In May 387 A.D., the fortress was busy with military movements. Since the time when the government's policy of punishing Baekje was finalized, many military forces have been concentrated on the national capital. The news of Prince Damdeok's direct participation inspired the people. Rumors of the prince's participation had already spread, but people didn't believe it. I thought it was just a rumor circulating. But that was confirmed to be the case. However, the retired young generals were also given the opportunity to be loyal to the country once again. It was a pity that competent young generals were dismissed, but the problem was solved with relief. The dispatch of Baekje's conquistadors flooded with volunteers. Amid the strong will to fight the decisive battle, the resolution to punish Baekje was heightened. The energy of domesticity changed in an instant. Busabi gained vitality in the body as domestic energy was detected. I was moved by the atmosphere of wriggling alive. Now, his wish to show the spirit of a young boy seemed to come true. His love for the country and the people was so great that he could not help being angry and disappointed. The unexpected incident at the youth hunting competition led to the arrest of the Duso clan and fortunately, the Busabi, who suffered the humiliation of being deprived of office by the royal family and Janghyup, even thought it was a barrier that the Duso clan could not overcome. It seemed premature to build the spirit of a young man yet. It also occurred to me that the dream of spreading the spirit of a young man might never be possible. The more the idea that setting up the nation's spirit would be nothing but an illusion, the more embarrassment and helplessness permeated. Haewooseong, Moduru, and Changyeoji were his strong support. Once they failed, they were not weak-willed people. Young generals vowed to take lessons from this incident and cheer up again. He promised to promise the future and strengthen internal solidarity. However, unlike before, the vitality has decreased a lot. I couldn't get rid of the idea that the spirit of the youth was just hope. When he recalled the powerful power of the Duso faction, his fist was unwittingly released. However, the Duso group did not stop here and planned to go to Baekje to remove Prince Damdeok from the domestic fortress. Even the last bastion left in his heart was collapsing. Thinking that even the crown prince was being torn down, I was very worried about the future of the country. He made up his mind to get rid of Dooso and told young generals. "I don't know how proud I am to be here with you." "Me neither. But what's the matter?" Modalu asked, giving the light of tension. The same was true of Haewooseong and Changyeoji. This is because Busabi's expression was unusual. He was never a light speaker. But once he made up his mind, he was willing to do it. When he said something that seemed to be in mind of parting, I felt his firm resolution. "Duso Guksang is the root of all evil. I'm determined to get rid of him." "I don't think I should leave him alone either. But we didn't say we'd put up with it until the day of judgment with the sword of justice," Chang Yeo-ji said calmly. They were always full of spirit and optimistic people. However, he was cautious in the face of Busabi's determination. "Dusso is openly targeting the Crown Prince. If you lose your connection with the Crown Prince, your hopes for the future may disappear. So there's no time to lose." "No." Chang Yeo-ji firmly opposed it, and the rest agreed. "I think getting rid of the doos is the way for this country. I'm going to kill Duso with this one-body effort." "Ugh! I didn't say no." Moduru raised his voice. Nonetheless, Busabi did not back down. "I can never reconcile with Doos. What I'm trying to do is holy. Allow me to act and celebrate. Please." "That's fine indeed. I'll join you. We're not the ones who swore to go a long way. So you have to accept my words as well." Moduru, who knew that he would not break Busabi's resolution, expressed his will. "I'll come with you. It's about building the spirit of a young man, but I can't help but join him." This time, Chang Yeo-ji stepped up. "No, it's a waste of one's life. Why would you give up so many lives? I can do it on my own. Please stay and raise the spirits of the youth and correct the foundations of the country. This is what really helps me." "We're not on the same wavelength. But I turn a blind eye to my dying comrade. I can't do that." Moduru insisted firmly. Hae Woo-sung said, looking at the three with bloodshot eyes. "I can understand what you're saying. But it's really causing me pain." "No, why did you say that..." Chang Yeo-ji asked back to Hae Woo-sung. "When you were caught and tortured by the Duso gang the other day, I was comfortable with the youth meeting. It wouldn't have happened if you were a little prepared for the plot of the Dusso sect. Think about it. How I felt back then..." "I know you've been running around on two legs for us. But what are you saying... "You're offering your lives to each other in front of me. It is not enough to see me being tortured now, so watch me to death." Everyone's eyes were tearful at Hae Woo-sung's crying story. After a moment of silence, Hae Woo-sung continued. "Busabi, can you guarantee that removing the doos won't make the second doos appear? Many people thought that if Emperor Li Lian ascended to Bowie, he would prevent the overthrow of Du So. But Du So is still alive and well. The reason for this is the cruelty of Du So, but rather the lack of power to firmly prevent his mastery." "...." "Now the young generals must build up their strength. You must have a powerful force to crush