Do you need ethic group race?

 If the Korean people admit that they are different from other people, the question of "Where did we come from" is generally summarized into three origins. The first is the theory of Northern origin. This theory was influenced by the theory of single cultural origin that began to blow in the West in the first half of the 20th century, and is based on the fact that so-called northern cultural elements account for a considerable number of Korean cultural elements. Dr. Joo Chae-hyuk of Kangwon National University explains that the northern part refers to eastern Siberia or Manchuria and includes the current western part of China, the Great Wall of China, which basically means a nomadic people. In short, the view that it came from northern China is included, which was mainly raised among literature scholars. The main content of the Northern Origins theory is that the Korean people have overwhelmingly many elements of the northern people in terms of language, constitution, and culture, and this characteristic is seen a lot in the Altair people. The Altair are historically Bronze Age people with plain-patterned vases. Dr. Joo Chae-hyuk explained that considering the Siberian ecological environment, the cool nomads are reindeer nomads, and the names "Joseon", "Goryeo" or "Gurgan" themselves are also directly related to reindeer nomads. The origin of Korean reindeer driftwood is that when the food problem was solved by hunting, fishing, or gathering, the main occupation became agriculture and livestock, and among the food producers, especially those from Thailand and Tundrana Steps, the ancient nation. Therefore, Joo Chae-hyuk estimated that Joseon and Goryeo reindeer, Mac (Gogury) were related to raccoons, Buyeo Bouir (male otter), Balhae was related to wolves or Irie, Dan and Tatar were otters, and Solongos belonged to the weasel family, not "rainbow."   He also pointed out that attention should be paid to the Soyan people of the Sayan Mountains between Altai and Baikal, which are believed to be the origin of the Tungs. First of all, Dr. Zhu explained that the Soyons are the names of the mountains, and the Tungus are the names of the tribes derived from the names of the rivers flowing from the mountains. In order to advance to the open area of Lake Baikal, a considerable accumulation of power is premised, and much of Altai Mountain is formed of alpine mountains over 4,000 meters above sea level, which could be protected by external invasion. Naturally, it was possible to be self-sufficient based on fertile lands, where the population increased and accumulated power allowed them to advance to the Baikal area and it was estimated that they would have migrated to the east in search of the "Moss Road."          Pathways according to mitochondrial DNA analysis.   Yoo Hong-jun noted the transition from comb-pattern pottery to the Mumun pottery era called plain pottery from 1000 B.C. There are quite different variations depending on the region, compared to the comb-pattern pottery era, there are various types of red and hole-patterned pottery (Hongdo), black and branch-patterned pottery (coloured pottery) in addition to plain-patterned pottery. People who were using plain pottery made dolmens with their own death decorations and used bronzes. It was assumed that these were the Tungus-affiliated Ye and Macs, who are our direct ancestors. Yoo Hong-joon explains that those who used plain-patterned pottery destroyed the ancient Asian comb-patterned pottery people who had lived almost as if they had fallen into mannerism for a long time on the Korean Peninsula and appeared as the main characters of the land. The Korean people proudly say that they have never invaded others, but it is an accurate archaeological interpretation of the origin of the Korean people to write, "We are the great Tungus Yemaek people who wiped out the ancient Asians who used comb-pattern pottery living on the Korean Peninsula and brought plain pottery, dolmens, and bronzes. The countries they created are Gojoseon and Buyeo. The second is the "North-South Mixed Theory," which uses the cultural elements of the southern maritime culture seen in the south of Korea as its main evidence. This is an anthropological argument rather than an archaeological investigation, and specifically, dolmens and sotdae, which are scattered throughout the Korean Peninsula, are regarded as cultural elements handed down from the south. In addition, the shoulder shovel used to cultivate rice, the staple food of the Korean people, is also explained as a big basis for the theory of Southern Origin. In other words, our culture was created by combining cultural elements that have been spread from the north and cultural elements that originated from the south. In general, the characteristics of Korea's Bronze Age culture are circular huts, rectangular huts, stone coffin tombs, and dolmens made in the hilly areas. However, in Asia, the people who made Seokgwanmyo are nomadic people, and the people who made dolmens are rice