a distance of about five li from the northeast of the palace One building that overwhelms several buildings stands overwhelmingly high. The wall and magnificent iron gate, which are surrounded like a huge wall, made me guess that it was the place where a powerful person lives. It was the residence of Du So. Although Dooso was a state funeral, he was also in charge of military and administrative power of the Goguryeo Kingdom by concurrently serving as a military commander. When Dongyeondan reached the front of Du So's house, the guard already recognized it and opened the door. It was not that he went to and from the national funeral once or twice. And yet it was still not free. I've always been intimidated and choked by overbearing buildings. At the same time, I was overwhelmed by the feeling of enjoying authority by entering the house of Dooso, where no one could easily enter and exit, as the heart of a deceitful person. The magnificent building was like the embodiment of power that never collapsed. No one in the national fortress could build such a building except for the royal palace. In the face of royal power, no one dared to have a private officer or soldier. However, the exception was Du So Kuksang. Dongyeondan was proud of its position as Dooso's bookkeeper. It was because of the clever circumstances that the Dongyeondan became noticeable to Du So. In 378, when the Khitan invaded Goguryeo, he was an officer in the western border town of Lee Chun-seong. At that time, he advised Yo Guk-ki, the lord of Yi Chun-seong, to prepare for the invasion of the Khitan people. "Guran's movements are extraordinary. We'll have to strengthen the defense of the border." "Oh, you don't know! How does a peaceful foreign policy invade the west when it's close to the west?" "According to the information we've got so far..." "Again! Enough is enough." Sung-joo of Yoguk-ki did not listen to him. Seongju, Yo-guk-gi, was only thinking of returning to the national capital as soon as possible. However, the lord of Yogukgi suddenly imposed various taxes on the people, saying that they should prepare for the invasion of Georan. Then I called him. "Now, take it." "What is this?" "Oh! You don't have to know..." Dongyeondan was given by the lord of Yo-guk-gi, so I took it. But that's exactly what got him wrong. Seongju, Yo-guk-gi, needed more bribes as it approached the national road. Therefore, various taxes were imposed and collected using Dongyeondan's argument to prepare for the invasion of Georan. And some of it was given to the Dongyeondan. Dongyeondan was aware of this fact and tried to return it at first, but changed its mind when Seongju, Yo-gukgi, kept giving rice cakes and old water. However, the wealth that came in was quite abundant. Dongyeondan became acquiescent to the corruption of the lord of Yogukgi, and eventually fell into his temptation and joined together. 'I'm going up to the national highway soon.' 'Is that true?' 'I've already been assured. Why don't you come with me? What's the point of staying here?" Dongyeondan envied Seongju, the Yo-gukgi, who was promoted to the national road. 'If I go up, I'll ask you to do it.' 'If you will... I will never forget this kindness." Dongyeondan eventually shared its fate with Yo-guk-gi. It seemed a hundred times better to live comfortably on the national road than to rot in the northwestern frontier. If a war broke out, it would have been a day. It was best to leave the western border quickly. Dongyeondan dreamed of riding on the national road as a bonus along Seongju, Yogukgi. The rest were confident as long as they were on the national road. But the dream collapsed in vain. As I was worried, the Guran invaded. When the war broke out, Seongju, the Yo-gukgi, ran away to survive without even thinking of fighting. The eight villages of the western frontier quickly became a shambles due to the looting and murder of the Khitan people. The people, who could not withstand the massacre of Georan, rose up here and there, and with the arrival of the central reinforcements one after another, they joined forces to drive out the Georan army. At this time, Busabi's brilliant performance made him called a boy general. On the other hand, the runaway Seongju of Yo Guk-gi was arrested and transported to the national road. Dongyeondan was also in the same situation as Seongju of Yogukgi. Seongju, Yo Guk-gi, leaned on the national statue of Du So and struggled to save him. However, no matter how much it was, I could not condone the fact that the person in charge of the castle abandoned the people and fled to live alone during the war. On the contrary, Dooso took bribes from Yo-guk; he tried to do it in a way that would keep him silent forever for fear of being caught. Thinking that he was dead now, Dongyeondan was so upset. I wanted to live somehow. There was only one way. It is to put all responsibility on the lord of Yo-guk-gi. The association complained of unfairness when State Minister Du So reprimanded. "I'm unfair." "So what's unfair?" "I've only once or twice asked the lord of Yo-guk-gi to prepare for the invasion of Georan. But the lord didn't listen to me... I'm upset." People misunderstood and sympathized with the Dongyeondan because the lord of Yo-guk-gi used his argument to raise more money. "Um..." Duso expressed his understanding. Seeing this, Dongyeondan saw a chance of winning and talked again. "I feel really wronged. If only the lord had listened to me..." "Yeah..." Duso nodded his head in a hearty manner. Dongyeondan was gaining fame as a copycat, and Du So needed this kind of person. However, saving this person could have been a good opportunity to show kindness and tolerance. "If you will save me, I will give my whole body to be loyal." Dongyeondan survived thanks to his oath of loyalty to Duso. Of course, the lord of Yo-guk-gi was executed, accused of not even listening to the words of his loyalists. The troupe had to stick to Du So's orders in exchange for its survival. Du So was never easy. He who betrayed once knew the physiology of betraying again. So Du So never easily attracted Dongyeondan. The troupe struggled to win Du So's confidence. So he decided to solve the problem of Du So's son Du Chil. Duchil was a lustful man, and he only believed in his father's power and made trouble by teasing women who were not women of women's houses. But Dusso said, 'This is a once-in-a-time thing. I'll quit when I get older.' But Du-chil's rant continued. Du So was troubled by such a son. It was understandable that the person who was supposed to succeed him in the future was losing his mind. The party visited Duso and asked him. "I don't