the second Dusso-like person at once." "A powerful force! Don't you think Duso is blocking it?" "Duso is just a treachery. You can't change the lives of the two and the two. You can't trade for hundreds of lives like Doos." "That's right." All the towers and windows shouted at the same time. Busabi was blinded by their deep friendship. These were young generals who wanted to establish the spirit of the country, and men of loyalty who would give their lives for their comrades without hesitation. "I wasn't thinking enough. I'll do what you want." Once you make up your mind, the unyielding vice-bearer folded his will before his loyalty. "Thank you. We have a dream. There is hope for a young man to rise up in this country. Let's go out hand in hand, even if it's hard." The men nodded with a stiff look. "A plot is being plotted to bring Prince Damdeok to Baekje to slander him. Shouldn't we take measures?" "The appearance of the Crown Prince has become a fait accompli. In this situation, our young generals are volunteering to participate in Baekje in advance. We have an obligation to protect you." "If we play together, it'll be a good way to expand your range of behavior and take a link with you." "All right. Let's all play." Busabi, Moduru, and Changyeo-ji were sympathetic to Hae Woo-sung's opinion. "But if we volunteer for an expedition to Baekje, will you also participate?" asked everyone with a slanted face. "It's your decision... ...so we'll see," Hae Woo-sung smiled meaningfully. Hae Woo-sung's prediction was right. His judgment was always overwhelmingly accurate. Not only did he bring out Prince Damdeok's behavior and decision more accurately than anyone else, but he also pointed out that it would be an opportunity for young generals to make a comeback. Other young generals were half-concerned and looked forward to it. The expectation came true. The prince not only corrected the appearance of Baekje, but also strongly expressed his intention to accompany young generals. Hae Woo-sung and the prince seemed to be on the same wavelength. Source: Jeong Il-ho, Kingdom of Heaven and Goguryeo
2022년 4월 11일 월요일
1954 Dokdo War
Japanese Warships Defeated Aircraft Invasion in 1954 'Dokdo Battle'
[Freshman Park Taegyeon/Reporter]
"When did the government guard the country when it was in danger? The righteous army protected it."
That's what old adults used to say. It was like that during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, and it was like that at the end of the Joseon Dynasty. That's true. It is not a matter of looking for a case from afar. This is the case with Dokdo, which is now infuriating the entire nation with Japan's reckless behavior. When the Korean government's administrative power fell short of Dokdo after the Korean War, it was none other than the "righteous soldiers" who defeated Japan, which invaded Dokdo with insignificant weapons by mobilizing warships and aircraft.
The late Hong Soon-chil (1929-1986), the commander of the Dokdo Volunteer Guard, published eight years ago in a magazine titled "Dokdo's Hidden Stories" by these unnamed civilian soldiers under the name of "Dokdo's Hidden Stories," which was published a few years ago under the title "Hyean."
Captain Hong's handwriting is touching to see why 40 young people in their mid-20s fought a fierce war against Japan, which is heavily armed with warships and aircraft for three years and eight months, with 1,300 to 1,400 millimeters of annual rainfall. In particular, the fact that Hong Jae-hyun's grandfather Hong Jae-hyun, who moved to Dokdo in 1883, held out the "fierce national spirit" behind them makes us solemn.
Now, the Korean people hold a festival every year, calling Chungmugong's great victories, including the Battle of Hansan, during the Imran period, the Three Great Battle. Unfortunately, in 1954, when civilian soldiers, including Captain Hong Soon-chil, bowed and defeated Japanese warships and aircraft invasion of Dokdo at altitudes,
The reality of the Dokdo Battle on November 21 is not even known properly.This is especially true for young people.
Therefore, with the understanding of Hyean Publishing Company, some of the handwriting of Captain Hong Soon-chil is introduced. This is because it would be shameful if we did not know the history of our proud struggle to protect Dokdo, while angry at Japan's failure.
- Editor's Note
Hong Jae-hyun Ong, a pioneer of Ulleungdo and Dokdo
On the 8th of April of 1883, when a grandfather (Hong Jae-hyun Ong), who returned from Gangneung, Gangwon-do to Ulleungdo Island, arrived in Hyeonpyo-dong, Buk-myeon, Ulleung-gun by boat for four days, only two families lived there. My grandfather climbed a high mountain one day, far east
I found another island in the sea. In ancient books such as "Sejongsillok" and "Donggukyeojiseungram," I guessed that it was Dokdo, and in June 1897, my grandfather climbed the Dokdo road and took a juniper tree from Ulleungdo Island
Dokdo was planted in Dongdo Island.
When my grandfather returned to Ulleungdo Island, he caught three sea lions and distributed them evenly to the residents of Ulleungdo Island. He was very happy to supply fat to residents who lived only with arrowroot, conch, or livelihood, and after that, he decided to obtain fat from Dokdo Island.
The following year (1898), he went to Dokdo to catch sea lions, and unexpectedly, he met a group of Japanese people named Murakami there. In other words, they said that they were animals that caught and sold sea lions as a living. My grandfather told me that this island was originally Korean territory
I told you not to come to this island again. The grandfather did not stop here, but went to Japan with him on a boat that a Japanese man had been on.
