojoseon to the end of Silla to the early Goryeo Dynasty, it was an ancient era dominated by clan leaders based on the kinship community, and since King Seongjong of Goryeo, the kinship group with 7th generation was reduced to the range of 8th cousins of Donggojo and Confucian political ideology was introduced. Although the argument for this explanation is weak, attempts to understand the formation of an ancient state by introducing the theory of anthropology have been inherited and developed since the 1970s. In the theory of intrinsic development, it has been viewed as a period of dissolution or transition to modern times in the late Joseon Dynasty. Economically, the growth of the market, the spread of metal currency, and furthermore, the emergence of capitalist blind children are mentioned, and the dissolution of the status system, which appears to be a decrease in labor costs and an increase in yangban, and the rise of practical thought are pointed out. Although these changes created an environment favorable for modernization, the economy in the late Joseon Dynasty did not have the internal capacity to initiate modern growth. ● The formation and development of ancient countries and the supply of iron farming tools Human beings lived through collection and hunting in the Paleolithic era. Therefore, it was difficult to settle down and form a large group, so dozens of people generally formed a corps, and they cooperated to hunt, collect, and jointly consume crops. The use of processed stone tools and earthenware improved economic life in the Neolithic Age, which dates back to about 6,000 BC. From the 4th millennium B.C., field farming centered on birds began. Rice farming was the mainstream theory that began in the Bronze Age, but recently, there is a possibility that it will be retroactive to around 2,000 B.C. In the Neolithic period, logging was carried out and cultivated in a slash-and-burn manner, and hunting, fishing, and collection were still the main production activities due to the low productivity of this agricultural method. The Bronze Age began in the 15th and 10th centuries BC, and bronze tools were used to make a variety of sophisticated wood farming tools, which consisted of relatives formed by blood ties as well as cultivation of various crops in furrows and furrows. The Neolithic residence was a small hut where about four to five huts could live, and in general, four to five huts would have formed villages to control important means of production such as land within the relatives and organize reciprocal activities within the relatives. In the stage of the shortage, the accumulation of surplus was limited, and social classes and political organizations were not formed. While the development of productivity in the Bronze Age increased surplus, specialization and division of labor, the concentration of power to the leadership was institutionalized, and political power overwhelmed religious authority, formalized bureaucracy, and legal and violent rule emerged. In the Korean Peninsula, ancient states emerged as they switched to the Iron Age. As the military general system moved from an ancient country to an unequal society, an economy in which an equal society was integrated into a reciprocal society transformed redistribution into an economy integrated into China. The concentration and institutionalization of political power responded to the strengthening of national redistribution. At the same time, the function of relatives controlling land and organizing reciprocal activities gradually weakened. The spread of iron not only greatly changed agriculture, but also developed state power. The rapid development of agricultural productivity would have created surpluses to support larger ruling groups, and iron weapons would have activated the War of Conquest and established stronger control. As ironware was distributed and exchanges between provinces were active, the governance function of each town was further concentrated into national towns, and the small country exercised a unified governance function. Furthermore, as the formation of small-country federations progressed, political integration was formed around various Na groups, and countries such as Buyeo and Goguryeo were formed as federations, and numerous towns were organized into 78 small countries in the central and southern regions of the Korean Peninsula. The governance system in the early Three Kingdoms period was strongly characterized as a coalition of small countries or towns with political independence. Each department, which is a political unit of the Federation of Provinces, had autonomy over internal affairs and established its own government posts. However, as small-rural management was formed by the spread of iron and wookyung, the ruling forces, which had more power and abundant surplus due to the supply of iron, could strengthen their control over small countries and towns, and gradually established a ruling order to directly identify farmers. The formation of small-farm management and the maintenance of the state system transformed the tax system. After conquering the East Okjeo around the first century, Goguryeo recognized the traditional support base of the Okjeo region and made them offer certain offerings every year. This indirect identification and public payment system gradually changed in a way that the farmers' households were collected in units as the centralized system was reorganized. In Goguryeo, grain and rice were collected on a household basis, and the amount of money received was adjusted according to the difference between the rich and the poor. The harvest of rice and grain suggests the combination of agriculture and domestic weaving in small farming management. The international opportunity was important in the maintenance of the national system. The establishment of Hansa-gun stimulated the establishment of the Goguryeo state by creating a national awakening, and after the fall of Han, the territorial expansion of Goguryeo advanced in the political division period of China. The military pressure of Goguryeo would have facilitated the growth of Baekje and Silla as a nation. All three countries actively accepted the Chinese character culture, the Yulryeong, and the accompanying Gunhyeonje, Yangcheonje, Buddhism, and Confucianism from China and developed the ruling system. Korea absorbed China's advanced civilization more faithfully than any other country, establishing a ruling state early and having a long history as a unified political entity after China. However, the palace system reflected the indigenous nature because it accepted Chinese laws and regulations as needed based on its own laws and systems. In the era of the provincial government, the provinces, and villages were reorganized into states, counties, and prefectures in imitation of China's military and prefectural system, but the division of the original composition itself was rare. Although China's ruling system was introduced, hereditary and aristocratic traditions survived strongly over a long period of time. This situation is reflected in the fact that the military and prefectural systems of Goryeo were a hierarchical formation of the Ho people, an indigenous force. Among the Korean Economic History II by Lee Heon-chang...
