Harsh exploitation due to the plan to increase acidity under the Japanese colonial rule.

 One of the more Yeongrakshikan's things under "cultural politics" is the Japanese government's plan to increase the production of Korean acidity since 1920. According to an announcement by the Japanese Government-General of Korea, the purpose of this plan is to help solve the first to (Japan) food problem, prepare for an increase in Korea's food demand, and third to improve the Korean farm economy and promote the Korean economy. Although it has been said earlier that Korea has become a food supplier for Japan, the amount of Korean rice introduced has suddenly increased since its strength. The rice uproar further fueled the Japanese ruler's urge to steal more Korean rice. At the same time, considering that land loss and the fall of farmers due to the land survey project were the economic causes of the 31st Independence Movement, the government tried to stabilize the life of Korean farmers through food production. First of all, the first plan was to increase the production of about 9 million seats of rice by improving land information by spending a total of 120 million yen for 15 years from 1920. However, this did not go as planned, so it was revised in 1925 and aimed to increase the production of 8.16 million seats to 325 million yen in total over the next 12 years. The Government-General created "Chosun Land Measurement Co., Ltd," a private company with a capital of 5 million yen, as the central institution promoting the plan. This company was a for-profit company created by investing in Oriental Development Company and other Japanese capital. In addition to the implementation of the Land Improvement Corporation, the company has decided not only to sell and manage land, but also to passively receive requests for construction, plan projects that are advantageous to Koreans, and establish a repair association. For this reason, the Sanmi increase plan left huge profits for Japanese capitalists who borrowed geographic funds from Japanese postal savings and Korean taxes, or civil engineering companies who hired Koreans with cheap wages from the Land Improvement Corporation. Meanwhile, Korean landlords and farmers have been collected for more than 20 years for repair union expenses of 5 yen to 10 yen per single step. In addition, the produced rice had to be handed over at a bargain price, and cash expenditures such as fertilizers and agricultural equipment increased, leading to a series of Korean farmers whose lives collapsed. The Japanese official, who was the head of the Gyeonggi-do Agricultural Affairs Department as a tenant of Governor-General Jo Tner, says as follows.   The acid rice production plan brought about a rapid increase in agricultural production, but at the same time, it also succeeded in a rapid increase in landless farmers. Such a huge increase in landless farmers, on the other hand, means the accumulation of land ownership. The repair association project revealed a strong promotion of land and disease. - It was mainly Japanese land companies such as Japanese landowners and Oriental Development Company that collected land in Kuma Kenichi. As a result of the Sanmi increase plan, a huge amount of Korean rice was taken out to Japan. Looking at the two tables on page 153, rice farming in Korea certainly increased in cultivation area, harvest height, and yield per step compared to the time of strength. However, far above the growth rate, Korean rice was taken out to Japan. 487,000 seats were taken out in 1910, while 9,027,000 seats were taken out in 1931, 8,892,000 seats in the following year (1935), when the acidity increase plan was suspended due to an agricultural panic, and the amount was actually 18-19 times higher than that of rice produced in Korea. It can only be said that it was a frightening exploitation. As a result, in Korea, the more rice is produced, the smaller the rice that enters the mouth of Koreans. In 1919, the consumption of rice per Korean for one year was 7, 3, and 4 hops, but in 1933, it dropped sharply to 4, and 1, and 2 hops. So, instead of rice, millet rice from Manchusan Mountain was imported into Korea, but even that millet gradually decreased after the 1930 panic. On December 31, 1926, the Dong-A Ilbo in Korea wrote an editorial titled "There is a person who died of starvation in the field", which was as follows. As reported in this paper the day before yesterday, there were 40 bodies in Gyeonggi-do alone. It is said that 30 of them died in the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Gender Equality, and the other died at Taepyeong-ro 2, the center of Gyeongseong. The bodies, of course, are all Korean. (Simply) This winter is still a long way off. With Sohan and Daehan in front of them, 40 bodies several times as many as 40 people will fall on the solid road under the bright lamp and laugh at Korean cultural politics.

Korea's economic development is due to its geopolitical position.