My grandfather, who went to Japan, told me many times when I was young that Umbrella Island, located between Ulleungdo Island and Japan, was banned from Japanese fishing because Dokdo is Korean territory.
As such, my grandfather always said that Dolseom Island (Dokdomyeong, which my grandfather called) is our land and is the speed of Ulleungdo Island, so people of Ulleungdo Island should preserve it well and pass it on to their descendants. After liberation, on June 30, 1948, fishermen on Ulleungdo Island sailed to Dokdo, and about 30 people were killed by a bomb in the 5th U.S. Air Force bombing exercise. When the governor of Gyeongsangbuk-do built a memorial stone on Dokdo in 1951, his grandfather went with him to Dokdo with his old body and read the investigation.
"God of heaven and earth, this island is our land given by heaven and is the home of our compatriots, so our compatriots cherish it and protect it. Even today, about 30 of our compatriots want to protect this island as the guardian gods of the stone island," I still vividly remember the end of the investigation with the mournful voice.
My grandfather went to Dokdo and asked, "Do you know how cool it is, Soon-chil?" To the writer who asked back, "Beauty is not about clothes that are appearances. The true beauty of man is the true love of his country and his people
I'm talking about somebody's accident."
"You fight and take back Dokdo"
When the Korean War broke out, the Panzer Regiment I belonged to advanced to Cheongjin, but I was taken to an army hospital with severe injuries near Wonsan, and returned to my hometown of Ulleungdo Island with an honorary discharge in July 1952. My grandfather was very welcoming, but he was very worried, saying, "You'll be a teacher forever."
One day, I went to the police chief with a cane and saw an unexpected situation. On the yard of the police station, there is a symbol called "Shima縣縣岐 Takeshima (Oki-gun, Shimane Prefecture), which is 4.5 angles and 6 feet long. At that moment I felt dizzy. "The Dokdo incident, which I've heard so many times from my grandfather since I was young, really happened!'
When I asked, "Sir, what is the sign in the yard?" the chief explained, "Japan was found to have marked its territory in Dokdo by fishermen from Ulleungdo Island, so the police chief picked the sign "Dokdo, Ulleung-gun, Korea" as a countermeasure, and there have been several such signings since then. In recent years, even Korean fishermen who pick seaweed are under threat from Japan, so they are very worried.
I felt a surge of anger at the work of the disgusting Japanese. In the midst of the Korean War, the administrative power of the country has fallen short of Dokdo, and the shameless Japanese authorities' treatment of claiming sovereignty over Dokdo and threatening good fishermen with violence is impossible.
After going to the police station, I told my grandfather about the past and the fact that our fishermen who went to pick seaweed stopped working due to the threat of the PS ship belonging to the Japan Coast Guard and returned to Ulleungdo Island. My grandfather said this indignantly.
"When we pioneered Ulleungdo Island, we had a lot of difficulties and fought with the Japanese people to die and kill, so what are we afraid of now? I can't go to Dokdo because I'm old, but you've learned to fight in the army and you're young people."
"Dokdo Island is our favorite place of living, as the citizens of Ulleungdo Island cherish it like Munjeonokdap, so you should go there and fight to regain Dokdo.""
Dokdo's Water Guard Launched, Entrance to Dokdo after Armed Forces
After the grandfather's words, about 40 local soldiers from Ulleungdo Island gathered to discuss the necessity of the Dokdo Water Guard organization and plans to live on Dokdo in the future, and gradually began preparing ahead of the Dokdo pearl.
In the fall of 1952, before the Dokdo Water Guard was organized and sent to the local area, I went to Busan to find weapons and other equipment. My grandfather gave me three million won in military funds. In addition to the price of the squid that I brought to Busan for sale, the commission for the sale of the squid by the villagers is added
It became a large sum of about 5 million won. Of these, 2 million won was spent on weapons purchases, and the rest of the money was purchased in Busan, including rice, personal equipment, and even yeast. With the extraordinary skill of Lieutenant Byun Seo-gap and the two princesses, bullets and M1 rifles were also available, including machine guns.
At that time, it was easy to buy and sell pistols and rifles at the "Yankee Market" in Busan.
Dokdo's water defense corps had two combat groups to be stationed there and 15 people in each group, and a total of 45 people, including three members of Ulleung Island's supply liaison office, five reservists, and five crew members of the supply ship. The only non-military personnel were the crew of the supply ship and three liaison officers
They were warriors who fought on each front during the Korean War.
At the time of its first visit to Dokdo, the equipment included two Gyeonggi machine guns, three M2s, 10 M1s, two pistols, 50 grenades, and other equipment to live on Dokdo and a 0.5-ton boat for local use. In addition, three Belgian Jeonseo-gu, well-grown at home, were used for communication between Ulleungdo and Dokdo.
On 20 April 1953 we were on an indefinite journey to return. Our ship was an old and insignificant squid fishing boat of less than 5 tons for more than 10 years, but it was the only supply ship for us. On this day, we landed on Dokdo after a three-hour voyage.
