History of Germany - Germanic peoples live in the Roman Empire and ancient northern Europe of the Frankish Kingdom. The Germanic peoples, which were home to Northern Europe, moved to present-day Germany, where the climate was good, and expanded their lives to the Roman Empire, bordering the Alps. Rome began to employ many Germanic tribes as Roman mercenaries around 300. The movement of the Huns, a nomadic people living in the northern and eastern meadows of the Caspian Sea, leads to the so-called "Germans' great migration" that enters the Roman Empire. The Westgots moved to southern France and northern Spain, the Eastgots to Italy, the Vandals to Africa, the Burgundians and Franks to the left of the Rhine, and the Anglo-Saxons to Britain. As the Roman army gradually filled with Germanic mercenaries, the power of the Roman Empire fell into Germanic hands. The Huns, who caused the Germanic mass migration, were mixed with other peoples and assimilated, and the national tradition disappeared. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Frankenreich, founded by the Franks along the Rhine River, secured the strongest power among the Germanic countries established on Roman soil. The Germanic tribes moved beyond the Rhine to what is now France, and at the end of the 5th century, Clovis opened the Merovingian dynasty and established the Frankish Kingdom. In 751, Pepin ousted the Merovingian dynasty and ascended the throne and founded the Carolingian dynasty. Carolus the Great established the largest kingdom in Europe. The Frankish Empire ruled Europe for about 400 years after the fall of the Roman Empire, but after the death of Karl der Gro3e in 814, the Treaty of Verdun (843) was the basis for the formation of today's three kingdoms: Germany, France, and Italy. The Frankish kingdom was divided into East Franks, West Francs, and northern Italy ----> German history - the Kingdom of East Franks in what is now Germany during the Holy Roman Empire became an independent state, but each province had its own army and property. East Frank elected the king by election in 911, when the king died without leaving any royal family to inherit the throne. These elected German kings could not exert much power because they had to read the minds of the princes who had the right to vote. The first kings to strengthen Germany's royal authority were Heinrich I, a noble family in Saxony, followed by Otto I, who was elected king of Germany. In particular, Otto I established a strong royal authority by keeping the Church and the Ho in check, and in 962, he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor Heiliges Rimisches Reich Deutscher Nation (962-1806) by defeating the invasion of the Majars and Slavs of the Ural languages distributed around Hungary. The Holy Roman Empire lasted until Napoleon destroyed it in 1806. History of Germany-Continuous disputes and unrest between the papal and Frankish kings in the Middle Ages, frequent changes of kingship due to the pre-emptive system of selecting kings through elections rather than hereditary elections, and the establishment of feudal lords, commercial and autonomous cities are features of medieval and later German history. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the weaker the emperor's power, the stronger the power of the empire and free commercial cities, and the influence of this force determined the history of their land or residence. In medieval Germany, the "Kurfurst" or "Elector" refers to the seven emperors of the Holy Roman Empire who have the right to participate in the election of the Holy Roman Emperor (King of Germany). Thus, the separation of German-specific territories was formed, and many territorial states emerged. In the mid-1500s, after the 14th century of Saxony, who played chess with the Spanish aristocracy, small local emperors and knights gradually declined, while rich cities gained influence based on economic power. The formation of the city alliance strengthened the power of the cities, the most important of which was the Hanseatic League, which became the leading force in the Baltic region in the 14th century. During this period, these various forces harmonized with each other to form a rich cultural heritage. Most of these cultural heritages remain in the form of cathedrals and monasteries decorated with great works of art, courts and grand houses. History of Germany-In the 16th and 17th centuries, Europe was a time of religious division and religious war due to the Reformation. The newly awakened sense of criticism rebelled against the evils of the church as spiritual changes were made by the Renaissance and humanism. Discontent with the secularized church erupted in 1517 after Luther's Reformation. As a result, the entire social system was sucked into the reform movement, far beyond the religious realm. Knights supporting Luther rebelled in 1522, and the 1525 Peasant War (Deutscher Bauernkrieg) was the first major revolutionary movement in German history to pursue both political and social