 When talking about Korea, there are always four countries around the Korean Peninsula, and most of them say that Korea would have gained some influence if it were not around these countries such as the United States, China, Russia, and Japan, but I actually don't agree with this. After the defeat of the Japanese colonial rule, these things, such as liberation of the Korean Peninsula and the Korean War, were inevitably affected because we were involved in these neighboring countries. But if you look at it differently, what would happen if the United States had not participated in the Korean War after liberation? What if the United States excluded the Korean Peninsula from the Far East defense line and included only Japan in its defense line until the end, as in the Echison Declaration? Eventually, if the communistization of the time, such as China and the Soviet Union, occupied the Korean Peninsula, the United States was worried about its influence on Far East Asia and eventually participated in the Korean War. If the Korean Peninsula was not in this geopolitical position, but in a place without large-scale communist forces such as China or the Soviet Union, would the United States really intervene in the war on the Korean Peninsula? And I don't think there would have been any U.S. aid or large-scale support since the Korean War. Although the U.S. support for Korea was also aimed at expanding their influence. And taking Japan as an example, I think it is right that Japan also paid compensation for colonization of Korea under pressure from the United States at the time. For the United States, I think it is because it was judged that Korea should quickly establish a capitalist framework and grow economically as soon as possible to prevent the influence of left-wing forces again and prove its excellence in capitalism against the communist camp. And economically, there are a lot of talks about the trade deficit with Japan, but I think this is inevitable. Looking at the economic development process of the Korean Peninsula, I think it is a great thing that Korea was able to receive Japanese parts and technologies in developing the economy through processing trade from the beginning. It was a great relief for Korea to have a country next to it where you can learn and control parts technology technically, locally, and stably.  In history, there is no such word as (?) but what if these neighboring powers were not around us? Will we be able to make the same economic development as we are now?

Byeongja Horan - Why didn't Cheong go to the sea in Joseon?