"First Battle" July 23, 1953
At 5:30 a.m. on July 23, 1953, three months after the Volunteer Guard landed on Dokdo and established its position as a barracks. While working in shifts for exactly two hours, Kim Eun-ho, the prospector, reported, "A Japanese warship!"
The PS9 ships belonging to the Japan Coast Guard have been advancing 200 meters ahead of our garrison's barracks.
The movements of our guards were astute. Cho Sang-dal, Lee Sang-guk, and Hwayoung-mun installed machine guns on the horseboat and became a group with me, and the rest of the members decided to divide into other groups under the command of Seo Ki-jong and attack them. Ask them to cover the boat with a flare, and our association will be able to get the boat
He rode and rushed 20 meters away from the PS9 ship.
"Tang! Tang! Tang! Tang! Tang! Tang!
Amid a series of gunfire, more than 200 rounds of live ammunition were poured intensively toward the PS 9 from each rifle and the Gyeonggi machine gun installed in the boat. However, the thickness of the trap iron plate was too thick to make a hole.
However, embarrassed by the sudden shooting and supporting shots fired from the land, the Japanese ship bypassed the side of Gazaebawi Rock and fled far east.
As I turned the boat toward the barracks and returned, I caught a sea lion and arrived at the barracks. Then, the members who remained at the unit headquarters and fired support shots jumped into the water and greeted the commandos with a shout of "Wow!" On this Dokdo Island, which is an ancient island of the East Sea, the hearts of the country's loving members were on par with each other, touching the comradeship that hugged "you and me."
When a glass of alcohol was circulated on the sea lion's instant bulgogi, I couldn't help but say a word to the audience.
"Today's battle was a momentary encounter, but the Japanese ship withdrew because of the patriotism of its valiant comrades. This is not only a victory for our Dokdo guards, but also a joy that will go down in history. However, it is regrettable that the PS 9 tablets could not be sunk deep into the sea due to the absence of heavy weapons. So I'm going to try to get a heavy weapon somehow." And there were applause and shouts from the audience.
I asked them to be more strict in defending Dokdo while I was away, and the next day, I boarded a ship in Gangwon-do that was fishing off Dokdo and arrived at Mukho. Upon arriving in Daegu the next day, he talked to the head of the Gyeongbuk Military District Command and easily obtained two M boats as bait to catch sea lions that are good for energy. In addition, the Gyeongbuk Police Station obtained one captured Soviet-made direct gun and one mortar without a sighting table. But there are no live ammunition!
I took the Gyeongbu Line again and ran to Busan. The military funds in the handbag were only 2 million won in cash and one male reproducer of the sea lion. With the help of Princess Yang and others, he was able to purchase shells and weapons and return to Dokdo in gold.
The following year, on August 23, 1954, we were able to use this weapon to defeat another Japanese Coast Guard patrol ship that tried to approach Dokdo after a gun battle.
On November 21, 1954, the Battle of Dokdo was fought by three Japanese warships
November 21, 1954. Maybe it's because of the habit of waking up early on this day, but as soon as I wake up, I go out and go around the island once, but isn't a Japanese ship coming toward Dokdo from the sea 1km ahead? Instinctively, when I looked left and right, I saw Japanese traps on the right and left. There were also Japanese military planes in the sky.
I felt intuitively, 'These are attacking Dokdo in a complete siege.'
When I jumped into the barracks, shouted for emergency, and checked with binoculars, it was a 1,000-ton Japanese ship, PS 9, 10, and 16. As usual, our men were alert and ready for action, waiting for orders.
When the Japanese ship approaches 500 meters, it signals with a pistol. The mortar hits the PS9 first, the heavy weapon is shot behind the mortar, but destroys the command tower, and then attacks the left and right 10 and 16 ships with the same trick," he ordered. There have been several invasions by Japanese ships since our Dokdo Guards arrived on Dokdo, but this is the first time that so many ships have been mobilized, so we had to be prepared.
a creeping Japanese ship a strained-faced crew Their eyes staring silently at each other.
"Didn't Admiral Yi Sun-shin fight against Japan with inferior equipment during the Japanese Invasion of Korea?" We are now facing a Japanese trap on land, which is an advantageous position with such equipment. We will lead this battle to victory and prevent Japanese ships from invading Dokdo again.'
I clenched my molars, too.
The Japanese ship approached 700 meters to 600 meters and finally reached the M-1 rifle range. With a single pistol signal, shots rang out as if Dokdo was leaving, and the first mortar fired by Seo Ki-jong, a former special envoy, hit the PS9 during the Korean War, and several people were seen falling out of the player.
The Japanese ship was scrambling to and fro in the unexpected shooting, calling for help from the PS16, and the 16 approaching the PS9 were fleeing eastward, with ropes crossing the 9 to attempt a tug-of-war and the heavy weapon's deadly blow of smoke.