2022년 4월 5일 화요일
Albania, the poorest country in Europe
Albanian history and culture were descended from Illyria, who settled in the western Balkans around 2000 B.C. By the 7th century B.C., the Greeks had established autonomous colonies in Epidam-nos, Apollonia, and Butrint, where they had peacefully traded with the Illyrians who had established tribal states in the 4th century B.C. However, it began to be invaded by the Roman Empire at the end of the 3rd century B.C. and eventually came under the control of the Roman Empire in 167 B.C. The Roman Empire was then divided in 395 and became part of the Eastern Roman Empire, which was invaded by Goths, Huns, and Slavs throughout the 5th and 6th centuries, allowing the Illyrians to remain south of the Danube. Prior to the Roman conquest, Illyria had reached north of the Danube, but by the 11th century control of the area had fallen into the hands of the Bulgarian and Normans. However, in 1190 the feudal Duchy of Arbia was established in Kruja, and other principals emerged in the 14th century Albania was annexed by Serbia in 1344, but the defeat of Serbia by the Turkish Empire in 1389 resulted in the entire region being ruled by the Ottoman Turks. At this time, Catholic and upper-class landowners in northern Albania, and the ruling classes and commoners of southern Albania converted to Islam, making present-day Albania a Muslim-majority country. In June 1912, the Balkans declared war on Turkey, and the first Balkan War broke out, and Albania was recognized as an independent country at the Six Nations Conference held in July 1913 after the end of the war. However, with the outbreak of World War I, Albania suffered a series of tragedies that were occupied by Greece, Serbia, France, Italy, and Austria-Hungary. Once the former Albanian powers withdrew, Albanian leaders established a provisional government, and in 1920, they declared themselves a republic and moved the capital to Tirana. Ahmet Zogu, who became president of the Republic in 1924, exercised autocratic power and signed economic agreements with Italy for the development of the national economy. Italy, however, began to show its ambition by demanding control of Albania's economic, military and diplomatic relations, and in 1939 it became Italy's protectorate. With the outbreak of World War II, Albania was once again a victim of Italian imperialism. On the other hand, the Communist Party of Albania was founded by Enver Hoxha in November 1941, and the Communists served as a resistance against Germany and Italy after 1943. Enver Hoza, who took power after 1944 after the German army's defeat in World War II withdrew, secured autocratic power to build a socialist state and modernize the economy and society. Initially, it strengthened diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, China and other communist countries, including COMECON and Warsaw Treaty Organization, but broke ties with the Soviet Union after the Tito government switched to pragmatism and the Stalinist demotion. It also strongly criticized China's policy line, which began to change after U.S. President Nixon's visit to China, and cut ties with China. Since then, Albania has maintained an isolated and closed policy. However, after Hoza's death in 1985 and Ramiz Alia's inauguration, he began efforts to restore diplomatic relations with Western countries to overcome chronic economic difficulties, and after 1989, he began to make progressive reforms following frequent anti-government protests by workers. In March 1991, the Albanian Labor Party, renamed Albanian Socialist Party, won a landslide victory, and Ramiz Aaliyah, who became president in April, caved in to Albanian exodus and workers' strikes, forming a coalition government with the Democratic Party. But the nation's situation became more chaotic due to the withdrawal of Democratic ministers from the coalition, who advocated radical economic reform, and worsening food shortages, prompting President Alia to hold an early general election in March 1992. The 48-year-old communist regime collapsed when the opposition Democratic Party won the general election and Aaliyah resigned as president. II. Natural Environment Located on the west coast of the Balkans in southeastern Europe, Albania has a land area of 28,748km2, about the size of Korea's Gyeonggi-do Province and Gangwon-do Province, and is a poor and small country with most of its land made up of mountainous areas. It has a population of 3.3 million (as of 1994) and 270,000 people live in the capital, Tirana. The climate is Mediterranean, warm, clear and dry in summer, and cool and humid weather with about 40% of annual precipitation in winter. III. Politics The Slai Berisha regime, which established Albania's first democratic government, was the last to start democratization among the Eastern blocs, and the political situation is unstable due to sluggish democratic reform. Albania is currently in a state of anarchy as anti-government protests erupted in January 1997 over a pyramid-style financial