know if I'm being presumptuous..." "Tell me what's going on!" "It's about Confucius Duchil..." "I don't know what else he's done, but don't even talk about him in front of me." Duchil shouted angrily. Du So has already calmed Du Chil and yelled at him. But it was all in vain. On the contrary, the admonition was irritating and disapproving. He was in control of both military and administrative power, but he did not know what was wrong with him. If you rebel, you can catch anyone. The party did not back down. "I don't think that's the only way to look at it." "... "To me, humble, it's better to put the heavy responsibility first..." "The heavy responsibility?"" "The position of head of the national defense unit..." Dusso pondered. "Giving you a seat first?" Even if you're a jerk, your son is the only one who can succeed you. Something to do someday!' After much consideration, Du So accepted the opinion of the group and appointed Du Chil as head of the national defense unit. Above all, the control of military power was important. But what was really strange was that Du-chil began to change from that day. The kid who was so colourful didn't get in trouble. Dooso became more trusting of the Dongyeondan when Duchil devoted himself to the position of head of the domestic defense unit. Thus, when there was a problem, he asked Dongyeondan, and in this process, he eventually rose to the position of a bookkeeper. Source: Jeong Il-ho, Kingdom of Heaven and Goguryeo
2022년 4월 9일 토요일
16th Century European Battle of the Sea
Special soldiers armed with swords and circular shields were favored by many armies from the 15th to 17th centuries. Shield swordsmen were commonly referred to as Spadacino or Espadacin, or "soldiers with shields" (Roturalo, Rodello, Londelier, Targetier, etc.). Bernal Díaz del Castillo, a shield inspector for the Cortes army, uses both expressions in his book, The Conquest of the New Espanya, which interestingly describes the war against Astec. From the 16th to the early 17th centuries, the troops aboard the oars-laden combat galley and Galeas, and the battlefield sailing ships, Karak and Galeon, are divided into two styles. The first types of troops are soldiers, including armor-clad shields called "corset men" and halberd soldiers. These troops served as sailors supporting close combat at the time. The second type of force is, of course, a necessary element in any type of ship, fire rifles. Even in battles on the ground, fire rifles and muskets are sometimes in a back-and-forth situation, but they can still be protected by hiding behind the pike's long-walled walls. But fire rifles fighting on decks can't get that benefit -- there's no Pike line to protect them to protect themselves. (However, at the same time, there is no threat from the enemy cavalry.) Because of these conditions, there were two choices for fire rifles fighting in the naval battle. - It was either wielding a firearm like a club (in a very emergency situation, not in a normal case), or putting the gun down on one side and pulling out a sword. In the 16th century, most fire rifles carried swords and many daggers. Although fire rifles were not treated as specialists in close combat, they often had to use swords in large-scale battles (especially around the 16th century)I was learning the basic fencing skills. Heavy (but removable) on the current portion of the galleys belonging to the Holy Alliance during the Battle of LepantoWood bulletproof walls were up. The bulletproof walls protected the old man and the firearm from small firearm attacks. The Spanish were the bravest and most experienced combatants in the close-knit warships. Both the Spanish galley and sailing ships were built to match the tactics of the close-knit army. In contrast, the Portuguese had been the leader in long-range shelling using deep-sea vessels (Carabel and Karak) since about 1500. The Portuguese maintained this tradition until it was annexed by Spain in 1580. The British preferred the Battle of the Ships until William Towerson's fleet was defeated by the Portuguese fleet in 1550. Shocked by long-range cannons on the Portuguese front, the British continue their research to increase the destructive power of their own cannons. At the end of the 16th century, the reasonable successor to Portuguese Carabel, armed with heavy artillery, was the British-held Reis Bild Galleon. In the Battle of the Galician in the Mediterranean Sea, as mentioned above, the Espanyas preferred a close fight, so they had heavily armed forces on board the ship. (Soldados) The Venetians, suffering from chronic shortages of troops, preferred long-range artillery instead of back-and-forth combat, and fired accurately at the central part of their galley to neutralize or sink enemy ships. Venetian gunnery was much more advanced than the Turks and Espanyas, and the enemy and allies used to fire shells at unimaginable distances. It is part of a famous painting depicting the Battle of Lepanto. It shows the Galician Capitana of Sebastiano Beniero, president of the Council and commander of the Venetian military alliance. The person with the white beard standing on the far right side of the painting is Beniero. Several roturalis standing behind the gunmen prepare to jump into the Ottoman galley while the gunmen fire (the soldier shown on the left has already crossed the bow)The soldier, presumably an officer, is waving a flag bearing the lion of Saint Mark. Some Venetian soldiers only draw swordsHe is seen storming the enemy ship. These are probably gunners who put down their guns, brandish their swords, and attempt a close match. It is also interesting to note that most of the gunmen wore sheet metal chest armor. - It seems clear that he is heavily armed in preparation for maritime battles that are likely to take place. Spanish fire fighters, who fought in Mexico and the Philippines, also wore various kinds of armor such as chain armor and Brigandine because they were often in a back-and-forth situation. Don Juan's flagship, Realle, is said to have carried 300 gunmen and 100 "noble adventurers." P.S - Captain Andre Pesoa and his crew, who killed the Japanese soldiers who stormed the Portuguese merchant ship Senhora de Grasa from Nagasaki, Japan in 1610, are likely armed with cut-and-thrust sods and shields. Battle of the Tokugawa Shogunate and Portuguese Merchant Marine
Relationship between Goryeo and the Yo Empire