The critically wounded Japanese ship was disappearing eastward, with only the plane continuing to circle Dokdo and threatening it. As he did not miss the plane at all and perfected it in his anti-aircraft posture, the plane, which was judged to be unfortunate, also disappeared toward the eastern sky. Standing up in unison, the crew hugged each other with a shout of "Wow!" and shared the joy of victory.
Japan listened to NHK's broadcasting on how to report. Unsurprisingly, the noon news reported that the Korean Guard fired from their so-called Takeshima, damaging Japanese coast guard vessels and causing 16 casualties. The Japanese government immediately wrote a memorandum of protest to the Korean government
It was submitted and mail with Dokdo stamps at the time was returned to Korea from Japan. This incident will lead to a fierce diplomatic war between the U.S. and the Korean-Japanese governments.
On December 30, 1956, after three years and eight months of landing on Dokdo, we handed over weapons and duties to the National Police Agency and returned to Ulleungdo Island.
Roman legions vs. Jjangkae legions. A landslide victory in Rome!
Please remember that the Central Powers have been sloppy for generations. Except for the Tang Dynasty, the Jungwon countries were not elite soldiers, and they tend to collapse easily because they were just like sheep conscripted in rural areas. The Romans, on the other hand, are well-paid, well-trained elite soldiers. They're not just soldiers, they're civil servants. Remember that many cities in Europe are derived from Roman legions. Representatively, you have Koeln of Germany, or Bonn ... the Roman legions were on a roll because of their perfect command system, military discipline, and armament. The flower of the Roman Legion is a commander called the white captain, so it's not easy to break down when the top of the head dies. Take the Three Kingdoms for example, ordinary soldiers really show the height of their incompetence. It's characterized by the collapse of the general as soon as he dies, and even his armed state is only a thousand pieces... Desperate. All of the Roman legions were armed with iron armor, large shields and long muzzles, pilums. Before we start the back-and-forth battle, we go into this Philum relentlessly, and this power is incredible. There was no other country that put more emphasis on the formation than on Rome. There is no way to know what kind of formation they used in the Korean War. And while defeat is despised for generations, as is the case with the Eastern premise, in Rome, defeat is given the opportunity to wash away. And similar to the modern war, the Roman legions have a lot of rectangular groups waiting around before the battle, but all of the Han and the other Central Powers are gathered together. In Rome's heyday, no country at the time was able to keep up with the level of Rome's political-economic-social system. The citizens of the Roman city were given free wheat, entertainment, and sanitation. Unlike the smelly jacks, the Romans loved bathing. There's even a bathhouse in the Roman legions. Every Roman citizen had the right to be tried, and even the traitor was executed only by the parties, not by savagely destroying the Triads and the Four Tribes. The Roman system of law was so great that almost all of the world's constitution is based on Roman law. Almost every constitution in the world typically has its origins in the constitution of the French Revolutionary Army, but this French constitution has its origins in Roman law. The rule of law that Qin Shi Huang wanted was fully realized by Rome. Taxes are also very common sense and great from the current point of view. Tax is 1/10th, inheritance tax, indirect tax, direct tax... There were things like this. On the other hand, the Middle Ages imposed a very severe tax on the people. And the tax system wasn't really subdivided. And Rome had a kind of water supply that made it easy to live on, whereas in the Middle Ages there was no such water supply. The only good thing about the Middle Eastern country is that it's a tactic.It's nothing more than that.
the Han Empire and the Roman Empire
It's kind of embarrassing because it seems like you're taking the side of Rome, but it's not like Rome. As I left it in the Ripple, I would predict the White Middle Ages if it were not to clash the regular forces of the two countries (except the colonial forces or the subordinate forces) in the field. If either side carries out a large-scale expedition, I would argue that it is the defeat of the expedition. There is an opinion that the solidarity of the Korean Empire is not comparable to that of Rome, but it is hard to say which is superior to the solidarity of the Roman Empire, which is essentially a tribute and an encirclement, or an economic and military alliance. The solidarity of the Han Empire, which you claim, is still in the early stages of Chineseism, so it is a time when the gangsters revolted when the center was confused. On the contrary, I think that Rome was also a direct management of dispatching a governor, and there were a lot of these colonies that were literally uncomfortable without surveillance. If the regular Han army emptied Loyang, the scholars could stand up in a stampede, and if Rome emptied the capital, Rome would be reluctant to do so because of the Germanic children, I don't think that's a problem. On the contrary, Han can mobilize Western forces and Rome can also mobilize cavalry from Spain and Nubia. If you omit Central Asia between the two empires, it's quite a disadvantage for Rome...A significant number of allies are going to be lost on the map.^^ But if you somehow force a border, I'll still predict the centrist. The regular army, in its heyday, was a well-trained force by the implementation of the Duncan system, and Roman anti-professional soldiers who adhered to the system of militia unity... ...the Hundred Middle Ages, the Germanic mercenaries, the Five-Hwan mercenaries...Nubian cavalry and Western strength...The key to these allies is how much the other leader uses their cause and their practicality to disrupt them. I don't think either side has the upper hand in the quantity of supplies.In the end, I think it's the capability of the commander. But I think it would be interesting to have a well-trained military force in the Hunan period and a Roman army with a lot of war experience in the early days of the empire rather than in the Han period.