reforms, but both failed. After that, German princes were divided into Lutheran and Catholic factions and formed an alliance. The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) broke out when the Habsburgs responded by force to the Habsburgs' helpless attempts to carry out anti-religious reforms. This spread to the confrontation of all Europe, and religious and political confrontations clashed. The Thirty Years' War did great political and economic damage to Germany without providing an answer to the religious divide. The war devastated much of Germany and reduced its population dramatically. It took a century for Germany to rise from the ruins of this war. The war led to France's domination of Europe and the rise of French culture and the independence of Switzerland and the Netherlands, but caused Germany's land to be devastated, political division and cultural development. History of Germany-In the transition from feudal society to modern civil society during the French Revolution, absolutism, an autocratic form of monarchy, prevailed in Western Europe. Absoluteism, where feudal elements remained, was destroyed by a civil-class revolution that wanted freer commercial and industrial activities. Federal states with almost independent sovereignty in Germany also embraced absolutism, a form of French government.European princes and princes became absolute monarchs. At that time, small independent countries also occurred in central Europe, and later German states such as Prussia, Saxony, Hessen, Württemberg, and Bavaria arose from them. Even today in Germany, these states still have their own parliamentary, government, and cultural life, and this tradition dates back to the time of absolutism and the Middle Ages. After the Thirty Years' War between Frederick the Great and Franz II, the last emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, the battle for leadership over Germany is narrowed down to Austria of the Habsburgs and Prussia of the Hohenzolenda family.The French Revolution of 1789 destroyed the feudal social order that had lasted since the early Middle Ages. Prussia and Austria's attempts to intervene in the French Revolution by force were thwarted and counterattacked by revolutionary forces. Rather, the order of the German Empire was changed by Napoleon's attack, which inherited the legacy of the revolution in France. France occupied the Rhine River, and the Confederacy of Central Germany joined the Rhine Alliance in 1806 under French protection. The League of Rhine is an alliance of 16 southwestern German states organized under Napoleon's auspices, also known as the Confederation of Rhine. The Holy Roman Empire ended when each of the member states claimed sovereignty and declared its withdrawal from the German Empire, and Franz II gave up his royal authority. History of Germany-Prussia in the 1850s during the German Empire was also Germany's largest power economically. Bismarck, appointed Prime Minister of Prussia in 1862, was a conservative politician with a monarchy in mind. He enforced the politics of power and ruled without the budget approval of the Constitution. Although undemocratic in domestic politics, he established Germany's solid position in the new dynamics of Europe with the success of a consistent peace policy and alliance policy externally. Bismarck pursued German reunification (1871) in the spirit of disinfection day, which now excludes Austria. In the Prussian–French War (1870–71) he defeated Napoleon III and won the province of Elsa–Loren, receiving a large amount of war compensation. . In January 1871, Wilhelm I of Prussia became Emperor of Germany, and Bismarck ruled as Prime Minister for 19 years. The empire lasted from 1871 to 1918.After reunification in 1871, Germany made remarkable economic progress and entered the ranks of powerful nations. Coal and steel production surpassed Britain, and it competed with Britain in shipbuilding, and the electricity, chemical, and military industries took place, especially in large companies. With the growth of technology and industry, the population has exploded from 40 million to 60 million in just 40 years, requiring a new living space. Meanwhile, in Europe, competition among the major powers intensified along with the national power that was enhanced by the Industrial Revolution. With the help of technology and industry, they created increasingly strong means of destruction and armed themselves with large armies. Europe entered the age of imperialism and invaded other countries one after another, turning them into huge colonies. After reunification, Bismarck pursued European powers and foreign policy to protect what Germany had achieved and firmly establish Germany's position internationally. He was most wary of France, which was hostile to Germany. History of Germany - Things changed in 1890 when Emperor Wilhelm II ruled and Bismarck was overthrown. The rule of King Wilhelm II was greatly influenced by the will of the individual, disturbing the countries around Germany. France, Britain and Russia signed trilateral negotiations in 1907. As a result, both camps called "trilateral negotiating countries" and "trilateral allies" emerged in Europe. These two camps predicted the war by reacting sensitively for more than a decade from 1905 to 1914. The most dangerous area in Europe was the Balkans.