The seawater controlled in the Baekgol Valley will not be added to or less than dewdrops, and the inclusion is not covered by the private nature of the border by the size of Yangui. Furthermore, since the Dead Sea is now a house, how can I save a small land as big as a mat? Should I be in trouble because the situation is urgent? In his opinion, the small country had long been under the emperor's rule and did not lose the courtesy of the subjugation state, so he was worried about the reduction of the strong soil, so he was told with earnest wishes, but as if he had been loyal to many generations, he was afraid to step on Yunhe's rule. In addition, the formation of the Yalu River drew the limits of Jejam to create a border, and the old castles of Buyeo still remain on various highlands that connected the river, and the high grace of King Taejo's words has been followed. When the border was adjusted by the court, the castle was set up on the east side of the river, the bridgehead was set up, military facilities gradually expanded, and the restoration of the old border was borrowed to wait for a new order. The act of Zhou Dai sang of In by saying, "Don't step on it," and the people of both provinces were not resentful if they hurt foreigners in the elementary school, but the only concern was that the people would lose their food for a year." That was the story. Although the tribute is insignificant, I swear that there is no place in the port, and the envoy is bent down and seems to see Yongan near. What he sincerely recommended to the Holy Land means that God should not be negligent for a moment, and even if there was no grace from his predecessors, how could he have wished for such a blessing from King Seongjo? Since the whole Nuri is unified into one, everyone is the king's land, the king's subjects, and there are not many sculpted lands, so it is my boundary and my own possession. Even if you give me a favor, I'm very sorry to risk the imperial throne like a thunderbolt because it's not shared by reason, but I'm jealous of the Holy Blue by posting a Nohju (a ticket with the opening). On your stomach, I pray that His Majesty will appeal to the past with a little sincerity, and show generosity by disrespecting the misery of all the people. In the past, many peaks were hardened like kyeona, so Mr. Yoo came to the world with peace, and he distributed them to Gunho Gyeruk, so King Taejo did not waste Korea and China. Give the old frontier to solidify your disease again, and comfort the distant people so that they can be soaked in yellow silver. I pray that the imperial edict is issued and declared to the righteous army, and the officials of Yanbian are also restrained so that Yeojin cannot invade across the border again. It is intended to build a hermitage on the border of God and protect it day and night, and in time, the castle and bridgehead will be collected and the national system will be established as a river. Turn around the old field of the pattern to caress the small country, and turn around the clumsy sleeves of the long-term to dance to the vocal cords. Together, we will bless you, and we will repay you with caution against Heavenly Son. I thought Kang Gam-chan won and didn't pay tribute to the Yo Empire.
After Columbus, the poor Indians became their foundation
After the 15th-century colombus, Westerners began conquering the world in the 16th-century... ...and in the East, they are still relentlessly digging into "weak areas" such as the Kaegang, Siberian New World, the Philippines, and Indonesia... ...and conquering Aztec Inca. African black slave trade is also a case in point. But instead, Europe began to see remarkable developments one by one... the "Scientific Revolution" that began in the 16th and 7th centuries, and we only focused on the Industrial Revolution, which began in the 19th century after the invention of James Watt's steam engine in the late 18th century, and is now in the 20th and 1st century. In the 18th century, scientists in England discovered the Andromeda Nebula and discovered the presence of oxygen air. Of course, you could say that you inherited ancient medieval Greece, Arab, Persia, India, China, but... ...it must have gotten even more serious and unleashed the Industrial Revolution jackpot. Personally, I wonder that Spain, which conquered the Americas and gave Europe silver, has been revitalized in other European countries such as Britain, France, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, and Italy. The Industrial Revolution broke out in Britain because all the other countries were divided into small pieces and only the big chunks of England and France. The imperialist school of England refers to this as "moving from a Latin Southern European idiot who doesn't know how to use American treasure to the right place" by pirating Spanish golden ships... ...and representing African black slave exports. Russia, which is relatively behind the development of Europe, which has received American treasure, desperately tries to contact Western Europe, defeats Sweden, Poland, Turkey in the early 18th century, and creates a new capital, Petersburg, and moves from Moscow. Pyotr the Great. The Ottoman Turks, the glory of Islam that made Europe tremble with terror, were also the targets of terror in the first Bijin Siege in the early 16th century, but were defeated by the Polish and German allies in the second Bijin Siege in the late 17th century. In 1699 the Treaty of Karlowitz gave Hungary away to Austria and established itself as a "patient third-rate power in Europe." Since then, Muslims have never surpassed Christians. As China and Japan know that Europe is too far away and that the economy of people's livelihoods is superior to that of Europe, but science and technology are inferior, Ming and Qing have partially opened Gwangju, the farthest Nagasaki, in the capital Tokyo. This preliminary stage of the 16th and 8th centuries called the "modern era" means that there is a modern era after the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century... of course, Japan was not immediately modernized after the Myeongchi Revolution in 1868, but continued cultural contact through Nagasaki from the 17th and 8th centuries. Of course, until the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century, the world's largest economy was the Qing Dynasty of China... ...that is, the Western scientific revolution was not immediately available. First agriculture, but then Britain defeated China in the Opium War in 1842 and industrialization of everything, even agriculture changed from China to the United States and Russia because mechanization, including the invention of tractors, affected agricultural production. At the beginning of all that, there were prepared Western scientists 300 years ago, sacrificed Indians and African blacks, and after the opening of the world, they entered the