What is fascism? Park Chung-hee, Chun Doo-hwan, and the fascist regime
Fascism A collective term for the authoritarian political, economic, social thought, and political system that emerged among countries around the world from the 1920s immediately after World War I to the end of World War II, 1945. The system was first advocated by B. Mussolini of Italy and established. The etymology was derived from the Italian word fascio, which originally meant bundle, but its meaning was transformed into a meaning of unity and unity. In general, it refers to Italian fascism, German Nazism, and Japanese militarism, but from the standpoint of popular social theory or Marxism, political movements with all the strong, dictatorial, and undemocratic characteristics of modern society are defined as fascism. Since the war, the term totalitarianism has been used a lot. [Background of the outbreak] Social anxiety accumulated from the end of the 18th century, chronic panic after World War I, and political and social anxiety in the victorious and defeated countries caused various revolutionary energies. Fascism emerged from the extreme reactionary trend toward this, and the cause can be found in the crisis situation of modern society. In other words, when the stability and balance of the political system are destroyed and the existing political forces lose their ability to deal with the situation, fascism emerges to fill the anarchic vacuum. The factors that occur can be divided into political and social background and economic background. <Political and Social Background> The economic crisis in the 1920s and 30s, when World War I ended, caused social conflict and political confusion, and negative views on the prospects of democracy were dominant in Europe. Other objective factors are as follows. ① There are intensifying international confrontation and war crisis, domestic political instability, corruption, incompetence, and inefficiency, loss of self-balancing ability from strengthening various social organizations, political and social conflicts, and the emergence of people who have fallen out of professional organizations. In this crisis situation, anxiety over the social revolution sprouted, and the antipathy of farmers and urban Ptolemaic to the organizational struggle of workers increased. The nihilistic aspect of intellectuals and engineers was also strong, amplifying skepticism and despair in politics and social thought overall. Against this background, most countries, which hoped that imperialist wars would not occur again, began to seek a new political system as their longing for authoritative leadership sprouted. The fascist forces were based on the far-right ideology of crushing the labor movement and denial of the parliamentary democratic political order as democratic parties lost the ability and leadership to deal with the intensified political crisis. The political-based fascist movement of the Petiburian forces attempted to stabilize society in a short period of time as a counter-revolution and militant organization. <Economic Background> It occurred in the form of economic control and supervision by the state in the wake of the crisis of the capitalist economy, and Mussolini called this interferenceism a mixed economy. In the postwar economic crisis, traditional Ptolemy gradually became radical and took on an anti-capitalist tendency, leaning toward the revolutionary ideology of the working class. This middle class became the support base for the fascist party, which cleverly exploited the desire for change in the status quo. In the process of combining monopolistic capital with the fascist movement involving the middle class, errors and defeats of the working class existed, and in the 20th century, a form of one-party dictatorship was required as a cohesive force against the newly powerful class. German political scientist C. Schmidt defined the fascist state as a totalitarian state, and explained that the state has the characteristic of governing both society and economy. It is different from capitalism and socialism in that civil liberties and workers' rights are completely denied and individual economic activities are subordinate to national interests. Fascism, unlike socialism, does not deny the capitalist system, but opposes its political ideas and systems. In that respect, it seems to have an anti-capitalist character, but the true concept of confrontation of fascism is the socialist state system. Fascism, which has the characteristics of anti-liberalism, anti-parliamentaryism, and anti-Marxism, is the form in which the political reaction at the stage of monopoly capitalism has been the most extreme. It also embraces the spiritual products of capitalist society because it does not appeal to theoretical reason and ventures with the immaturity, backwardness, and inexperience of a specific class. Its ideological characteristics are fanatic and arbitrary because it is based on anti-rationalism, racism and imperialism due to inequality and violence, denying international law and order, showing totalitarian tendencies in all relationships, and the principle of cooperation. The development and dictatorship of fascism depend on the historical, social, and economic conditions of each country, and have different forms depending on its ethnic specificity and international status. The establishment of fascism began in the 1920s with Italy, Poland, Hungary, and Portugal, and Spain fascism took power with the support of Germany in 33 and Germany and Italy in 38. It can be divided into the following according to the form of reorganization. ① Legally taking power through elections or spreading the public base (Germany/Italy), by a coup by a right-wing military (Portugal, Espanya, Greece), by a right-wing authoritarian regime transformed into fascism by a military or militant pro-fascist coup (Finland, Hungary, Poland). Italy is the most typical fascist country. Popular support was obtained through the appeal of nationalism, and fascism was created by seeking a close cooperative system of politics and economy. Mussolini, who led this, conducted "Roman Progress" and argued that it was a "state formed and organized from below" with the concept of nationality on top of the class concept. Mussolini, who took power in 1922, attempted to form a vocational union between capitalists