fraud case. At the base of Albania's current anarchy, economic discontent, undemocratic political situations, and regional conflicts, but the direct reason for the worsening of Albania's situation can be found in the pyramid-style financial fraud case, which left more than half of the people dead. This is because pyramid investment companies promised 600% of annual dividends to the people and raised money, but failed to pay the interest they originally promised, resulting in total damage of 1 billion dollars, 30% of Albania's GDP. In the process, the government encouraged people to save pyramid schemes and later found that the ruling Social Democratic Party received political donations from pyramid investment companies, which led to a massive overthrow of the regime. The political system adopts a presidential system through the constitutional amendment in April 1991, and the parliament is a unitary system. In addition to the ruling Social Democratic Party, the Social Democratic Party (SDP), the former Communist Party's successor, and the Greek-based Human Rights Party (HRC). Diplomatic relations with Korea were established in August 1991, but bilateral relations are very sluggish. IV. Economic Albania's GDP was about $4.3 billion (as of 1990) but fell to about $2.3 billion in 1992, almost halving. As a result, the GNP per capita, which stood at about $1,500 in 1989, has been in a serious economic recession since 1992, slightly exceeding $600. In addition, economic and social instability continues due to frequent worker riots and refugee escape due to continued production decline, increased unemployment, and inflation, adding to difficulties in promoting economic reform. However, Albania has diverse and rich mineral resources. In particular, chromium is the world's third-largest producer, and iron ore and coal reserves are significant. The U.S. is also in contact to develop oil fields in Albania's inland oil fields.
The reason why Switzerland, a mountainous country, has become a rich country
Let's find out about Switzerland. ◆ Commonwealth of Switzerland. Chrysanthemum: Edelweiss. Location: 41,285 : Capital: Bern. Population: 7.26 million Population: 175.8 German (70%), French (9%), Romanian (9%), Romanian (9%), French (Villian: Catholicism) It borders Austria with Italy to the south and France to the west. Switzerland is divided into the Jura Mountains, the Swiss Highlands, and the Alps in the northeast-southwest direction. The Jura Mountains are a hilly mountain range with lower elevations than the Alps. Agriculture and forestry developed in the Jura Mountains. The Swiss plateau has many large cities such as Zurich and has a high population density. The Alps account for more than half of the country's ◆History Around the 5th century B.C., the Hellbetians, a branch of the Celts, settled in Switzerland. They were quickly Romanized after a crushing defeat by the Qesar-led Roman army in the mid-1st century B.C. During the great Germanic migration in the 5th century, the Burgundians settled in the west and the Alamanians in the east. The Burgundians were Latinized and the Alamans maintained the Germanic color, forming the boundary of language. In the Middle Ages it became part of the Frankish Empire, the Holy Roman Empire. The Habsburg family produced the Holy Roman Emperor, which reduced Swiss autonomy. In 1291, a three-member Swiss regional representative formed a permanent alliance for the preservation. This is the origin of the Swiss Confederation, and more states have joined the alliance. The Habsburg Emperor Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire attacked Switzerland in 1499, but was defeated, and under the Treaty of Basel, Switzerland was granted independence. ◆ Residents of Switzerland live in four languages: German, French, Italian, and Romance. The German-speaking population is 64%, the French-speaking population is 20%, and the Italian-speaking population is 8%. Romance is a mixture of Latin and Italian and is spoken by about 1%. Switzerland is a multi-ethnic country, but there is no secession movement at all. The number of Catholics (47.6%) and Protestants (44.3%) is about the same. There are also very few Jews. ◆ Economic Switzerland has a small land, little agricultural land, and no underground resources. However, the per capita gross national product is the highest in the world. The financial and tourism industries have developed. ◆ Culture Switzerland is located in the center of the European continent, so foreign culture has been constantly introduced, and as a result, culture is colorful. As a neutral country, it was a refuge for many European intellectuals, and there are many excellent European scholars and writers who worked in Switzerland. Henri Dunant, founder of the International Cross and winner of the once Nobel Peace Prize, mathematician Bernoulli, mathematician Euler, and Burkhardt were born in Switzerland. The history of publishing has the longest tradition in Europe and excels in academic, art, and science. - Why Switzerland