core of Asia in earnest. ============================================================== <Science Revolution> - The development of the background technology and transportation methods of the scientific revolution increased the market, increased production of goods, and strengthened the power of commerce and industry. This phenomenon led to the fall of the feudal system and served as an opportunity to establish absolute kingship. The Renaissance during this period contributed to the development of natural science, and the Reformation led to the decline of Scholar philosophy, which hindered the development of science, allowing scientists to freely conduct academic research. In the past, when we lived in different conceptual systems of nature, in the past, when we thought nature was always moving by new and new miracles, we began to wonder about the forms of these miracles and what hierarchies they could be identified in. -The significance of the scientific revolution The scientific revolution refers to the establishment of modern science centered on the 17th century and the resulting serious change in ideology, which has been frequently used recently. The direct reason for the general use of this concept stems from the book "The Origin of Modernity" by H. Butterfield, a professor of modern history at Cambridge University. There have been three great revolutions in history: the Urban Revolution, the Greek Revolution, and the Scientific Revolution, and among them, the most important and most groundbreaking is the Scientific Revolution. To briefly summarize the contents of the scientific revolution: 1. the collapse of Aristotle's view of nature 2. the establishment of scientific methods 3. the combination of science and technology 4. the triumph of mechanism 5. the establishment of science as an institution. After all, the core of the scientific revolution stems from the formation of a new method of exploration of nature, which combines the theoretical heritage of Greece and the unique form of technical practice since the late Middle Ages. The former sprouted in the theoretical heritage since Greece, and the latter was trained in the technical practice of modern craftsmen. The reason why science in the modern sense of Greece and the Middle Ages was not born was that this rational way of thinking and technical practice were separated from each other. In other words, in the Middle Ages, theory belonged to theologian's speculation, and technical practice was the exclusive property of artisans without culture. In the end, one big breakthrough that will unlock the secret of the scientific revolution was the combination and connection of theoretical heritage belonging to scholarly traditions and technical practice belonging to artisan traditions, and the state of their mutual penetration. Moreover, the prosperity of the capitalist system inevitably enabled the development of experimental science, which also played a major role in industrial and economic development. And as natural science went beyond certain limits, it firmly secured its position as a factor in society's productivity, and this transformation was much more significant than the political events of the time in any way. The significance of the scientific revolution is also here. - Copernicus' appearance Copernicus pointed out the problem with Ptolemy's space structure and thought the sun was at the center of the universe and the earth was spinning around it. This was a challenge to the entire medieval view of space, which had been believed that the Earth was the center of the universe. It challenged Aristotle and Ptolemy's view of the universe, which had been believed to be almost absolute truth until then. Copernicus appealed to fellow mathematicians for aesthetic judgment to explain his view of the universe. This is a complex concept, which is based on all intellectual progress since the scientific revolution, and is the same as the humanist concept. This is also seen in the act of rejecting the achievements of Scholar philosophers, that is, the lack of beauty and unification. Nature has one unity, if we find the laws right in nature, this unity is expressed in the simplicity of the laws themselves, the expression of unity, the definition of simplicity is aesthetic... ...science is both the beauty and truth of people who practice them, like art.…gives the humanist belief that it is the two sides of the whole. It is the belief that beauty is the truth. -Tico BraheTico Brahe was a genius at observation. Accurate observations helped revise astronomical records up to that time and the calendar. The discovery of a sacred star in the constellation of Cassiopeia in 1572, and in that year's paper, "About the Divinity," severely damaged Aristotle's view of the universe. Unlike Copernicus, Tico Brahe's space structure claimed that the Earth is stationary at the center of the universe, with the moon and the sun rotating around it, and other planets orbiting the sun. -Kepler Kepler was the first to think that the orbit of a planet represents an ellipse, not a circle. When I calculated the orbit of Mars according to Brahe's data, the full circle did not come out and it was distorted. Eventually, Kepler believes in Tico's observation and discovered the elliptical orbit by abandoning the preconception that the celestial body is complete, establishing the following laws. 1. Every planet rotates in its own elliptical orbit around the Sun. 2. When a planet moves on an orbit, its fan-shaped area is equal to two points in orbit at the same time. 2. The square of each planet's cycle is proportional to the cube of its average distance to the Sun. Thinking that astronomy cannot fully help navigation without accurate time measurement tools, Galilei finds that the pendulum and throbbing pulse keep exactly the same time using latitude measurement and monastic clock airway. The principle of the pendulum movement, the basis of the modern clock principle, was established. (In the laws of mechanics, Aristotle's heavy objects fall first...)The reason for not reversing the proposition was that there was no clock to measure the passage of time.) Galilei also built a telescope to make more detailed observations, which he used as evidence for Copernicus' space structure. Observations of the moon's surface, sunspots, Jupiter and Venus helped ordinary people understand Copernicus' space structure. However, Galilee's view of the universe was contrary to Christian doctrine because it denied the Earth's central theory. The church, which weakened after the 16th century religious reform, could not tolerate this claim and eventually face a religious trial.