farmers. The distribution area of dolmens is distributed from the Yellow Sea coast of China, including Yoryung, Shandong, and Zhejiang provinces of China, and from the Korean Peninsula to Jeju Island, centering on the Yeongsangang River basin in Jeollanam-do. In Japan, dolmens are believed to have been introduced from the south, given that they are found in Kyushu near the Korean Peninsula, Taiwan, all over Indochina, all over Indonesia, Malaysia, and southern India. Rice farming cultivated on the Korean Peninsula is also presented as conclusive evidence that southern culture has flowed in. The hometown of rice farming is tropical. Dr. Kim Byung-mo estimated that even though the Korean Peninsula is not a suitable place for rice farming (it is impossible to grow more than once a year in the Korean Peninsula, but even four crops a year in tropical areas) the reason for the rice cultivation was because of its excellent economy.          The theory of northern origin that the foundation of the Korean people is the northern nomadic route in the Eurasian meadow is because the Korean people have overwhelmingly many elements of the northern people in terms of language, constitution, and culture (Monthly Central, History Exploration, July 2003).   Dr. Kim Byung-mo emphasized that confusion in the private world is observed as residents of different northern and southern sectors live on the Korean Peninsula. The myth system of nomads is the Cheonson myth, and the myth of farmers is the Nansaeng myth, and both of these myth elements appear in the process of establishing an ancient Korean state. Gojoseon and Buyeo are the myths of Cheonson, Goguryeo, Silla, and Gaya. The Cheonson myth is a vertical descending structure, and the oviparous myth is a structure that comes from the inside to the outside. It is explained that Park Hyuk-geose, Kim Al-ji, and Kim Su-ro, the main characters of the Cheonson myth of the mounted people, are vertically descending from heaven to earth, but the technology of being born as an egg or a child is a mixture of two myth elements. According to Garakgukgi, Heo Hwang-ok, a native of Ayutta, India, arrived in Garakguk by sea in 48 AD and became the queen of Kim Su-ro. Ayodhya is a city-state in the Indian Warring States period on the Ganges River, and its modern name Ayodhya is also presented as evidence in support of the inter-Korean mix. The Pasa Stone Pagoda, designated as Gyeongsangnam-do Cultural Heritage Material No. 227, is a stone pagoda with a slightly red colored mark known to have been brought by Heo Wang-ok when he came from India. There is a legend that when the daughter, who married to a faraway country, met the windstorm on the way and returned, the father put a mysterious stone pagoda on the ship that calmed the windstorm and came to Gimhae safely. Heo Myung-chul said, "We confirmed that the materials of the stone pagoda were found only in Ayutta, India, and when we dismantled the pagoda and restored the plaster to its original shape, surprisingly, it found that it was an inverted triangle rather than a stable triangle. This type of pagoda is consistent with the miniature Stupa, or Buddha pagoda, which is not found in Korea and is found in the Azanta Eloana style, a cave temple in India. Dr. Heo concluded that the pagoda was a miniature pagoda made from India, considering its shape, size, pattern, sarira reliquary, stone quality, and tower name. It is not only physical data that confirms that Queen Heo directly spread Buddhism from India to Gimhae, but also proves that people from the southern world lived on the Korean Peninsula.2) Of course, some argue that Empress Heo is a maritime power in China or the southwest sea of the Korean Peninsula. In conclusion, the main focus of the inter-Korean mixed theory is that people from the southern and northern walks of life entered the Korean Peninsula and lived together in a mixed manner. The third is the theory of mainland origin, or self-sustaining. It has already been explained that the culture of the Korean people did not come from outside, but was formed by ancestors from generation to generation in this land, that is, it has developed itself through the cultural stages of the Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Age.          It is 70 centimeters taller than the North-style Jangri No. 2 dolmen, which is the largest on the Korean Peninsula, and the Noam-ri dolmen in Anak-gun, which is known to be the largest on the Korean Peninsula. Dolmens are presented as representative evidence of the influx of southern culture, but some scholars raise the possibility that they may have spread to the south in reverse from Korea.   