became rich? - Switzerland also earns considerable income from precision parts such as tourism and watches, but it has a national revenue stream that is incomparable to that. That is the 'financial business'. Anyone would have heard of the word 'Swiss Bank'. - Swiss bank. - ▲ What is Swiss bank? Swiss bank, which is called a "hiding place for black money" by thoroughly hiding the status of a depositor, does not refer to a specific bank. All banks in Switzerland under the Swiss Banking Act, which stipulates that customer confidentiality, are commonly referred to as "Swiss Banks". The same applies to Swiss branches of foreign banks. The three largest Swiss banks, Swiss Union Bank (SUB), Swiss Bank (SBC) and Credit Swiss (CS), are also in charge of general banking, but the amount of secret deposits is also large as they are large banks. Swiss Union Bank (SUB) and Swiss Bank (SBC) merged in 1998 to become the world's No. 1 private banking sector. Some 120 Swiss banks, which mainly handle large private deposits, are located behind Van Hope Street near Zurich Station and around the Geneva Lehmann. There are many places that do not even have a signboard called "BANK," and most of them have two or three stories, which are about 100 bank members and are not large in bank buildings. As of 1999, there were more than 400 Swiss banks, managing more than $2 trillion in funds. ▲ What is a secret account? Usually, secret accounts at Swiss banks refer to numbered accounts for high-value depositors of at least 100,000 Swiss francs. An account consisting of only an account number (e.g., 571260 SQ8) that combines numbers and letters without the name of the depositor. The account number is used instead of the name for all transactions such as deposit, withdrawal, and preparation of transaction statements, and the depositor will not be revealed even if the banker loses the slip. Even bank employees cannot identify their depositors with this account number alone, and very few bank executives can identify them. If you accidentally enter the wrong number and remit money, you may never be able to find it by going into another person's account. The secret account is a checking account, and there is no interest because it is a liquidity deposit. Until 1980, it was operated in the form of depositors paying storage fees. ▲ How do I make and use a secret account? You don't have to go to Switzerland to create a Swiss bank account. If sufficient financial resources are recognized, Swiss bank employees sometimes come to the place where depositors live. To open an account, you need to show your ID, but foreigners can be replaced with passports. Not only individuals but also corporations can open accounts. Banks may unilaterally refuse to open secret accounts regardless of the customer's intention, and in some cases, forced cancellation is possible. Even in this case, confidentiality is strictly guaranteed. Recently, the process of opening an account has become difficult, so to open a number account, you must prove your identity and explain why you create a number account. Withdrawal is possible at any time unless the deposit and securities are set as collateral. However, you must apply in advance 6 전에 before withdrawing. Even if you try to withdraw money by finding the account number, you will not pay unless you are a legal representative of the depositor yourself or a lawyer. However, in the event of a sudden death of a depositor, even if the heir, such as his or her child, does not know the password, he or she can withdraw with only verifiable documents such as a letter from his or her parents that "there is a deposit at OO Bank in Switzerland." ▲ When and why did you get a secret account in Switzerland? In 1870, the Swiss bank opened a secret account with the aim of "Switzerland, a neutral country, will protect the property of the persecuted weak," to prevent ordinary people from losing their property due to phone calls. However, it is not officially recognized by the Swiss government. In 1934, when Jews began to dispose of properties and deposit them in safe Swiss banks to escape Nazi oppression, the Swiss government revised the Banking Act and officially recognized "Swiss Secret Accounts" ▲Who has the Swiss bank account? Every time a revolution occurs in each country and a dictator is driven out, the Swiss bank is mentioned. It is estimated that Mobutu in Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo) deposited $7 billion, Noriega in Panama $300 million, and Chauchescu in Romania deposited $400 million worth of gold bars in Swiss banks. Recently, it was reported that Venezuela's former president Peres had $7 million, Boris Yeltsin's close aide $25 billion, and former German Chancellor Kohl's political funds of 1920 million marks. In addition, former Nigerian President Abacha's $660 million, former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's 17 accounts (estimated between $8 million and $20 million), and Yugoslavia's 100 accounts (about 100 million Swiss francs) were frozen at