As a result, Galileo's humiliation culminated in the scientific revolution and led to the decline of Italian astronomy, and Germany also began to be thwarted early due to Luther's contempt for Copernicus. However, after Galilee's death, the scientific revolution flourished in rebellion in England, and as a background, a genius named Isaac Newton was born. Galileo's ideas and influences 1. He laid the foundation for a mechanical worldview. 2. He has extended his senses. 3. He thought of the infinite universe mathematically. 4. The relationship between science and religion began to deteriorate after Galilean dynamics emerged. - Descartes and Mechanical Philosophy - If Hermesism and Neoplatonism assume spiritual power, spirits, mysticism, and magical power in nature, mechanical philosophy sees nature as only matter + movement and absolutely alien to mind and matter. - The process of establishing mechanical philosophy: When Aristotle was suspected at university and lost absolute authority, extreme skepticism called 'pyronism' emerged in crisis and transitional situations where new theories competed. This is a sensory and epistemological skepticism, and it is difficult to believe anything given by sensory perception, so no theory obtained through perception can be believed. In this "knowledge crisis", on the one hand, there was a position to avoid epistemological skepticism through practicality as an opposition to skepticism, and on the other hand, Descartes put forward "new dogma" as an opinion on skepticism. In the new dogma theory, he attempted a systematic suspicion that if he could not trust his senses, he would suspect everything he could. If it is not absolute knowledge, it is doubtful that all of them deny sensory knowledge, 외 deny external world, 자 deny their consciousness itself, and eventually, what remains is that they think "I exist because they think." Descartes's philosophy was to build new knowledge from the reliable knowledge of clearness through the neo-Germanism method. Descartes' mechanical philosophy: Descartes thought that natural science knowledge should also be systematically based on clearness, resulting in the mechanical philosophy of matter+movement. Descartes thought that existence had an extension, and that something occupying the space could be recognized when it entered his senses. In other words, the principle that matter occupies space arose here. Descartes thought that there should be movement in the substance and that God gave it. In other words, after the principle of matter and motion is given from God, nature continues to return. Matter is all made up of particles and change is made from motion. Descartes gave this motion and established the principle of inertia that a moving object continues its motion without external intervention. In conclusion, this philosophy can be called 'mechanical philosophy' because there is no room for supernatural ideas such as nature's divinity, mana, and spirits to intervene. By mechanical philosophy, nature is considered to be maintained as if it were a machine as its own principle of motion. This philosophy also has the position of reductionism that it can reveal its existence by retroactively reflecting on basic elements. Descartes introduces the 'vortex theory of particles' based on such reductionism, thereby completing the theory of planetary/light/gravity. → Descartes' mechanical philosophy expresses the idea that all phenomena of nature can be explained by causal mechanisms, and modern science and modern science can be seen as following this position. Note As we enter the 17th century, Europe enters the so-called "era of scientific revolution" that continues into modern and modern times, along with the development of philosophy, astronomy, and physics. In this century, brilliant discoveries and creativity that awaited the scientific revolution poured out one after another. Although Kepler, Napier, and Ferma have pioneered new fields such as Descartes, Pascal, Newton, and Leibniz. They were geniuses who studied physics, astronomy, and philosophy without exception, and in this respect, they are different from those of later mathematicians. This feature is also well illustrated in their research and creative discoveries. Descartes, the philosopher who wrote the Methodology Introduction, remains immortal as the founder of interpretive geometry. The algebraic method was discovered by combining geometry with algebra. It is believed that this is affecting Leibniz's discovery of calculus. Newton and Leibniz each independently founded calculus, opening the way for modern scholarship. Mathematics, which has not progressed for hundreds of years, has advanced rapidly and has also had a great impact on physics by leaping from the world of geometry and algebra to analytical science. Newton systematized calculus in 1671. He made brilliant achievements, including the discovery of the law of gravity in the universe and the theory of particles of light. "Philosophia e naturalis Principia mathematica" was published in 1687. Later, Leibniz and Newton had a lot of controversy over the creation of calculus, but it was eventually explained that the two achieved their achievements independently. Leibniz also made a great contribution to the symbolization of mathematics. The current symbols of calculus owe much to it. He also made great achievements in law and philosophy. -Newton and the Completion of Classical Physics Newton, who completed the modern scientific revolution and completed classical physics, was born on December 25, 1642 in a small farmhouse in England. It is the year of Galilee's death and the 100th anniversary of Copernicus' death. He entered Trinity College in Cambridge at the age of 19 and began to make connections with science. His research was extensive, including the production of reflective telescopes, optics, universal gravitation, and calculus. And his research career has come to an end with the publication of his books. - 3 Laws of Motion 1. Objects that do not exert force from outside shall remain stationary or constant. <Law of Inertia> 2. When a force acts on an object and the state of motion changes, the magnitude of the acceleration is proportional to the applied arbitrary size and inversely proportional to the mass. <Law of Acceleration> 3. When two objects act on each other, the force received by the second object from the first object is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force received from the first second object. In 1687 Newton published an extensive book, The Principia, the Bible of Science. the mathematical principles of natural philosophyIt is, usually called {Principia} In this book Newton solved a major historical task of modern scientific development 150 years after Copernicus. The content mainly unified Kepler's astronomy and Galilee's mechanics, and supplemented his views to a higher level.