In the Geumgul Cave in Danyang, North Chungcheong Province, which is estimated to be 700,000 years old, and the Black Anvil Cave in the Senate of Pyongyang, 700,000 years ago (North Korea is retroactive to 1 million years ago), the Neolithic and Bronze Age remains were excavated throughout the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria. This fact shows that many people have been living on the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria since 700,000 to 1 million years ago. It was not until the Neolithic period that the ancestors of modern people began to settle down, and the Neolithic people are descended from the Paleolithic people, so the Paleolithic people are also our ancestors. Dr. Yoon explained that the results of the study on skulls also give weight to the theory of mainland origin. He explained that the difference in the average relationship between those excavated in Korea and those around it is 0.81, 2.51, 1.65, and 0.79, respectively, in the Yellow River basin of China, and that there is an essential statistical difference when the average relationship deviation is 0.4 volts. Therefore, the Korean people were formed from the beginning with their own characteristics on the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria. The theory of mainland origin is the view that even if there were immigrants from other parts of the North or the South or there was a culture that spread, they did not become the mainstream of our people and culture.

In particular, even if it is acknowledged that cultural elements such as or similar to those existing in Korea are found outside, it is assumed that the culture may have influenced the outside region in Korea rather than unilaterally thinking that it has flowed into the Korean Peninsula. Among Mongolian cultures, there are many similarities to ours, and their appearance and physique are so similar that they are confused as Korean people. The conventional explanation is that our ancestors migrated from Mongolia, which Dr. Yoon Nae-hyun of Dankook University explains in reverse. The Mongolian region has been inhabited by Huns since the historical era, who fought for fierce hegemony with China and produced Genghis Khan as a Borchigin people who gained power in the center. The main inhabitants of Mongolia are also Borchigins. However, the Borchigins were a clan that lived in the Old Manna River basin of Bukmanju before moving to Mongolia, and the ancient Bukmanju area was the territory of Gojoseon and became the eastern Yeo territory after the collapse of Gojoseon. Therefore, the possibility cannot be ruled out that the Borchigin, a mainstream tribe living in Mongolia, were either a branch of the Korean people or lived in an area very close to our ancestors and were branched out from the Korean people. The theory of the origin of the mainland also points out a contradiction in the claim that dolmens and rice farming came from the south. Scholars who claim to have come from the south estimate the age of dolmens in Korea too low and think they were made later than those in other countries. Rice farming was also recognized as starting very late, but considering that wild rice seeds from the Paleolithic era and cultivated rice seeds from the Neolithic era were excavated, and rice farming was already widely practiced in the Gojoseon Dynasty, even if dolmens and rice farming came from the south, it cannot be said that the mainstream of Korean people or culture came from the south.          The human bones found in the dolmens in Hwangseok-ri and Hwangseok-ri have European characteristics compared to the guillotine type of Koreans.   Ahn Seung-mo argued that rice farming first appeared on the Korean Peninsula in the west coast area leading to the Daedong River basin, the Han River basin, and the Geumgang River basin, but since there is no wild rice on the Korean Peninsula, it is clear that the rice cultivation on the Korean Peninsula came to the west coast. In the case of China, Dojak explained that it appeared in the Yangtze River basin from 7 to 5000 BC, in the Hoeha River and the Huanghwa Middle Stream from 5,000 to 4,000 BC, and in the Shandong Peninsula from 3,000 BC, it began moving northward along the Yangtze River. Professor Wang Wei of China wrote that the Korean Peninsula is not native to rice and that rice farming technology has been introduced from China, which is a relatively consistent view of agricultural scientists. He cited three ways to spread rice farming technology to the Korean Peninsula. ① From Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Zhejiang, which are located in the lower reaches of China's Yangtze River, to the southern tip of the Yellow River Shandong Peninsula and Balhae, to the west coast of the Korean Peninsula, China's Fujian and Taiwan. On the other hand, in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China, both types of rice are grown.3) However, the world's oldest rice seed, which is about 3,000 years older than the rice seed excavated in Hunan Province, China, which has been recognized as the oldest internationally, was found in Korea. The BBC's Internet version also reported that 59 ancient carbonized rice seeds discovered by Professor Lee Yong-jo in Sorori, Cheongwon-gun, North Chungcheong Province, were proven to be 15,000 years old by carbon dating, and the genetic structure of Sorori rice (pure rice before cultivation) is 