the request of governments. Besides politicians, criminals' money also goes into hiding in Switzerland. According to a 1995 Swiss government report, Russian mafia funds have been particularly high recently. ▲ Why is black money flocking to Switzerland? The status of a permanently neutral country, political stability, the strength of the Swiss franc, long-standing financial industry know-how, and no tax on deposit interest, but above all, thorough confidentiality and no question of the source of funds are the reason why dictators and criminals flock to Switzerland. The 1982 arrest of a Swiss banker shows how thoroughly Swiss banks are protecting their customers. Italian prosecutors, who arrested two Swiss bankers who were seeking overseas deposits in Rome at the time, negotiated with them to give indulgence if they disclosed the identity of the secret account depositor. One of the two was released after revealing the identity of the client, and the other was finally sentenced to prison for keeping a secret. But the freed employee was fined 50,000 Swiss francs under the Swiss Banking Act, which stipulates that the client's secrets should never be disclosed, and the employee who returned from Italy received huge compensation from the bank for his consolation money. ▲ Has the Swiss Banking Law changed? Switzerland's thorough customer identity guarantee policy has also undergone changes as international criticism has intensified that it is a "black money paradise." In 1977, the Swiss Banking Association signed an agreement on compliance with caution, which calls for identifying customers, banning criminal funds, and banning escape and tax evasion funds, but the banking supervisory authority decided to impose a fine of less than 10 million Swiss francs, but it was weak. In October 1982, the financial regulations were revised to identify depositors before opening a secret account, and background checks were required in advance for deposit transactions of more than 500,000 Swiss francs. In July 1983, the opposition Swiss Social Democratic Party submitted an amendment to the Banking Act to allow each tax authority to view bank records that track tax evasion or violations of the Foreign Exchange Control Act.
A referendum was held on May 20, 1984, with 100,000 signatures of support. However, it was rejected with a 27% approval rating because of concerns that black money would be withdrawn at once and the Swiss bank would go bust. In January 1989, Elizabeth Cobb, then the Minister of Justice and Police and the first female candidate in Switzerland, resigned from the cabinet due to money laundering. This incident shocked the whole of Switzerland, affecting subsequent legal amendments. In July 1990, a money laundering regulation bill was enacted, which stipulated that those who accepted money as deposits knowing it was earned from criminal activities would be sentenced to up to five years in prison and a fine of 1 million Swiss francs, and in October 1991, the "Type B Account System" was abolished. In 1993, when the court judged it to be a criminal act, the identity of the depositor and the nature of the fund were disclosed. In 1996, a bill was enacted to allow disclosure of bank transaction secrets in cases related to crimes such as fraud and drug dealing. The Anti-Money Laundering Act was enacted on April 1, 1998, requiring banks to report the details of financial transactions to the authorities and immediately freeze the deposit and withdrawal of suspected money for five days. ▲ How can the government find black money? When the relevant government applies to Switzerland for judicial assistance, the Swiss Federal Police Agency reviews whether it meets the formal requirements stipulated in Swiss federal law and transfers them to the state government. Since the screening of formal requirements is not difficult, most of the requests for judicial assistance are transferred to the state government. Even if the state government makes decisions such as freezing, confiscating, and returning bank accounts, it is very rare for depositors and others to be processed quickly because they can file complaints in writing within 5 to 10 days. Related banks and companies can also appeal. If the Federal Police Agency directly handles requests for judicial assistance related to violations of high-ranking foreign officials, the period will be greatly shortened. However, based on Article 2 of the European Convention on Criminal Justice Assistance (ECMA), the Swiss government treats political crimes and related acts as not subject to judicial assistance. Therefore, in the case of political slush funds, it depends greatly on whether they are judged as bribes or political funds recognized in Switzerland. ▲ Did you get any money back from the Swiss bank? The Ethiopian military demanded the return of thousands of kilograms of gold (the size of Ethiopia's one-year budget worth $6 billion at the time) deposited by former Ethiopian Emperor Celacie, but the Swiss bank refused, saying it could not pay anyone but