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire ruled the Slavic people who fought for independence under the auspices of Russia at that time. On 28 June 1914, in Sarajevo, Austria, the Austrian crown prince and his wife (Prince Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Grand Duke Jofi of Hohenberg family) were assassinated by Serbian nationalists ("Black Hand"). The incident prompted Austria to declare war on the Serbian government on 28 July 1914 with the support of its ally Germany, followed by Germany, Russia, France and Britain, which led to the development of a world war. Germany's war poster - Japan declared war on Germany in August 1914 for the Anglo-Japanese alliance, and the neutral U.S. entered the war on the Allied side in 1917, which ultimately led to the collapse of the German army in November 1918.Germany eventually surrendered to the Allies on 11 November 1918, and Wilhelm II stepped down.History of Germany - The Weimar Republic era opened from 1919 to 1933, when the new German parliament was convened in Weimar, World War II. The postwar turmoil reached its peak in 1923, but Germany was politically stable with the economic recovery after a large-scale U.S. loan. During this period, German art, music, science, and thought were greatly developed, enjoying the prosperity of the 20s of gold and gaining global authority again in a few years. However, with the Great Depression of 1929, the Weimar Republic fell into extreme chaos and eventually collapsed. Germany, where the German economy, which surrendered to Hitler and British Prime Minister Chamberlain U.S. forces, was almost dependent on U.S. loans, was hit hardest by the economic panic. In a few months there were 6 million unemployed and the despairing public leaned toward radical parties such as the German Communist Party and the Nazi Party. In particular, Hitler's national socialist movement took advantage of the unstable situation and developed leaps and bounds after 1930, becoming the most powerful party in 1932. In 1933, Hitler won the election and was appointed Prime Minister. The global economic depression that originated in 1929 brought the entire world economy to ruin. In order to overcome such an economic crisis, the United States implemented the New Deal policy, and the United Kingdom and France sought their own economic interests by increasing tariff rates. As a result, Germany, Japan, and Italy, where the foundation of the capitalist economy was not strong, fell into serious economic difficulties. At this time, Mussolini took power in Italy, and Hitler took power in Germany amid the economic crisis and social turmoil, declaring Germany's rearmament. Meanwhile, Japan started a war of aggression on the continent, occupied Manchuria, and then started the Sino-Japanese War. As such, the crisis of the outbreak of World War II was increasing as Germany, Italy, and Japan, which did not have colonies, tried to escape the economic crisis by foreign invasion. Hitler, who took over all of Germany's power, wanted to realize the unity of all German nation-states, securing living space for the Germans, and the construction of a millennium empire, as described in My Struggle. Hitler succeeded in boosting the economy and reducing unemployment quickly through job creation plans and stockpiling war supplies in the face of domestic political turmoil and violent struggles among political opponents during the Weimar Republic era, and mass unemployment caused by the global economic panic. He gained an advantage after the end of the global economic depression. In 1935, it ruled the League of Nations until then, and in March 1938 it merged in the name of protecting Austria, and the Zaire region, home to more than 3 million Germans, was transferred to Germany and the Defense Command was re-established. In March 1936, it ceded Sudetton, a Czech border with the unarmed Rhineland. These foreign policy achievements laid the groundwork for Hitler to realize his political goals despite the resistance of many classes. When Germany entered into a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union in August 1939, and then invaded Poland in September of that year, the war began when Britain and France declared war on Germany. Following the invasion of Poland, Germany occupied Denmark and Norway, followed by the Netherlands and Belgium, and in June 1940 Paris, France. Then again, in 1941, they broke the non-toxic treaty and invaded eastern Poland, Ukraine, and the war began. At the beginning of the war, Germany had a brilliant war record, but in 1943 it was defeated in Stalingrad, and the war began to reverse, and only continued defense was achieved on the eastern front. In North Africa, the