and workers and reorganize it into a state by cooperative method. At the top, there is the National Council of Cooperatives, and it has the authority to harmonize with the national interests while respecting the individual initiatives of the 22 cooperatives established under it. By granting legislative power to the cooperative body in February 34, Mussolini was able to combine his dream of building a strong state and advancing into the world. In January 1933, it joined hands with the German Nazi regime to invade Ethiopia, withdraw from the League of Nations, and sign a three-nation alliance with Germany and Japan to become the leading country in World War II. In 1923, the Nazi Party rallied a wide range of small and medium-sized producers to overcome the social unrest caused by the defeat after the failed uprising in Munich. It succeeded in attracting some of the working class under the name of the National Socialist German Workers' Party. The global depression, which began in 29, was a factor in the expansion of Nazi party power, and became the first party in the 32nd election. The ruling class, which lost its ability to resolve the severe crisis of the 1930s, handed over power to A. Hitler in January 33 despite its fanatic political beliefs. Contrary to the optimism of the ruling class, Hitler used the president's emergency powers stipulated in Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution to seize all powers, resulting in the collapse of the Weimar Republic on March 2, 33. Hitler then established a totalitarian dictatorship to prepare for World War II. Germany, which was divided into more than 300 territorial states, was a national aspiration to form a modern unified state such as Italy and France. With the slogan of national unification, German national concepts of superiority of the Germanic people, purity of blood, and anti-Semitism emerged. It is also known as Emperor Fascism.Unlike Italy and Germany, which acquired power with the aim of revolution "from below", a powerful state system was formed under the Meiji Constitution system. The government strengthened economic supervision and control, enacted the National Mobilization Act of 1938 and formed the Industrial Protection Association of Japan in the 40th century, established the Emperor's fascism system in 1931, withdrew from the International Federation in 1933, and formed a three-nation alliance in 40. <Other Fascism> In the 1920s and 30s, fascist regimes and fascist movements appeared one after another in each country. There are fascist regimes such as Hungary's Holti regime in 1920, Poland's Piuszki regime in 28, Portugal's Sarazar regime in 33, Spain's Franco regime in 36, and Chile, Brazil, and Argentina, which were born during World War II. Among these regimes, the Franco-Right-wing government's civil war against the people's government, created by the cooperation of Republicans, Socialists, and the Communist Party, was unsuccessful due to a counterattack from the people's front government, including worker resistance. Other fascist movements that did not reach power took place, but they almost disappeared after World War II. Some governments, like Franco's, have survived for a long time.
My perspective on China and Korea (written by a Chinese person from Joseon)
My point of view of China and Korea (a Korean-Chinese article) It's a little long sentence. Please read it carefully and leave comments. Your thoughts... Any talk is fine.[Translator] When it comes to me, the first thing that I think about before I start thinking about whether it's Korea or China is which argument works more in common sense. In short, which side approaches the good and which side has more justice. Times have changed now. It's not time for patriotism alone. China is also on the path of capitalism, and capitalism demands thoroughness. For mutual benefit, or in many cases for my own benefit, I have no choice but to sacrifice the other person. In other words, if I don't survive the competition, I'm just eliminated and disappeared. Based on this logic, why don't you think about the issue of nationality and homeland? Many ethnic Koreans say that Korea is the same people, and they discriminate without nationality or preferential treatment for their compatriots. So I can't recognize Korea as my country.and so on.Let's ask. From China What kind of preferential treatment do I get if I say, "My lovely country..."? Or did you give more preferential treatment for ethnic Koreans in China? In reality, Korea is a different country. Illegal immigration can only be strictly illegal, and it is never forgivable to be the same people of the same race. And it's not like you're changing your nationality around at will. It's like you can't change a person's last name carelessly. It's all possible because we're from the same race.If you don't do it, it's bad......this is just a megalomaniac out of personal greed. The Korean-Chinese are a people who have shared their fate with the Communist Party of China, which has made many contributions to the Chinese Revolution over the years. The Korean-Chinese are the excessively passionate people who listened to the party's so-called "teaching" better than the real Chinese-Han people and paid more than anyone else for the blood. So eventually you have the boroughs and you have the right to use your own letters, but that's a story of the past. Old revolutionaries who affirmed the role of the Korean-Chinese in the past have retired, and third-generation, fourth-generation elite leaders are leading a huge country called China. They are extremely realistic. If it is beneficial to China's stability and development, it supports and affirms it, but if it disturbs, it tramples it relentlessly. Like suppressing Tibet.....Today's reality is that if you don't create new existential values, the Korean-Chinese can no longer speak out, whether it's China or Korea. If you don't have anything you want, you can't have a limit. Hate arises when there is a lot to wish for and it is not rewarded. If you ask your mind honestly, wouldn't the answer come out? China or Korea....I don't think we need to argue about this. Our Korean-Chinese cannot throw away both. You're going to have to keep living in China, so you can't do anything harmful to China. At the same time, what about Korea? Korea is also a country that