39.6 percent lower than the current wild rice. Professor Jeong Soo-il wrote about Sorori Rice as follows.4) According to conventional wisdom, there are two types of original rice: Oryzq glaberrima S. West African rice and Oryza sativa L. Asia rice. Although the former is believed to have originated in West Africa, theories are divided on the origin of the latter, and the so-called "Assem and Yunnan" theory, which encompasses the northwestern Asam region of India and Yunnan (Unnam) in southern China, is the most likely. Asiatic rice is again divided into indica (Indian rice) grown in India, Southeast Asia, and south of the Yangtze River in China, and japonica (Japanese-style glutinous rice) grown in northeastern Asia, north of the Yangtze River, Korea, and Japan. In addition, there is a Java type grown mainly in Southeast Asia. In terms of shape, the indica is called a long grain shape because it is a little elongated, and the japonica is called a short grain shape.          Sorori rice seed.   However, now that the oldest Sorori rice seed, which is a mixture of long and short forms, has appeared, it is a new challenge to the above common belief. It remains to be seen whether rice was born as Sorica and is not the root of IndyCar and Japonica.' Originally, rice began to be cultivated in high temperature and humidity regions with more than 150 days of frost-free days (1,000-1,200 millimeters per year), but now it is not limited to such geographical conditions. However, many scholars estimate that the rice is of different classification and that each has an independent origin, taking into account the geopolitical factors of the two regions blocked by the Himalayas. In other words, rice originated in two places, India and China, respectively. Until now, rice grown in Korea has given weight to the fact that it originated in China, but the problem with the Yunnan region, where wild rice is found the most, is that the oldest pottery culture has been discovered so far for only 4,000 years. In view of the development of culture, the prevailing view was that the pottery culture of Yunnan region was far behind other cultures of the same period, so it could not be regarded as the origin of cultivation.   Therefore, scholars now estimate that rice seeds found in Hunan Province (two of the four grains of rice excavated from the Yu Chanyan site are wild rice and the other two are believed to be in the transitional stage of rice cultivation) began about 9,000 years ago in the middle of the Yangtze River.   However, there is a lot of controversy in this part, because scholars have yet to confirm whether the rice and the rice originated in the same origin. In addition, it is not possible to accurately determine when humans began to grow rice. Many questions remain about the origin of rice, but it is true that considering that Sorori Rice has the world's best solidarity, as Dr. Jeong Soo-il pointed out, it is true that rice on the Korean Peninsula must be imported from China and other countries.5) The view so far is that culture flows from high to low. However, this is also an extremely one-sided view. This is because it is necessary to distinguish between nomadic production culture and agricultural production culture. In fact, there are countless cases in which military-security cultural elements of nomadic culture have flowed into agricultural areas. Joo Chae-hyuk argued that the misunderstanding that agricultural culture unilaterally flowed into the nomadic culture was mainly due to historians growing up in the agricultural culture.6) Dr. Yoon Nae-hyun wrote that China had the same view as Korea on the spread of culture in the past. In the 1920s, when archaeology was introduced in China, it was recognized that Chinese prehistoric culture was introduced from outside, but as research continued, such perception was confirmed to be wrong. The so-called old school and the new school eventually won the new school. He explained that the prehistoric culture of China originated in China and that it was the basis of ancient culture, confirming that each prehistoric culture was much older than previously recognized. In any case, the origin of the Korean people, or the roots of the Korean people, is confronted with the theory of northern origin, inter-Korean mixing, and mainland origin with its own strengths and weaknesses, which will be discussed again in the next unit. Some people ask why it is important to find the origin of an old people now that the 21st century has begun in earnest and the world has transformed into a daily living area. Many scholars' explanations for the somewhat difficult question are as follows. One of the greatest events of the 20th century in world history was the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in which the Soviet Union, a communist regime, emerged in Russia. The Soviet Union, which rose up with the idea of communism and overthrew the feudalism of Emperor Nikolai II, dominated international politics along with the democratic camp for more than 70 