the last path of a scholar
A well-versed and upright scholar "doesn't think of yumsa in his heart and say wealth with his mouth... The creed of Namsangol Sannim's "Click Foot" was the belief that he lost to the truth, but he had a small pride that he felt sorry for, and that he did not enjoy the side fire even if he froze to death. " Lee Chang-seop, a Chinese scholar who died at the age of 75 on the 16th (Among Lee Hee-seung's essay collection "Cold Heart"), was a scholar who lived the life of such a "clicky." The only formal education is the completion of Gyeongsangbuk-do High School, but the academic depth of the deceased, whose work is reading, is "Yu."He is well versed in Buddhism and Zen. He translated and introduced Lee Man-bu's "Dodongpyeon" and "Jihaengrok," which are considered to be Seongri Daejeon during the Joseon Dynasty, for the first time in Korea. He also deciphered 60 volumes of the Cheontae Three Great Divisions, the end of the Cheontaejong Dynasty, as well as numerous Buddhist books and Taoist books such as Chamdonggye and Ipyakgyeong. Monk Deoksan, chairman of the association Chun Tae-jong, said, "The deceased, who deciphered difficult Chinese characters and cursive writing, was a master of Chinese literature, although he did not receive institutional education," adding, "He revived the academic pulse of the ancestors." As if he were a Hyeonshin of Namsangol Sannim's Heo Saeng, the deceased devoted himself only to reading while building a wall with society. Both the professor's proposal and the position of the director of Dosanseowon Confucian Academy declined. But this poor life inevitably involved a painful cost. Housekeeping has always been for wives and children. In poverty, I had to watch my two sons and daughters turn their backs on the world after suffering from illness. The remaining five siblings naturally had no choice but to keep their "disgrace" with "respect" for the deceased. In particular, Lee Seong, his third son, who went to school with a high school while carrying a luggage bike in Cheonggyecheon with a hungry stomach, was said to have the biggest lump. My eldest daughter Kyung-rim (poet) recalled, "My father was reckless and was never doing anything he didn't want even if his family starved," adding, "But I was always proud that my father was an 'unstained scholar'." It was not until 1988 when his eldest son passed away that the deceased began to move the classics to Hangeul and escaped from seclusion. In other words, he tried to compromise for the first time in his life and sent a message of reconciliation to his children. The deceased began translating classics at the age of Yi Sun, but continued to work on 2,000 pages a month, translating as many as 260 books in more than a decade. Around the time of diplomatic relations between Korea and China, President Roh Tae-woo wrote a letter in Chinese instead. There is also an anecdote that Deng Xiaoping, who received the letter at the time, was impressed, saying, "Was there anyone in Korea who could write such a sentence?" The five siblings, who had a hard time with their father, gradually understood their father's life and efforts. In particular, Lee Sung, who grew up as the head of the city's municipal reform team, applied for the monthly Literature World Award in August last year to calmly describe the pain and reconciliation his family had to suffer because of his father's work. Through this article, he opened his closed mind wide, saying, "Now I want to ask for a handshake," but he could not come to his father's mortuary. "I want to give children armed with black and white logic to relax," he said, adding that he took a year off from school, a middle school student and an elementary school student, and went around the world on the 11th without hesitation. Instead, in the mortuary, literary figures from Confucian scholars and monks, and public officials in Seoul mourned the way to the "last scholar" of our time. Central 2002. July 18, 2002, "The death of the father of a public official on leave who traveled around the world." "I can't go today." I've been crying for hours. The faint hope that I had left wondering if I could see you again was ruined. My father died. " Lee Seong, who took a year off from work and traveled around the world with his family on the 11th.44) Former head of the Seoul Metropolitan Government's municipal reform department. After five days journey he heard the sad news. A sudden attack ten days ago to undergo major surgery, leaving his father ichangseop the last 16th (Hak Ja Han. 75, 李昌燮), he died. Confucian scholar who do not come to terms with the outside world as six siblings who because of his father, who had to take particularly poverty and suffering have passed my father's death because the 李 of documentary was out of the ordinary. Resentment over the usual father with a low blue flame I suffered tremendous hardships because no. 李, 10 days before, leaving the Ewha Womans Univ. Mok-dong Hospital's room and up all night. Father a difficult decision, pushing his son on the back and show love is deep inside. On the trip with two sons (15.16) and nephew but a leave of absence a year (10) his wife had tears in his seed is fully booked for transportation to 李 and to put body into a flight to Hong Kong on July 11. He "Are you alone to go home." high Wednesday, but worried about the safety of children couldn't make sense to family members stopped her. Travel on the bulletin board postings -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- the JoongAng Ilbo, in the past, scrap that, from reading the room when we started to put out. Lonely scholar away the memory of the articles. Oh, this people. ....... is imperative that learning about this on ...An article spent, respect and admiration yeosseumnida. At the time saved him again after several years, read to you, too, see each other again after new. But surfing the internet, posted on a travel agency which is the next day came the news about her son. In comparison, dugeul two showing the relationship, the father of a bygone age and as a scientist father and son of Japan's emperor, it is strange to cross. Before that, we are a father-son relationship in the age of easy, not a scholar, and naver not easy, too, the path of the resultant I'm sad and we think of a love-hate relationship. I'm not on a scholarly path either, but I console myself when I'm having a hard time thinking about itFor those who come to Oyeokgal, please refer to it as an opportunity to regroup their attitude toward work and learning. Three lines. 1. Read more! 2. Are you okay? Sequi! That's wonderful... 3. Pain follows the path of scholars. The stubborn devotion of the Chinese scholar Lee Chang-seop reminds us of the attitude toward learning.
