Is Korea the world's first inventor of abdominal swelling?

 The article below is about Yong-gi, the bookkeeper of the doubles book found in Korea. The invention of double-entry bookkeeping is closely related to the development of capitalism. However, isn't it said that Korea is the slowest in the development of commerce and capitalism among the three Eastern countries so far? China has nothing to compare with, and the discovery of doubles bookkeeping in the 18th century is very meaningful at a time when the development of commerce and capitalism is evaluated later than that of Japan. It can be said that it raises the question of overturning the conventional wisdom so far and conducting new research on the Joseon Dynasty. Currently, there are three opinions on the invention of abdominal swelling in Korea. One is that with extreme opinion (?), this abdominal swelling already occurred during the Goryeo Dynasty and even affected the occurrence of abdominal swelling in the West. It can be said to be an extremely radical argument. The following is not that much, but the view that it occurred naturally during the Joseon Dynasty. The last view is that it came from the West with a full-fledged Christian tradition. There was also a view from Japan that it was actually made just before the opening of the port. In the last of these three cases, it can be said that the book of abdominal books, which was identified until the early 18th century, was discovered and began to be excluded. Personally, it is a bit too much to say that it was already invented during the Goryeo Dynasty... (I think it is hard to believe until it comes out in person)... I think it was made in the early and mid-Joseon Dynasty. Because in the case of Yongha-gi, it is said that the first 70 years of records were lost, and if this is true, the date will be retroactive until the 17th century. However, even if Yonggi is a record from the early 18th century, it is a book of step-by-step meetings in rural communities that are not related to the development of commerce. The abdominal bookkeeping was used at this meeting, which shows the possibility that the subjects of this record did not eventually invent this bookkeeping technique based on their needs. In other words, scholars say that the bookkeeping technique developed for something else (precisely for commercial purposes) may have been diverted to the records of the local community's meetings.   However, the author, who confirmed that the application was the best existing data as an accounting book for doubles books, investigated other data from similar dates and revealed more surprising facts. All of the preservation materials, such as "Jeonyeogi" of Yongsanseowon Confucian Academy owned by Gyeongju Choi Clan, the accounting records of Oksanseowon Confucian Academy in Gyeongju, the accounting records of Yukju Vision, which sold silk in Seoul, and the "Four Books" of Kaesong merchants, were written as doubles books. Double-entry bookkeeping was such a popular technology in the Joseon Dynasty. "The Western view that brought a sense of superiority as if doubles were their own invention and tradition is nothing more than a local sentiment stemming from ignorance and lack of information about other cultures..." says Dr. Jeon Seong-ho, who discovered Yong-hae. Double-entry bookkeeping technology was not first created in a profit-seeking group, but its origin was likely to be a little more retrospective, and the technique seemed to have been dedicated to and used even in a profit-seeking group. When do you think this technique was invented? As some argue, the Goryeo Dynasty? Early Joseon? Mid Joseon? What is clear is that at that time, both China and Japan and East Asian countries were using fasting bookkeeping.   Even if it is not the first in the world, it seems to be the first among the three East Asian countries. ============================================= The Daedonggye Accounting Book of Nampyeong Moon Clan in 262 years of sunlight in Korea's old double-dressing book "記'''"… National treasure-level historical data on economic history after the mid-Joseon Dynasty. 22 years ahead of the Kaesong Museum's Sagaejangbu. Written by Kim Kook-jin, a reporter for the Monthly Central Planning Committee (bitkuni@joins.com), Kwon Tae-kyun, the oldest doubles bookkeeper in the Monthly Central Journalist Bureau, was found among ancient documents of Daedonggye in Yeongam, Jeollanam-do, drawing extraordinary attention from academia. Dr. Jeon Seong-ho (41, Economic History), a senior researcher at the Korea Institute of Mental Culture, analyzed the contents of the accounting book, Jangam-ri, Yeongam-eup, Yeongam-gun, Jeollanam-do, and carefully reviewed related data, confirming that Yonggi is the best doubles book found in Korea so far. Yonggi is part of an ancient document that has been kept and managed by the Nampyeong Moon clan, who founded and led Daedonggye in Jangam-ri.