years. However, with the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, many independent countries were born, and the origin of these independent countries was people. Despite countless years passed, they did not forget the idea of being the same people, and even under totalitarianism that ignores or tramples on the concept of the people, Bokgi University explained. Jews lost their country 2,000 years ago in the Palestinian region and wandered around the world, firmly uniting their people despite all kinds of persecution because they continued to take pride in being Jews. It is that despite the fact that such pride is based on a minority of only a few million people, it has now established a country called Israel and is proudly confronting more than 1 billion Arabs. That's how important the people are. No one knows what would have happened to our country by now if we didn't have the common denominator of the nation. The rise and fall of countless ethnic groups in China's frontier history have been marked, but most of them have assimilated into China or have fallen into minorities. The famous Manchus also took control of mainland China and built the Qing Dynasty, but eventually became assimilated to China and maintained only its name. The reason why the Korean people can live firmly based on the Korean Peninsula is because there was an axis of the Korean people.

During the Japanese colonial period, the struggle for liberation while shedding numerous blood can be attributed to the fact that the Korean people did not forget their desire to live together while moving within the framework of the people. This is why many experts emphasize that we need to know our own things to gain strength in promoting globalization. Moreover, Dr. Bokgi University argued that since it is one of the world's four major civilizations, the fact that one culture was spread to another region and formed a culture has become a phrase. At the time of the formation of the four major civilizations, the same level of civilization definitely existed in the land where we live, and the descendants of that culture are living on this land through numerous changes. In conclusion, Dr. Bok stressed that the Korean people are not isolated from the beginning. Living on this land from a long time ago, we accepted what we would accept among the cultural elements of the surrounding area and developed it to be passed on to future generations and converted it to useful life. He also explained that the 21st century became an era without borders, and even if borders disappeared, the people did not have the nature to disappear forever.          It has also been argued that the materials for the Pasa Stone Pagoda, which Empress Heo of Kim Su-ro brought from Ayutta, India, are Pasa Stone found in Ayutta, India.   <Two branches of the Korean people> Koreans learn the following words from elementary school as an "excellent Korean people." North Korea also emphasizes that the Korean people are a single people as follows. The Korean people are wise people with a long history and brilliant culture. Our people have developed their own language and culture in our country from a long time ago.' However, Kim Wook of Dankook University surprised Koreans by announcing that the roots of Koreans are largely two-pronged, 70 to 80 percent northern, 20 to 30 percent southern, and some other groups mixed with Europeans. The Korean people are mainly Northern Asians, who have an overwhelming advantage in terms of population numbers, but many of them are in the southern world. It is pointed out that this fact is consistent with the results of many archaeological or cultural anthropological studies. The origin of the Korean people announced by Professor Kim Wook is summarized as follows. "It is not known exactly about the process of human population expansion in the past, the route of movement, and the timing of the formation of East Asian groups. Most anthropologists support African origin, which suggests that humans separated from Africa settled in India or Southeast Asia via the Middle East and in Southeast Asia or the Korean Peninsula and Japan, but it is not clear where they settled first. On the other hand, Professor 교수 of the University of Arizona in the U.S. estimated that the group formation of East Asians took place through a more complex route. He explained that the gene pool in Central Asia contributed significantly to Northeast and Southeast Asian groups through the Y chromosome DNA analysis. The emergence of Y-chromosome DNA has led to breakthrough results in the evolution of humans in the past, migration routes, identification of paternal blood relatives, and genetic identification. This is because the Y chromosome exists only in men and is necessarily passed on only to the son through the father. In particular, Professor Kim Wook explained that information on mutations that occurred in the past remains related because most of the Y chromosomes (NRPY) do not cross with the X chromosome except for some terminal parts. In any case, the