him. However, Swiss banks, which used to be ironclad, have recently returned account deposits to governments, although they are very few cases. Five years after the U.S. government requested $22 million deposited in a Swiss bank by U.S. drug dealer Newton in November 1993, the U.S. and Swiss governments decided to split it in half. It is the first time that Switzerland has accepted the return of black money. In September 1997, African dictator Traore returned $3.9 million in secret Swiss accounts to the Republic of Mali. This is the first time that a return measure has been made based on the purpose of judicial cooperation. In July 1998, former Philippine President Marcos returned $570 million in deposits to the Philippine government. ▲ Is Swiss Secrets gone? With the return of Marcos' deposits, the Indonesian government's request for Suharto's account and the request for Mobutu's account in the Democratic Republic of Congo are lined up. However, it is unlikely that each country's annual average of 2,500 requests to verify Swiss accounts will be made so easily. Recently, Switzerland's midnight move, led by Swiss federal prosecutor Carla del Ponte, has led to the arrest and extradition of relatives of former Mexican President Salinas, the investigation of illegal funds by former Italian Prime Minister Berlusconi, and the investigation of the Russian mafia. However, there is no fundamental change in the Swiss bank's "secretist principle," as the Swiss Federation of Banks said in August this year that it would stick to the Secret Protection Act.
Records of the Annals of the Battle of Ungchi during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592
Kwon Yul, a Jeolla-do abbot, sent an army to defeat the Japanese enemy at Ungchi, and Jeongdam, the governor of Gimje, was killed in action. When the Japanese invaded reason again, Hwang Jin, the prefect of Dongbok, defeated him. At this time, the enemy tried to invade Jeonju from Geumsan over Ungchi, but Naju Judge Lee Bok-nam lived in Yohaeji with Hwang Park and Jeongdam and attacked the enemy, so auditor Lee Kwang sent a soldier to help the fight. Thousands of the Japanese enemy's vanguard have been rushing straight ahead, shooting and wielding knives, and Bok-nam and others fought for death and shot them with arrows, and the enemy was defeated and retreated. At dawn the next day, the enemy mobilized all their forces and filled the valley, and the sound of guns poured out like thunder. Boknam and others fought against the enemy's first strike, but they eventually retreated without being able to cope with it, and Hwang Bak's military was also defeated and entered Boknam's camp. Jeongdam fought with all his might from the beginning, but when he shot and killed the enemy captain riding a white horse under the red flag, the enemy collapsed and retreated. A little later, when Naju soldiers retreated, Jeongdam was surrounded by soldiers, and when his subordinate recommended Jeongdam to retreat, Jeongdam said, "I would rather kill one more enemy soldier and die than run away for my body and make the enemy powerful." In time, when the enemy soldiers were surrounded in all directions, all the soldiers were scattered and died alone. Lee Bong, a government official, was also killed in action. Boknam retreated and camped in Anjinwon under the ashes, but knowing that the enemy had a defense, he dared not cross the ashes and quit. When Jeongdam heard that Gunsang left the city and fled, he shed tears and became furious, and vowed to repay the nation's kindness with his death. On the day of the military campaign, he took the sacrifice, held a memorial service at the shrine, took an oath, and left, and the villagers were impressed by his loyalty. Later, he told the court that he was in charge of the government post and built the main gate. When the Japanese general again dispatched a large army to invade reason, Kwon Yul encouraged Hwang Jin to lead the soldiers of Dongbok-hyeon and occupied the ashes with Pyeonbi Wiegi and Gong Si-eok to fight greatly. When the enemy climbed up the cliff, Hwang Jin relied on a tree to block bullets and shot an arrow, but there was nothing that did not hit him. They fought all day long to destroy the enemy soldiers, but the bodies piled up and blood flowed, smelling blood to the vegetation. When Hwangjin was hit by a bullet on the day and his morale declined a little, Kwon Yul encouraged businesses to continue, so he was able to win. When the Japanese invaders referred to the three major battles of Joseon, they first fought the battle of Ichi. Lee Bok-nam and Hwang Jin were named after the battle. The Japanese enemy collected the dead bodies from Ungchi's Jinjeon and buried them on the side of the road to make several tombs, and on top of them, he wrote, "We condol the loyal walls of Joseon." The 25th edition, 622 pages, is a record of the Revised Annals of Military-War/Diplomatic-Western Ancestors. Revision records only show battle details. There are many battles the Japanese admiring our generals.
