In Indian history, the Middle Ages are believed to begin around 510 when the Gupta dynasty collapsed. And it is believed to have lasted until 1192 when Islamic forces entered India. Medieval India did not form a unified empire, and was largely divided into three to five countries and dozens of countries. Divided largely, it becomes northern, eastern, and central India. According to the "King Ocheon Chukgukjeon" written by Hyecho, India was divided into five countries: east, west, north, and south.
The Gurjara-Pratuhara dynasty flourished the most as a northern country. It ruled India in the northwest, centered on Rajasthan. From the 8th to the 10th centuries, it dominated the territory from Gujarat in the west to Yamuna in the east and competed with Islamic forces that advanced to Punjab in the north. A representative cultural heritage is the Osian Temple in the west of Jodhpur.
Another dynasty that left a great cultural heritage is the Chandela dynasty. Danga, who opened the Chandela Dynasty in 945, was a retainer of the Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty. Khajuraho was opened as the capital city with a new dynasty called Chandela. The representative cultural heritage of the Chandela dynasty is a Hindu temple in Lake Kazura. More than 80 of these temples have been built, but only about 30 remain. These temples are famous for their sculptures of Mituna depicting the erotic sexual behavior of men and women.
As an eastern country, there is the Pala Dynasty, which expanded its power around the Magada region. The Pala Dynasty spared no support for Buddhism and established temples and universities everywhere. A representative one is the famous Nalanda Temple University, which still remains a relic. The first Nalanda Temple was built during the Gupta Dynasty. However, the records of Nalanda Temple University are best shown in the field judge's "Daedangseo Station". He visited here twice in 637 and 642, and is known to have studied at the university for about two years.
"All 1,000 monks studying here are outstanding, witty, and highly educated. At that time, more than hundreds of people came to learn Tao from them in Iyeokmanri after hearing their reputation. Their business is clear and clean, and their stomachs are pure. There are strict rules among the public, and all are straight and correct, so many countries in India look up to them and set an example. They were not enough to spend all day asking for instruction and discussing deep reason, awakening and teaching each other from morning to night, and exchanging help with each other regardless of age.
The central and southern countries include the Palava dynasty, which flourished between the 6th and 9th centuries. And in 897, Chola, the vassal of the Palabas Dynasty, built a new kingdom with Tanjore as the capital. The Chola Dynasty achieved its heyday during Lazaraja I (985-1014) and Lazendra I (1012-1044). During this period, the representative temples were the Brihadishvara temple, and the Darasuram temple and the Chidambaram temple built by Lazaraja II were also famous.
Bronze artworks from the Chola Dynasty are displayed here in the bronze sculpture room of the National Museum. These bronze sculptures, made by wax casting, have been produced since the Palava period. However, the artistry of the bronze statue made during the reign of Lazarazawa Rajendra is considered the best. Among them, Nataraja, which expresses the appearance of dancing Shiba, is the most famous. Nataraja dances at the center of the circular universe to escape the human soul from the temptation of fantasy.
Bronze sculptures made during the Chola Dynasty.
Here, Nataraja's dance is an act that destroys the corrupted universe so that Brahma can create a new world. In that sense, this dance is an act of destruction for creation. Creation, preservation, and destruction take place in the process of performing a sacred dance known as ananda tandava. The expression of Nataraja dancing is solemn, and the posture of four arms and two feet is elegant. The spread of flames surrounding Nataraja's head symbolizes the destruction of the universe.
In the upper right hand, Janggu Damaru, which makes the original sound of creation, is held and the flame of creation is lit. The upper left hand holds a flame of destruction called agni. The right hand that comes forward is playing Shimuayama Mudra, which saves humans from evil and ignorance. Abaya Moodra means don't be afraid in Sanskrit. The left hand lowered in the front points to its feet, where the dwarf, the incarnation of evil and ignorance, is Apasmarapurusha.
As he appeared, his right foot is stepping on the mess, and his left foot is lifted diagonally and is in a dancing position. The direction the foot points to means the path of salvation. Nataraja's head takes the form of a tie, and it is decorated with cobra, jewelry, and flowers. This work was made in Tamil Nadu in the early 12th century during the Chola Dynasty.
The Krishna Bronze Statue, made in the 9th century earlier than Nataraja, is also famous. Krishna dances while grabbing the cobra's tail over the head of a five-headed cobra. This is a scene in which he overpowered livestock to protect them from Kaliyanaga cobra, who poisoned the river. Krishna raises her right hand and gives a sign not to be afraid, and Kaliyana puts her hands together as a sign of respect and surrender.
Another bronze sculpture made in the 9th century is famous for its Shiba statue. This sculpture is the figure of a warrior standing stably on a lotus pedestal. Horses and arrows are not expressed, but they are supposed to shoot arrows in the next step to get the devil out of the bondage of ignorance. There is also a Bishnu statue made in the 9th century during the Palabas Dynasty. As a statue of Vishnu, there are many differences in material and expression from the Chola Dynasty.
First of all, it was made of brass, not bronze. And the surface treatment is not smooth, so it looks rough and simple. The pose the statue is taking is also static rather than dynamic. The two feet are placed side by side, two of the four arms are holding objects, and the other two arms are Suin, called Shimu outsiders. The facial expression seems a little solemn and human. Through this, we can see that the sculptures of the Palabha dynasty increased in completeness through the Chola Dynasty.
댓글 없음:
댓글 쓰기