It's the world now. The flow of the world soon creates the phenomenon of Korea. The first-class in Korea, which does not maintain a global level, does not last long. A view without a global horizon and a career without a global scale are suspected. Looking back on the 5,000-year history, there were many pioneers who explored the state of the world by constantly examining the international situation where they lived. It is not simply a matter of having been to a foreign country, but a matter of the size and openness of the mind. Through the issue of novelist Lee In-hwa, a New Year's series begins to trace the meaning of their achievements and frustration today. (Editor) There is one part in our history that cannot be overlooked when looking at globalization. It is an incident in which King Chungseon of Goryeo was promoted to King Sim in April 1310, and ruled Yodong and Manchuria. Although it was the result of the order of the Mongolian world empire, the lands of Goguryeo, Balhae, Silla, and Baekje were grouped into one country for the first and last time in Korean history in 5,000 years. The period when King Chungseon lived was a dark period when Goryeo was subjugated to Mongolia after 39 years of war. She welcomed a Mongolian woman as a queen, was interfered with internal affairs, and suffered from various contributions and labor. Paradoxically speaking, however, this was an era in which Koreans' activities extended to the top of international politics. King Chungseon was an outstanding Korean who maximized this positive aspect to move the world system from the Danube River to Balhae Bay and created the ethics of globalization. King Chungseon was born in 1275 to King Chungryul and Princess Kutluk Kelmish, the daughter of Kublai Khan. The Mongolian name is Izirbuka (Ikjiryebo). In 1296, he married Princess Botasirin, daughter of Gamala, the eldest son of Kublai Khan. Temur Khan (Won Sung-jong) was his wife-in-law, and Kaisan Khan (Mujong) and Ayurbalipadrakan (Racial) were his cousin's brother-in-law. Few Mongolians, as well as foreigners, were more noble than King Chungseon in lineage among the immediate relatives of Genghis Khan, the "Golden Clan." King Chungseon was a person who had both the legitimacy of this vein and personal abilities. Having been intelligent and self-conscious since childhood, he grew up to be an elegant Confucian scholar. Kaisan Mountain and Ayurbalipad followed King Chungseon as a brother when he was growing up in the imperial palace. Lee Je-hyun recorded that the three of them slept together and woke up together in "Iksan High School" and did not fall apart from each other day and night. When Temur Khan died in 1308 and a succession dispute broke out between Ananta and Kaisan, King Chungseon played a decisive role in leading his subordinates to join the coup and establish Kaisan as Khan. As a result, between 1308 and 1320, King Chungseon's authority in the original empire was in the position of a kingmaker surpassing the Mongolian Jongwangs. This behavior of King Chungseon was an example of showing with his body that power comes from human relations in the era of globalization. In the era of globalization, connections are much more important than in the era when traditional boundaries were firm. However, King Chungseon's life shows the unchanging form of Korean impatience that even world-recognized figures are rejected when they enter Korea. It was in 1298 that King Chungseon took the throne and began the reform of Goryeo. King Chungseon accurately understood the problem of Goryeo caught up in the whirlpool of globalization. At that time, Goryeo society showed extreme hierarchical polarization due to the development of agricultural productivity and land deprivation of the emerging power class following the introduction of the Gangnam Agricultural Act. The restructuring, which merged the institution in line with the "global standard" demanded by Mongolia, caused the harm of sacrificing only lower ranks below the faculty. The government led to a decrease in tax revenue by indiscriminately promoting local governments from Bugok to prefectures or counties through a popular administration. Social anxiety intensified as a rapid shift in status occurred according to Mongolian speaking ability and friendship with Mongolia. King Chungseon promoted reform in the direction of normalizing state affairs by securing Goryeo's independence and preventing the tyranny of emerging powers. He was motivated enough to announce more than 30 reform policies one after another from the day after his throne. However, this reform is frustrated by the conspiracy of the powerful people who have ties to Mongolia. King Chungseon was deprived of the throne and retired King Chungryul took over politics again. King Chungseon returned home in 1308, 10 years later, and pursued reform politics again, but the policy drifted in the face of the same backlash. Disillusioned, King Chungseon offered himself the throne and returned to Mongolia and never stepped into Goryeo again. The cause of the failure to reform was the succession of self-reliance from Mongolia while placing the source of power in Mongolia, and the human weakness of King Chungseon's arrogance. King Chungseon, who prides himself on the intelligence of his brain, couldn't stand other people's words about what he thought was right. "You're trying to freeze me and massage me like a rice cake in your hand!" When the king is angry like this, conversation does not take place. As a result, his reform failed to persuade stakeholders except for a small number of intellectuals who studied self-study. The direction of reform was right, but it can be said that it was too sudden and arbitrary in practice. This is the second lesson given by King Chungseon regarding globalization. King Chungseon, who returned to Mongolia, focused on his lifelong business on a wider political stage. He has long played a leading role in officializing Neo-Confucianism as the ruling ideology of the world empire, as he has been the teacher of the Crown Prince (Prince Taebu), who has held the right to greet scholars. It was King Chungseon who revived the past and discovered scholars revered by the manipulation of Chinese Neo-Confucianism such as Jo Maeng-bu, Yeombok, Woojip, and Yobong. He was also the one who built Mangwondang, appointed Anhyang, and sponsored Lee Je-hyeon to sow the seeds of Neo-Confucianism in Goryeo. Mongolia's world domination brought about liberalization of logistics and broadening of activities throughout Eurasia. However, such globalization was achieved in accordance with the logic of the weak-heavy style, which lacked basic rules. The power and money created by the empire rushed only for the sake of position hypocrisy and their interests, and the maintenance of a social safety net essential to people's lives was ignored. Amid this confusion, King Chungseon sought "ethics," not the "logic" of globalization. That was Heo Hyung's northern Neo-Confucianism, which emphasized the stability and manual moisture of the material life of the common people, and the sense of responsibility of each economic entity. In this process, Goryeo is established as a neighboring country in a stable world order centered on China. King Chungseon passed away in Mongolia, but the ethics and order of globalization he created survived Neo-Confucianism and dominated Koreans for the next 600 years. (Inhwa Lee, novelist, professor of Ewha Womans University)
Three lines summary.
1. King Chungseon of Goryeo was the only grandson of Kublai Khan and had a big family.
2. They tried to reform Goryeo in line with the "global standard," but failed due to the unique ethnicity of Koreans.
3. Neo-Confucianism incorporated by King Chungseon into Goryeo dominated Koreans for 600 years with the ethics and order of globalization. When I was looking at the "Chungseon King" item in the Sohae History Exhibition, I once served as the head of this human career alone. I thought it would be interesting to have a historical novel about this human being. Then one day after my hair became a little thick, I accidentally read the article above. It was very disappointing. In addition, it was written by Lee In-hwa, who he almost liked for a while. After that, novels written by Lee Inhwa... The title was erased from my head. Anyway, I think it'd be nice to teach him through dramas or movies about King Chungseon. Will the scale come out?
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