Profile of General Lee Eok-ki, Jeonla-susa Temple
Unlike Yi Sun-shin and Won-kyun, you went up the super elite course. At the age of 17, the eldest member-level system, at the age of 21, Gyeongheung adverb, at the age of 31, Jeonlaussa Temple... But if it stood out too much, the royal family, Lee Eok-ki, would have been on the death note of his ancestors. ----------------------------------------------------------------- General Lee Eok-ki (July 24, 1561, to July 16, 1597) was born in Hanyang in 1561. Since childhood, he has excelled in martial arts, and at the age of 17, he was ordained as a monk in Sabok-si, and he passed the examination as a master of martial arts. In 1581, when he was 21 years old, he was appointed Gyeongheung Busa, one of the six camps (6)), and when the Yeojin attacked on a large scale in 1583, he changed his cavalry and 300 infantry and led to victory in the battle. In 1586, he was appointed as an adverb of Onseongbu, which was important enough to determine the success or failure of the six-line defense, and at that time, he defended Yi Sun-shin, a midwife who was arrested for failing to stop the Yeojin who invaded the Gyeongheung region. General Lee Eok-ki gained fame by successfully protecting the six strongholds by the end of 1587, when the Yeojin invasion was so violent that many armed men were fired and executed. When the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, General Lee Eok-ki was appointed as Jeonlaususa through Suncheon Busa, and joined forces with Lee Soon-shin, the Jeolla left-handed monk, and Won Gyun, the Gyeongsang right-handed monk, to defeat Japanese pirates in Danghangpo, Hansando, Angolpo, and Busanpo. In 1596, he led his line between Jeolla-Jwa and Udo to help prepare for the battle of Jindo Island and Jeju Island, and served as a mobile strike force by cheering for Yi Sun-shin, a Samdo naval controller in Hansando Island, and when Yi Sun-shin was arrested and investigated, he argued his innocence to the ministers. Except for the early Imran period, the general participated in all major naval battles of the Imjin War and made great contributions as the main force of the Allied fleet, and was the only master who performed the duties of Jeonrausa for six years without being replaced. Sadly, however, he decided to choose a clean death as a defeated general when he was ordered to advance under the control officer Won Kyun in 1597, attacked the Japanese enemy in Busan, and lost the Battle of Chilcheonryang, and committed suicide by throwing himself into the sea. After Imran, he was posthumously awarded to Byeongjo Panseo as the second rank of Seonmugongsin, and was honored as Wanheung-gun, and in 1602, he was enshrined with Yi Sun-shin at Chungminsa Temple in Yeosu. In 1784 (the 8th year of King Jeongjo's reign), a posthumous title called Uimin was issued. Source: <War Memorial Public Relations Office>
Preferential treatment for the disabled during the Joseon Dynasty
Homer, Aesop, Cervantes, Helen Keller, Beethoven. They have overcome physical disabilities and achieved outstanding achievements in literature and art. Homer and Helen Keller were blind, Aesop and Cervantes were retarded, and Beethoven were deaf. As such, there are many disabled people left in history in the West. On the other hand, it has not been easy to find disabled people in our history so far. This is the result of negligence in academic interest and research. However, according to a study by Chung Chang-kwon, a visiting professor at Korea University, it was found that in the traditional era such as Goryeo and Joseon, disabled people entered society more actively than today. In addition, a systematic support policy for the disabled was prepared, such as establishing and operating an organization for the disabled in the mediation. Professor Jeong will present a paper containing this content at an academic conference hosted by the Korean Society of Social History held at Hallym University on the theme of "Koreans, Social History of the Body" from the 22nd to the 23rd. According to Professor Jeong's thesis, "Awareness of the Disabled in Joseon," the disabled in the traditional era were called "Vulnerable", "Strap" and "Toxic". The types of disabilities were also diverse, including the so-called blind, one-eyed, one-legged, lame, sitting, hunchback, dwarf, Eoncheong, deaf, and mute. In addition, mental disorders such as schizophrenia and epilepsy were also considered disabilities. In the traditional era, the policy of the disabled was a principle of supporting families. If the family was unable to support the disabled, village communities such as relatives and neighbors provided support. However, the government did not just sit on its hands for the disabled. During the reign of King Taejo of the Joseon Dynasty, taxes, servitude, and miscellaneous work were exempted for the disabled. They did not impose punishment, but instead received it in place of Bero, and were excluded from the sit-down system. In particular, the