Why Socialism Is Realized After Capitalism
1. As we know, Marx sees the core of historical development as the relationship of productivity and production. In other words, the process of developing history has a law The point is that in order for humans to advance their history to the next level, it is not possible only because of the will, but also because of the development of materials that enable the will. In other words, in order for the capital system to be overcome, the development of matter requires the formation of a subject that can overcome it It's a way of thinking that's not that different from structure and behavior in social science and the environment and human category in humanities. 2. The feudal system of the West could not be brought down by simple peasant rebellion, but by industrial capitalists who grew with industrial development and were more daring in "creating another world," and the grandfathers who owned small and medium-sized land were able to overcome the contradiction. 3. This has been criticized by many people, but I feel a little bit different from rigid social development. First, unlike the known scheme of primitive communism -> slavery -> feudalism -> capitalism -> socialism - Marx was constantly showing attempts to "typize" the economic structures of many countries in the history process. And typification is that the same feudal system shows different characteristics in different civilizations. By distinguishing Prussian feudalism from Asian production styles (India and Arab civilization) and Chinese production styles (Northeast Asia), we called for a richer interpretation of historical development. Secondly, by suggesting the "leap" of the history process, he acknowledged that unlike many people's misunderstanding, he could go straight from feudalism to socialism. In his letter to Russian theorist Jasurizzi, Marx mentions that the Russian people can go to the New World without having to suffer the suffering of the Western proletariat. 4. Third, Marx's theory of historical relics, although there are various possibilities for interpretation, does not just refer to the law of matter. The premise of historical development is matter, but the main component is superstructure (human will and thought). Again, theoretical work expresses as much interest in the social process of the 1800s French Revolution (not the Great Revolution) and the modern bureaucracy as in the analysis of the economic structure. His descendants theorize about the interest in modern superstructures. 5. His theory of historical development seems to be more appropriate to understand as a degree of tendency. In fact, he believed in the same Marxist theory during the liberation period, but Park Heon-young said the bourgeois revolution and Baek Nam-woon and Yeo Un-hyung said the New Democratic Revolution, which is a different view on how to interpret his theory. Personally, I think Baek Nam-woon and Yeo-woon were right.
Empress MyeongseongThe Weber report that revealed the truth of the murder.
In the early morning of October 8, 1895, the Japanese attacked Gyeongbokgung Palace and brutally killed Empress Myeongseong, the mother of Joseon. A so-called Weber report, written by the Russian government official Weber, was found at the Russian government's archives in Moscow. It was in October 2000. We know from history textbooks that Empress Myeongseong was brutally murdered by the swords of Japanese women who stormed the palace. How on earth was the crime plotted and how were the killers handled afterwards? The Weber report exposes Japan's unconventional atrocities. The volume alone amounts to more than 300 pages. The report was reviewed in detail by Russian Emperor Nikolai II. The scene of Empress Myeongseong's assassination is vividly recorded. When the queen fled to the hallway, she chased her down, trampled her chest and cut herself with a knife.' Webber plays a crucial role in informing the country's legation of witnesses at the time and revealing the truth of the incident along with other diplomatic envoys. At that time, King Gojong and Empress Myeongseong built a Western pavilion in the palace and let Americans, Russians, British, and French stay. The reason was that if there were foreigners in the palace, the Japanese would not rush into the palace recklessly, conscious of their eyes. Empress Myeongseong The murder case would have been hidden without the Russian Sabatin and other Westerners, who were on night duty that day. The Weber report contains evidence of that. The Japanese legation officials go to the Japanese legation to inquire about the truth of the incident, but they accuse the Japanese legation of having no idea. "The words of the Japanese people are more reliable than the words of the malicious Koreans spreading unreasonable rumors," Weber points out in Miura's words. "The witness is not a Korean, but a Westerner." Miura hurriedly ends talks with foreign construction companies, embarrassed by the words and saying, "We have to find out again." Perhaps if all the witnesses were Koreans, the Japanese legation would have stuck its feet out to the end. Based on testimony from witnesses at the scene, let's look back on the Doomsday Empress Myeongseong in a Weber report that vividly describes the situation at the time. Gunfire rings at Gwanghwamun, the main gate of the palace, and this was the signal of a Empress Myeongseong murder plot. The 10th Japanese Regiment, which was on standby, attacked Chuseomun Gate, northwest of the palace, and Chudongmun Gate, northeast of the palace. Protesters retreat after being unable to resist a sudden attack by Japanese troops. As a battle between the protesters and the Japanese military took place in Gwanghwamun and all the protesters, including Hong Gye-hoon, were killed, the Japanese military took over Gwanghwamun. It took only 45 minutes to get things done and get things done. Feeling threatened by Japan's murder, King Gojong and Empress Myeongseong stayed at Geoncheong Palace, the northernmost part of Gyeongbokgung Palace. Both doors leading to Okhoru were blocked by Japanese samurai. Here, the Russian Sabatin encounters the Empress Myeongseong killing squad. Uniformed Japanese military officers were in command of the soldiers and 40 Korean soldiers lined up in the yard. In this Okhoru, Empress Myeongseong is brutally murdered and taken to the body. The killers burn the body of the empress here to destroy evidence and bury it in the forest east of Geoncheonggung Palace. Dr Weber writes at the end of this report. "It is an ugly atrocity that mobilized troops to attack the palace and kill a country's national identity, not even a war." The inside and outside of Okhoru were filled with Japanese searching for Empress