must unite and unite more than it used to be. Why? Because Korea is a country that can enhance the status of Korean-Chinese in China. Without Korea's prosperous homeland, what pride do ethnic Koreans have in front of their immigrants? I'm already embarrassed by North Korea...Also, if there were no Korean companies entering China, would many ethnic Koreans living in rural areas be able to enter coastal cities? We need to know how to seize this opportunity, which is only for us. Our Korean-Chinese can't hate both. Then... What position will we take in the face of the various troublemakers between Korea and China, such as the Northeast Project of Goguryeo's history distortion issue? I'll choose something that's more common sense and more definitive, as mentioned above. From my point of view, China is doing the act of destroying our grandfather. The destruction of our ancestors is to crush myself. When China tries to get along with me and hits me in the back like this way...Should I stand up and fight? I have no power. Even if you stand up, it will eventually lead to bloodshed like Tibet and the Xinjiang......if you fight for decades like the Chinese Revolution for a long time, maybe later China will be able to establish itself as a democracy, maybe the struggle will pay off, but I don't have time for that, and I won't risk it. The way I can go, the only thing I can do with my ability is simple path and simple basic things. Knowing where I should stand in my heart, loving my brothers who shared my blood with me, and loving my country, the Republic of Korea, and improving our situation with all our might...starting with the basics and never doing anything that is in China's interest and disadvantage to Korea. It is to inform more and more Chinese people around me of the practical purpose of the Northeast Project and to win the sympathy of the conscientious Chinese. It is to unite with the Korean-Chinese and Koreans around me and do my best to resolve the discord and misunderstanding between them. When my future generations arise, I will tell you where my country is and teach you the history of our people so that you will never experience contradictions because of what identity is like our generation. China is changing right now. For the ethnic Koreans from China after a little more thought control also think it will be strengthened. However, we have no power. It's just that ... beyond common sense, concocted the history and jubyeollinguk that had plagued the country are all saw a bad end. Morality and justice, not just physical to overpower the world only in economic power are countries that were short at the end of the revival of the rapid downfall. This is a historical fact let us know, such as iron and lessons learned. National life force is persisting. but can be ruined country has previously declared heungha Can you see immediate gains and distant future for the benefit you need to know too well not have to stand up in a line from now? This is a lifelong business. Of you ...Come with me and ... South Koreans and united. That is what we way to go. (writing all over the map because it was hurry and put a quick time, shifty. Thank you for it, and the other lot not agree with those of you think.) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ethnic Korean community, ' Let's get together the firm (www.moyiza.net)'. In room discussion - > the writer for the title : China and South Korea : cheongnyongsingeom my view.
Did Alexander conquer the world?
It's often said that Alexander the Great conquered the world. Alexander is a figure from the 4th century BCE. He was born in northern Macedonia, where city-states, including Athens, where the brilliant civilization of ancient Greece blossomed. After taking over the throne from his father Philip II in 336 BC, he began an expedition to the East in 334, destroying the Persian Empire, which had fought wars with Greece in the past, and conquering the Indus River. The story about him is that he cut the Gordian knot, which is a rich and unfastened knot, and 300 years later, Julius Caesar in Rome was amazed by the story and its brilliance. And not just conquering vast territories, but incorporating the highest order of Greek culture in the Middle East (Helenistic culture, Greece is sometimes called Hella) He's also the first person to advocate and practice globalization in this modern way. Moreover, it is said that when he started to conquer India, he cried because he was sad that there was no more land to conquer. But did Alexander really conquer the world? Let's first weigh the total area of the territory that he conquered. The land that he conquered today is as follows. Greece and parts of northern Greece, Turkey, Armenia, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Greece to the west, the Indus River to the east, northern Egypt, and Turkmenistan to the north. So what is the total area mentioned above approximately? Roughly speaking, it's a little over five million square kilometers. By the way, the total land area of the world is just over 135 million square kilometers. So the area of land that Alexander conquers is about a quarter of the world's land, about 3.3 percent. If you exclude the New World, parts of Africa, the frozen land of Russia, Australia, etc., it's hard to exceed 10%. And most of the territory that he conquers is not much different from the Persian Empire that he conquers and by the time Alexander invades, the Persian Empire was already on the verge of disintegration, where its reputation as an empire was ending. So Alexander took over the empire with great ease, with little fighting other than the battle against Darius III's main forces. In fact, in terms of transportation and transportation at the time, we come to the conclusion that conquering the entire Persian Empire in just over a decade was a constant run and run without any particular obstacles. In conclusion, it's a great exaggeration to say that Alexander conquers the world and to put it exactly, he conquers the Middle East. Like Napoleon and Hitler had conquered Europe. I think it should be given to the Mongol Empire in the 13th century if it is given the honor of conquering the world. In terms of territory and population, the Mongols had never had an empire like that before or after that. (It was wider than the former Soviet Union.)