Korean group has the closest genetic similarity to the Manchus of the Chinese among the East Asian groups, and also has characteristics similar to some southern Chinese (e.g., Myojok, etc.) and Vietnamese. In addition, Japanese groups showed the closest genetic similarity to Koreans and Manchus in East Asia, which conveyed agricultural culture and Japanese language about 2,300 years agoIt is explained that it is genetic evidence that the Yi people migrated to mainland Japan through the Korean Peninsula. Based on this, Kim Wook pointed out that the Korean population was formed through the mixing process of at least two different ethnic groups and was not genetically one ethnic group. Ethnicity is not created at any given time, but through countless temporal and historical processes, it changes into a group that shares the same language, cultural and historical experiences as a degree of genetic homogeneity. Based on the analysis results of mtDNA so far, haplogroups (happlogroups, groups with the same mtDNA genotype) A, B, D, G, Y, and Z, which are mainly observed in Northeast Asian and Siberian groups, are all high frequency. In addition, the frequency distribution of the Y-Haplo group revealed that the Korean group had the closest genetic similarity to the Manchus of China among various ethnic groups in East Asia and also had similar characteristics to some southern Chinese (e.g., Myo, etc.) and Vietnamese. These results mean that the Korean group has both the southern and northern genetic characteristics of East Asia. The fact that the Korean people are largely divided into two branches means that the word "single people" has a negative effect. Moreover, our people are not a single people, but they are also very exclusive to other people. However, it depends entirely on where the standard of the people is placed, but in a sense, there is no pure single people. It is natural that the people who lived in the dawn of history, not the tribes who still live primitive lives in the remote areas completely out of the flow of world civilization, were mixed and assimilated with each other. There was a census in France in the early 1980s to see who was really French. At this time, orthodox French meant at least that both parents and grandparents were French, that is, three generations. However, the census surprised all Europeans. This is because the French government determined the French through census results that only 20 percent of the French met this standard.          Parisien, France, in the 1980s, a survey set that at least parents, grandparents, or three generations, could be called orthodox French, but only 20 percent of the French met this standard.   Unlike Korea, France adopted the "Birth Landlordism" (people born in France qualify for French citizenship), so even if their parents are foreign nationals, children born in France automatically become French (they can apply for citizenship at age 19). Therefore, by our standards, as many as 80 percent of people who cannot be considered French can be seen as putting their nose up as French. It is not unreasonable to argue that the claim that a country can be represented only by being composed of a single people is not convincing in modern times when the earth has entered the one-day living zone. Another good example is the fact that the United States is made up of many ethnic groups called the United States. However, the fact that many foreign countries cannot necessarily explain themselves as a nation of a certain race shows that the fact that there are only two members of the Korean people is unprecedented in the world. Of course, unlike other countries, the fact that it is not divided into numerous races does not rationalize the exclusive idea of other peoples. It can be understood as meaning that a global level of thinking is needed on a Earth that changes day by day. On the other hand, the explanation so far shows that there are some problems in the case of the Korean people to solve only the 'multi-regional origin theory' and the 'self-sustaining origin theory'. This is because, as North Korea claims, even if fossils of the cause, the deceased, and the newcomer were systematically found on the Korean Peninsula, it is virtually impossible that there was no human migration on the Korean Peninsula for a long period of 700,000 to 1 million years. However, considering the serological characteristics of the Korean people, there is no question that the Korean people have somewhat different characteristics from any other people. Some scholars explain that no contradiction occurs if you think that a new convergence has occurred between the natives and the immigrants, not a complete disconnection, even if new refugees have settled on the Korean Peninsula by any means. In the case of the Korean people, it means that the "African hypothesis" and the "Korean Peninsula self-sustaining theory" may be evidence of an exquisite fusion. This part is also expected to be challenged by many scholars in the future, so it is no longer detailed here.