Myeongseong, and Empress Myeongseong was brutally murdered by the Japanese without any protection. However, it is strange that 40 Joseon soldiers were at the site of the murder. Why were they at the site of the murder? The Weber report identified the 40 Korean soldiers. The Korean soldiers were part of a training camp. The training camp is a Korean army created by Japanese coercion. Japanese military instructors were put into the training camp to make the Joseon army pro-Japanese. The training camp is a Korean unit controlled by the Japanese military.Japan, which aimed to rob Joseon, needed to secure power representing its interests and wanted to meet it through a training camp. By placing the Joseon army under the command of Japan, they tried to take control of the military power and adjust it at will according to their purpose. Gojong and Empress Myeongseong wanted to see through their purpose and disband the training camp. A day before the trial, King Gojong's order to disband the training camp is issued. Then, did the soldiers of the training camp who went to the Sihae site go to Okhoru because they were dissatisfied with the order of dissolution? The report records that they did not engage in combat. In other words, it can be said that the training team was mobilized to the site of the trial to pass on the responsibility for the murder of Empress Myeongseong to the training team. In addition, Heungseon Daewongun was kidnapped to Gangnyeongjeon Hall and imprisoned until the Japanese finished removing Empress Myeongseong. It was a Japanese tactic to frame Daewongun for the murder of Empress Myeongseong. Empress Myeongseong On that day, King Gojong, along with Crown Prince, was surrounded by the Japanese, kicked, and beaten with a knife. The Weber Report also contains King Gojong's testimony. In front of Guinean, the Japanese, Watanabe and former Joseon military advisers Suzuki and Okamoto came in with knives, and Okamoto and Suzuki caught the queen." Among the witnesses at the scene, King Gojong is the only one who names the killers. As the name suggests, it was all the Japanese who killed the empress. In addition to these, there were about 20 more action groups involved in the removal of Empress Myeongseong. They were civilians in plain clothes, not soldiers. They were Japanese wearing suits and kimonos and armed with knives and pistols. What are they? At the end of the Joseon Dynasty, there was a media organization established by the Japanese living in Joseon, so it is Hansung Shinbosa Temple. Since its foundation, Hansung Shinbo Corporation has been an institution where Japanese disguised as journalists came into Korea to collect information after paying all operating expenses at the legation. Among them, Kenzo Idachi, president of Hansung Shinbo, plays an active role as the leader of the Empress Myeongseong Shihai Incident. Shiba Shiro, the general manager of the action squad, is an elite who studied at Harvard University in the United States and majored in economics. In addition to these, the members of the action team in the Shihae Incident were intellectuals representing Japan's intelligence at that time. They were ultra-rightists who were determined to do anything to invade the continent by their own country, Japan. A report by the North China Herald newspaper dated October 31, 1895 accurately recognizes Japan's intention to cover up and reduce the Empress Myeongseong disaster. As public criticism of Japan and calls for punishment of criminals are rampant, the Japanese government summons 48 suspects identified as murderers to Tokyo. The case is handed over to the Hiroshima Court, and all criminals are released on the absurd grounds of insufficient evidence after going through formal procedures. After their release, the criminals were applauded by the Japanese people as heroes of the nation's salvation, and the king also sent a delegation to award medals to the criminals. The Japanese government had no intention of punishing the killers. This is because the Empress Myeongseong Sea Incident is a atrocity made in cooperation with the Japanese military, government, private, and government. Even though there are witnesses at the scene and evidence is scattered, the killers run high after being released due to insufficient evidence. Shiba Shiro, a key figure in the action group, has gained fame as a political novelist and is elected to the National Assembly several times. Kenzo Idachi, who was a campaigner for mobilizing women, became a member of the Japanese cabinet, and most of the killers were either placed in preposition or gained social wealth and honor in Japan. Miura, a Japanese construction worker in Korea, was the leader of the Empress Myeongseong murder plot. Russian Shibata's testimony, "They didn't listen to me and only asked who the queen was and where the queen was." Empress Myeongseong was King Gojong's political adviser. She says to stay close to the West, such as Russia, France and the United States, in order to escape the Japanese invasion plot. The Sino-Japanese War was fought by the Qing Dynasty and Japan to take over Joseon. Japan, which won the war, signed the Shimonoseki Treaty to pave the way for the invasion of Joseon. When Japan took control of the Liaodong Peninsula, Russia drew in France and Germany and put the brakes on it. Empress Myeongseong did not miss this international trend and joined hands with Russia to keep Japan in check. For Japan, which was thoroughly sacrificed in Joseon's diplomatic relations, Empress Myeongseong was like a thorn in its eye. When the news of Empress Myeongseong's murder became known, righteous army protests broke out across the country, and Japan was also embroiled in criticism internationally. In that sense, the removal of Empress Myeongseong was a tactical complete failure. On October 12, 1897, King Gojong established the Qing Dynasty and changed the national title to the Korean Empire. And on November 22, they held a grand funeral for Empress Myeongseong. During the ceremony to raise the posthumous title of Empress Myeongseong, King Gojong said, "The royal incident was so unpredictable that I had never been in my life. He has failed to avenge himself and has passed his discipline. But my grief is beyond control."I shed tears. More than a hundred years after the tragic Empress Myeongseong was assassinated by Japan, the case remains unsolved. Empress Myeongseong This is because there are only suspects in the murder case, and so far, no punishment for criminals has been identified. Shouldn't we get back to the bottom of the Empress Myeongseong Sea Incident now? For Japan, which hides the truth of history and distorts history, it is possible to face what the truth is and what their faults are.