● A theory of period division in Korean pre-modern history. The division of the times is useful for systematically recognizing the development of history and understanding the characteristics of each period. Since the establishment of Korean modern history, discussions on the classification of the times have been actively developed. In the early days, it was common to classify the times according to the perspective with the dynasty as the main indicator. The division of the times according to the dynasty is difficult to have meaningful content, and the process and opportunity of historical development cannot be revealed. After liberation, as the method of classifying the period based on Marx's historical materialism was actively proposed, systematic classification of the period was also attempted in domestic academia. Since the late 1950s, there has been an active debate over the existence of slavery in North Korea, and although there was a consensus that there was no labor slavery, views were mixed on the characteristics of ordinary farmers such as Haho and Bugokmin who carried the burden of public payment on community relations. In the end, they also saw the end as a slave-like situation, so they saw Gojoseon, Buyeo, and Jinguk as slave societies. Paik Nam-un's view that feudalism existed in Korea with its economic foundation as an indicator gradually took the lead in both South and North Korea. However, as the land ownership system was denied, it was converted to a landlord feudalism based on the land ownership system. In other words, the holding system was identified as the basic production relationship of the feudal system, and was recognized as the same character as the permanent residence system in Europe. However, the theory of feudalism faces the difficulty of how to understand and position the dominance of Asian countries over land and people. Kim Hong-sik saw that the governance structure of the Joseon Dynasty was more concentrated in a national public form as a private relationship of individual landlords. Satoru Nakamura recognized that unlike patriarchal slavery and feudal serfdom in Europe based on systematic small-business and pre-modern land ownership, there were types of national slavery and national serfdom in Asia. Lee Young-hoon (Japan Otaku) defined the Korean Middle Ages as a national serf system and considered it to be a small farming society from the late 17th century. Kang Jin-cheol's view, which uses changes in the state's receipt style as an indicator of the classification of the times, is useful for recognizing changes in the function of the state and the form of existence of farmers. According to him, during the Goryeo Dynasty, personal exploitation based on multiple people turned into land-based susu during the Joseon Dynasty, which means a transition from ancient society to medieval society, and the progress of private land ownership during the Muji period led to this change. This change in the acceptance style was more pronounced in the implementation of the Daedong Law in the 17th century than in the late Goryeo and early Joseon Dynasty. With the use of ironware, Kim Cheol-jun saw that the clan community reduced its scope and converted it into a kinship community, leading to the emergence of tribal powers, and growing into an ancient state through the tribal federation. From Gojoseon to the end of Silla to the early Goryeo Dynasty, it was an ancient era dominated by clan leaders based on the kinship community, and since King Seongjong of Goryeo, the kinship group with 7th generation was reduced to the range of 8th cousins of Donggojo and Confucian political ideology was introduced. Although the argument for this explanation is weak, attempts to understand the formation of an ancient state by introducing the theory of anthropology have been inherited and developed since the 1970s. In the theory of intrinsic development, it has been viewed as a period of dissolution or transition to modern times in the late Joseon Dynasty. Economically, the growth of the market, the spread of metal currency, and furthermore, the emergence of capitalist blind children are mentioned, and the dissolution of the status system, which appears to be a decrease in labor costs and an increase in yangban, and the rise of practical thought are pointed out. Although these changes created an environment favorable for modernization, the economy in the late Joseon Dynasty did not have the internal capacity to initiate modern growth. ● The formation and development of ancient countries and the supply of iron farming tools Human beings lived through collection and hunting in the Paleolithic era. Therefore, it was difficult to settle down and form a large group, so dozens of people generally formed a corps, and they cooperated to hunt, collect, and jointly consume crops. The use of processed stone tools and earthenware improved economic life in the Neolithic Age, which dates back to about 6,000 BC. From the 4th millennium B.C., field farming centered on birds began. Rice farming was the mainstream theory that began in the Bronze Age, but recently, there is a possibility that it will be retroactive to around 2,000 B.C. In the Neolithic period, logging was carried out and cultivated in a slash-and-burn manner, and hunting, fishing, and collection were still the main production