governments of Goryeo and Joseon arranged jobs such as fortune-telling, reciting Buddhist scriptures, and musicians to participate in social activities for the visually impaired. King Taejong of the Joseon Dynasty formed an organization for the blind called Myeongtongsi to support the activities of the blind. In Myeongtong-si, blind people gathered once a month on the first and fifteenth of every month to pray for the safety of the country by memorizing the scriptures, and also held a ritual for rain during a drought. The government supported slaves in Myeongtong City and offered rice and veggies to the blind. Some of the visually impaired were in charge of playing instruments at the Government Music Center, the head of the country's music hall. Among the blind people who were engaged in fortune-telling, they also entered the government position of "Myeonghak" belonging to the ornamental sense. As such, disabled people in the traditional era were not greatly discriminated or alienated because they had disabilities. In the case of aristocrats, they were able to rise to high office through the past. Heo Jo, a politician in the early Joseon Dynasty, suffered from rickets and was bent, but he was a Myeongjae-sang who entered the Jwauijeong Pavilion after passing through Ijo and Yejo. Cho Seong-gi, who lived in the 17th century, fell from his horse and became a spinal disabled person at the age of 20, but became a great scholar and left a collection of poems, "Jolsujaejip," and a novel "Changseongamrok." There are also many disabled poets, painters, and musicians. During the reign of King Jeongjo, the poet Jang Hon was lame, but he became an official of Gaminso, the printing office of the court, and corrected the books that the king had given him. He left 20 volumes of "The Silk Collection" in his anthology. In addition, Kim Seong-chim and Hong, who were blind couples in the late Joseon Dynasty, wrote poems well, and it is said that there was a law to manage the family and educate their children. Choi Buk, who lost one eye, is a representative painter for the disabled, while Ivan, Kim Bok-san, Jeong Beom, Kim Un-ran, and Baek Ok are cited as musicians. Professor Chung Chang-kwon said, "Until the middle of Goryeo and Joseon Dynasty, the perception of the disabled was not exclusive," adding, "The perception of the disabled seems to have retreated through the late Joseon Dynasty and modern times." In the traditional era, unlike today, if ability was allowed, Professor Jeong claimed that he had a job and maintained an independent life without caring about disability. "Jo Woon-chan, reporter sidol@kyunghyang.com Kyunghyang Shinmun"
Why Cheomseongdae is an astronomical observatory
Some people argue that Cheomseongdae is not an astronomical observatory because it is small (both simple and shabby) or because it is too small to use because it has subjective value in the word. 1.You can't because it's too small? There are many people who say that Cheomseongdae is not an astronomical observation device because it is small.However, it is only a modern view that size is important for astronomical observation.What did astronomical observation do in ancient times?This simple question alone shows that the size of Cheomseongdae is not important for astronomical observation.It can be seen that there is no advantage of being large in the absence of development of astronomical observation instruments.One or two people is enough anyway.Also, Gwancheondae Pavilion in the Joseon Dynasty is only 4.2 meters high, 2.8 meters wide, and 25 meters long. 2.Why low? If you think about the ancient sky, you'll get the answer.It doesn't make much difference between what you see in the plains in ancient times and what you see in the mountains in modern times.In ancient times, when there was little air pollution, we didn't have to go up to the mountain and observe the astronomical observations and report back down, and considering the story of Comet Kim Yu-shin, it was natural to build astronomical phenomena not far from the palace. 3.Isn't it simply a place for azimuth measurement or ancestral rites? Gwancheondae was also called Cheomseongdae in the Joseon Dynasty, and the word Cheomseongdae itself means looking at the stars.It's kind of weird to say it's a ritual building for azimuth measurement or ancestral rites.Of course, I don't know if Cheomseongdae is just a muted one.In addition, in the Spring and Autumn Equinox, sunlight is supposed to shine to the bottom of Cheomseongdae, and in the summer solstice and winter solstice, the rays completely disappear from the bottom, measuring the branches and points of spring and autumn.It even acted as a kind of sundial. In conclusion, Cheomseongdae was not such a strange building.Considering that the size is observable, etymology, and the importance of astronomy, it is appropriate and it even served as a sundial, so it seems reasonable that it is a star observation device rather than a simple ritual or azimuth measurement.