Italians and the Germans were defeated, and the Allies landed on the Italian mainland, and in September 1943 the Germans were hit hard by Italy, and the Anglo-American Allies captured Rome via Sicily, and Italy surrendered. And the Normandy landings were successful and the Western Front collapsed dramatically. In May 1945, the British, American, and Soviet Union took Berlin and eventually Germany surrendered. In the era of German division, West Germany retained its sovereignty over the Berlin issue and Germany's rights and responsibilities, including the German reunification and peace treaty, to the United States, Britain and France, following the entry into effect in May 1955. However, as East Germany developed as a country, the existing policy was inevitable to be revised inevitably. Since 1963, trade representatives have been exchanged with Eastern European countries, and diplomatic relations with Arab countries once broke up following the establishment of diplomatic relations with Israel in 1965. The Berlin problem was also becoming a serious problem due to the establishment of the "wall" between East and West Berlin by East Germany in August 1961. However, when the government with Brandt, the leader of the Social Democratic Party, as prime minister, was born in September 1969, they quickly sought solutions to these problems.Then, on March 18, 1990, the right-wing coalition, which proposed the absorption and integration of East Germany, won the first stage of the unification plan, and on July 1, Germany, which formed a single economic system, was virtually unified. In addition, West Germany absorbed and unified East Germany under Article 23 of the Framework Act on West Germany on October 3, 1990, when Germany recognized the right to self-determination and the gradual withdrawal of the Soviet army stationed in East Germany after reunification. Victory in German Politics - East and West Germany, which were unified by Germany, set its national name as Deutschland and its capital as Berlin. As a result, Germany has an area of 356,974, and a population of 81.891 million (1996). East Germany was incorporated into West Germany's capitalist economic system, and the existing centralized system of East Germany was extinguished, and five local states, including Brandenburg, Saxony, Saxony Anhalt, Thuringen, and Mecklenburg Formern, were revived. The form of government is a coalition government led by the prime minister and the president. In terms of economic scale, it has become Europe's largest economy. West Germany, which accounted for 25% of the European Community's gross national product and served as a major player in the European Community, is now unable to stay within the framework of the European Community and establish a new economic order. Germany's dominance in Europe is expected from three to five years after the East-West German economy is leveled, and German economic data will be released separately to East and West Germany, as the German government has to invest more than $700 billion to rebuild the lagging East German economy. In addition, the issue of remaining in NATO, which was the biggest issue with the Soviet Union in the process of unification, was settled by Germany's decision to stay in NATO due to concessions from the Soviet Union. However, Germany was burdened with paying a huge sum of more than $7 billion to the Soviet Union in return for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from East Germany. Germany's military power is 358,400 (1996), the largest in Europe, and due to its powerful military power, there were voices of concern from European countries such as France over the territorial dispute over the revival of German nationalism. In response, Kohl narrowed his distrust of unification by announcing that he would keep the border with Poland as it is and do his best for peace in Europe. Internally, there were many tasks that the unification government had to solve. First, after economic and social integration, a large number of East German companies went bankrupt due to the influx of West German products, resulting in nearly 2 million unemployed, providing employment measures for these unemployed. Second, it was expected that the reconstruction of the East German economy and relief for the unemployed would eventually become a burden on West Germans, resulting in a reduction in the rights of West Germans, such as an increase in taxes and narrowing the door to employment. It was also a question of how much the government would reduce West Germans' complaints. Third, it was the problem of overcoming heterogeneous factors and restoring homogeneity from differences in ideology and systems. Fourth, the question of whether the unification government can satisfy the desire for equal treatment of people who have been educated under other systems and social security enjoyed by East Germans, and the increase in crime in East Germany due to the influx of capitalist and liberal ideas.
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