activities due to the low productivity of this agricultural method. The Bronze Age began in the 15th and 10th centuries BC, and bronze tools were used to make a variety of sophisticated wood farming tools, which consisted of relatives formed by blood ties as well as cultivation of various crops in furrows and furrows. The Neolithic residence was a small hut where about four to five huts could live, and in general, four to five huts would have formed villages to control important means of production such as land within the relatives and organize reciprocal activities within the relatives. In the stage of the shortage, the accumulation of surplus was limited, and social classes and political organizations were not formed. While the development of productivity in the Bronze Age increased surplus, specialization and division of labor, the concentration of power to the leadership was institutionalized, and political power overwhelmed religious authority, formalized bureaucracy, and legal and violent rule emerged. In the Korean Peninsula, ancient states emerged as they switched to the Iron Age. As the military general system moved from an ancient country to an unequal society, an economy in which an equal society was integrated into a reciprocal society transformed redistribution into an economy integrated into China. The concentration and institutionalization of political power responded to the strengthening of national redistribution. At the same time, the function of relatives controlling land and organizing reciprocal activities gradually weakened. The spread of iron not only greatly changed agriculture, but also developed state power. The rapid development of agricultural productivity would have created surpluses to support larger ruling groups, and iron weapons would have activated the War of Conquest and established stronger control. As ironware was distributed and exchanges between provinces were active, the governance function of each town was further concentrated into national towns, and the small country exercised a unified governance function. Furthermore, as the formation of small-country federations progressed, political integration was formed around various Na groups, and countries such as Buyeo and Goguryeo were formed as federations, and numerous towns were organized into 78 small countries in the central and southern regions of the Korean Peninsula. The governance system in the early Three Kingdoms period was strongly characterized as a coalition of small countries or towns with political independence. Each department, which is a political unit of the Federation of Provinces, had autonomy over internal affairs and established its own government posts. However, as small-rural management was formed by the spread of iron and wookyung, the ruling forces, which had more power and abundant surplus due to the supply of iron, could strengthen their control over small countries and towns, and gradually established a ruling order to directly identify farmers. The formation of small-farm management and the maintenance of the state system transformed the tax system. After conquering the East Okjeo around the first century, Goguryeo recognized the traditional support base of the Okjeo region and made them offer certain offerings every year. This indirect identification and public payment system gradually changed in a way that the farmers' households were collected in units as the centralized system was reorganized. In Goguryeo, grain and rice were collected on a household basis, and the amount of money received was adjusted according to the difference between the rich and the poor. The harvest of rice and grain suggests the combination of agriculture and domestic weaving in small farming management. The international opportunity was important in the maintenance of the national system. The establishment of Hansa-gun stimulated the establishment of the Goguryeo state by creating a national awakening, and after the fall of Han, the territorial expansion of Goguryeo advanced in the political division period of China. The military pressure of Goguryeo would have facilitated the growth of Baekje and Silla as a nation. All three countries actively accepted the Chinese character culture, the Yulryeong, and the accompanying Gunhyeonje, Yangcheonje, Buddhism, and Confucianism from China and developed the ruling system. Korea absorbed China's advanced civilization more faithfully than any other country, establishing a ruling state early and having a long history as a unified political entity after China. However, the palace system reflected the indigenous nature because it accepted Chinese laws and regulations as needed based on its own laws and systems. In the era of the provincial government, the provinces, and villages were reorganized into states, counties, and prefectures in imitation of China's military and prefectural system, but the division of the original composition itself was rare. Although China's ruling system was introduced, hereditary and aristocratic traditions survived strongly over a long period of time. This situation is reflected in the fact that the military and prefectural systems of Goryeo were a hierarchical formation of the Ho people, an indigenous force. Among the Korean Economic History II by Lee Heon-chang...
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