Dr. Jeon confirmed the true value of the historical value of the document, which was collected in 1992 by the Korea Institute for Mental Culture, along with other data, after seven years of research, full-scale research by academia, including re-evaluation, is expected to begin. Dr. Jeon said Yong-gi meets the requirements of double-entry bookkeeping set by Western academia, and it is a rare data that accurately and faithfully records 100,000 economic activities that demonstrate Korea's economic situation and economic fluctuations from the mid-Joseon Dynasty to modern times. Dr. Lee, especially, stressed the exploration “The controversy in academic circles by the data has been ‘The social identity theory’ ‘of capitalism’ ‘modernization through colonization’, such as the foundation can be corrected in to.” high significance. According to Dr. Lee's survey were found in Korea so far the oldest museum Gaeseong, North Korea is double entry and data of Songdo merchant ‘a dovetail tenon’, 22 years of records from 1820 to 1798. Yonggi is a long-term complete record of 262 years from 1741, 57 years earlier than this, and the founding date of Daedonggye in the village is 1668, so if even part of the initial data lost during the entire 335 years is confirmed, the date and period are likely to be advanced. I have been similar in the country keep double-entry books, Yongsan data in the race and Seowon ‘I'm here’ (傳與記) of previous data had not been found yet to excavated, but it grows too many. The books of the Sagaechi Department of the Kaesong Museum in North Korea, which were recognized as the best in Korea, were investigated and collected by the Japanese Government-General of Korea in 1924 and included in the book "Commercial of Joseon" after liberation, but North Korea's social scientist Hong Hee-yu reintroduced it in 1962. As for the origin of the doubles bookkeeping, Western academia sees the origins of Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria Promotioni et propositionalita, written in 1494 by Luca Pacioli of Italy, but the data to prove this Italian origin are only fragmentary and do not remain in full accounting books. In the West, there is no clear presentation of the first existence of accounting books such as the head of the total accounting ledger, so if domestic accounting books are systematically discovered, collected, and analyzed in the future, Korea may become the best data holder. In Korea, 1916, hyeonbyeongju a social scientist, is a book called ‘Songdo as with embroidery, practical method’ and (玄丙周) “The vendors Venetian merchants more than 200 years ahead in the West, came up with double entry.” raised the subject to the ‘double-entry bookkeeping Korean balmyeongseol’ but failing to present the supporting evidence. Dr. Jeon Seong-ho said, "After a thorough review of related data in Korea, such as Yongsan Seowon's Jeongeogi, Oksan Seowon's accounting records in Gyeongju, and Yukju Vision's accounting records in Seoul, it was belatedly confirmed that it was the oldest data in Korea." Japan did not know doubles bookkeeping until the introduction of Western-style doubles book after the Meiji Restoration, and China also found and released books before the 18th century. Dr. Lee, Oxford, England and James Lewis, professor of South Korea and joint study to a communique issued afterwards (nuffield) College Professor Lewis's presentation at the seminar on the existence of Oxford University's announcement in November 2001, the world known in academic circles. Professor of my stay in the Korean spirit Culture Institute, for six months now, Louis, participants at the time zone or a gap in the sector accounting from East Asia, a complete data said he expressed great interest and surprise. At the seminar at the time, participants evaluated it as a "similar double bookkeeping accounting book" because it lacked the concept of seeking profits to use, but Dr. Jeon pointed out that this was an error from Western scholars who did not understand the traditions of Korean society, including Daedonggye. He is double entry accounting techniques used for commercial purposes and personality merchants such as commercial records of the given a communique issued afterwards developed independently in Korea to keep double-entry books, of feed, it is justified as to the Nation. Meanwhile, Dr. Jeon made a big splash by publishing a paper titled "The Study of Migasa in the Late Joseon Dynasty," which analyzed the usage records at the International Economic History Association's general meeting in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in July last year. Experts, including Peter Lindert, a professor of economic history at the University of California (UC Davis), admitted that it was great data to compensate for the incomplete situation that had been studied only with Western-centered price data. Professor Lindert and others recommended Dr. Jeon's participation in the Global Price & Income (GPI) project they promoted, and decided to announce the first results in Amsterdam in 2004. Dr. Jeon expected full-scale research from academia related to various fields, saying that his research is only an analysis of a small part of the vast amount of application data.