 The cause of the artificial coup was that Gwanghae-gun abandoned his loyalty to the Ming Dynasty and did not do his best, and that he killed his ancestors' true wife, Prince Yeongchang, and destroyed his stepmother Mokdaebi to kill and invalidate his brothers. Therefore, most of the officials who died at the hands of the coup forces promoted practical diplomacy between the Ming Dynasty, which was collapsing along Gwanghaegun's realist diplomatic line, and Hu Keum, an emerging powerhouse, (after the Qing Dynasty, founded by unifying each tribe of Yeojin). Gwanghae-gun was a king who sought to become a wealthy nation from a realistic standpoint, such as rebuilding a country devastated by the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, pursuing practical benefits through tightrope diplomacy with gold after appearing as an emerging force. The anachronistic group of people who had anachronistic idea of kicking out the king in a coup and serving the ruined Ming Dynasty came to power, resulting in the devastation of the Manchu war and Jeongmyo war and the miserable result of the king's surrender to the orangkae. Less than a year after King Injo ascended to the throne, he abandoned the city after Yi Gwal's rebellion and fled, and in 1627, three years after Yi Gwal's rebellion, Hu Geum led 30,000 troops to invade Joseon, which is Jeong Myohoran. Choi Myung-gil and others barely made a truce through a strengthening talks that served Hu-geum as their older brother, but Hu-geum demanded that the two countries' relationship be changed to the main-class relationship, that is, the relationship between the king and his servant. Of course, he refused this offer because he was a ruling class who had a crush on the dying Ming Dynasty. The resentful Qing Dynasty (Hugeum changed its national title to Cheong) led 120,000 troops to invade Joseon, which is the Manchu Invasion of Korea. Even before the two upheaval, society had already been severely agitated. In the Annals of June 19, the 3rd year of King Injo (1625), songs laughing at the leaders of the King Injo were popular among the people. <Ah, don't show off yourself, you deities. If you live in his house, occupy his battlefield, ride his horse, and do his job, what's the difference between you and him (the powerful men of the Gwanghaegun era)?> In the Annals on the same day, the cadastre left the following records as expected of the invasion of the orangas. <The envoy discusses it. How is it accidental that Korea set up a camp in Yeongbyeon and kept the western gate firmly, such as having soldiers with military forces and guarding against enemy invasions that may occur in winter? Now that the Doenom (referring to Huigeum) are determined to invade the east by living in Shenyang, they should always carry weapons between Changseong and Uiju and prepare for rebellion. After the ice freezes, the area of the Yalu River becomes a flat land, so if you run by ironware, it will be faster than the wind. Jangsu will have to open a department at the border and take care of the generosity of Changseong, Uiju, Guseong, and Sakju.> However, even after being invaded by the Jeongmyo Horan, the national leadership failed to take any measures and wasted time. How should we understand that we were only busy praising the women who died during the Jeongmyo War, putting the idea of securing troops and producing weapons behind us? The following is the report of the Yellow Sea audit on July 29, the 5th year of King Injo (1627). <"A total of 126 women died while keeping their incisions during the Orangkae rebellion, of which the courtesy was revealed the most. When Jeong Deuk-ju's wife in Haeju was persecuted by the enemy, Kim threw his daughter into the water and fell into the water with his son on her back, and when Lim Soon-rip's wife met the enemy and was chased, she shouted loudly to the sky, "Anyone's wife drowns death." Kang Chi-gyu's wife, Kang, who lives in Jangyeon, fell on the ground so that she could not show her face when she met the enemy soldier. When the enemy tried to get up, he held on to the roots of the tree lying down, and the enemy cut his finger with a knife, but he didn't wake up. When he didn't get up even after cutting both ears, the enemy stabbed him in the back."> Local scholars, who couldn't stand it, appealed, "Government and officials should be awakened," and the whole story is well illustrated in the writings of a scholar living in Gwangju on August 19th, the 6th year of King Injo's reign. <"Even if the state was close to him, I haven't heard that he had been close to the orangkae until now and maintained a friendly relationship until the end. Then, even though the military god Sangha deserves to join forces to set up defense measures, the officials of the small and medium-sized government will joke around, smoke, and drink alcohol during the year when the enemy has stepped down. If those orangas do not change their minds and take military action in our country again, what forces will they protect them with and what measures will they defend themselves with? It's something to be lamented about. According to the rules for appointing a long life in Korea, all of the appointed people are highly disciplined, not considering whether they are suitable for the position, so they think, "I've already reached my peak, what good will it do for those who contributed to the battle?" Joseon was invaded again in the 14th year of King Injo (1636). On December 13, more than 10 days after Cheong Tae-jong led 120,000 troops and crossed the Yalu River, the royal court reported that Qing soldiers had invaded the border. It was only four days after the Japanese army landed in Busan during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, but at that time, the spirit was reported 12 days later. When the court heard the change, the enemy had already deployed troops to Anju. The famous Manchuria Soldier cavalry has advanced to Seoul with Jilpoongnodo. On December 14, when a report was posted that the enemy had passed Songdo (Gaeseong), King Injo decided to send him to Ganghwa-ro. However, the road to Ganghwa has already been cut off by the enemy, and they are forced to head to Namhansanseong Fortress. The appearance of the king evacuating absurdly was no different from his ancestors during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. The following is the Annals on December 14, 14 in King Injo's <The king headed to Namhansanseong Fortress through Sugumun Gate. Since the rebellion took place during the creation period, some of the military gods followed on foot, and the people in the castle were scattered with the rich, brothers, and couples, and the sound of wailing shook the sky.> Injo left Namhansanseong Fortress the next morning to evacuate to Ganghwado Island. King Injo walked down from the horse when the snowstorm hit him and the mountain path froze and the horse couldn't step. However, he could not go to Ganghwa and returned to the fortress. Eventually, King Injo decides to surrender after failing to last 40 days. How did you feel when you decided to surrender disgracefully to the Qing Dynasty established by the Yeojin people, who had been despised as orangkae and barbarians since the founding of the Joseon Dynasty? When the news of the surrender became known, on January 28, 2015, Lee Jo-champan Jeong-on and Yejo-panseo Kim Sang-heon attempted to commit suicide, but only attempted. Jeong-on took out the knife he was wearing and stabbed himself in the stomach, but he was not seriously injured and died. Kim Sang-heon, a preliminary judge, also hung up while cutting off food for many days, and his descendants rescued him and saved his life, whether it was misfortune or fortunate. The military officers left such comments on their attempted suicide. <The envoy discusses it. Thanks to these two, the river and the temple were raised. However, those who were reluctant to do so pointed out that they abandoned the king and betrayed the country, so why not look down on heaven?> Hong Myung-gu, an observer of Pyeongan-do, died alone while struggling to face the Qing Dynasty's great army at the time when court officials were committing an attempted suicide, and the Annals on January 28, 15 in King Injo reported the situation as follows. <Pyeongan-do observer Hong Myung-gu lost and died while fighting greatly in Geumhwa. When Hong Myung-gu heard the enemy's movement, he entered Jamoseong Fortress and defended it, but after a while, when he heard that the Orangae cavalry headed for Gyeongseong, he sent 2,000 units to Jang Hoon, a villa under his command, to rescue him. After that, when he heard that a master (a kiln with a king) was surrounded by Namhansanseong Fortress, he immediately led the selection of 3,000 soldiers and left. Meanwhile, he urged the soldier Yurim to accompany him, and he came to Gangdong while Yurim followed and tried to stop the military action under the pretext that there was no order from the court. In response, Hong Myung-gu scolded, "The king has been in a frenzy, so he deserves to give his life." Moreover, one plan is to prevent the enemy from focusing all their efforts on the attack on Namhansanseong Fortress by dividing the military into battles," and when they finally advanced, the enemies fled. When he reached gold coins, he met the enemy and cut hundreds of people and recovered their livestock, so the number counted several hundred. When the military was moved to Baekjeonsan Mountain, 10,000 enemy allied forces had invaded. Hong Myung-gu attacked them, defeated them greatly, and killed two generals, but there were many bodies. A little later, a unit of the enemy turned around the mountain, abandoned its horse, climbed the hill, wrapped itself in blankets, pushed it, and advanced in unison, so the situation could not be prevented. Hong Myung-gu hurriedly called Yurim to seek salvation, but many of his subordinates were killed as Yurim fled. Hong Myung-gu sat on a chair, took the seal of the government office, gave it to his subordinates, and said, "I deserve to die here," and when he was hit by three arrows, he pulled himself out, stabbed himself, and finally died.> According to the Annals, Hong Myung-gu was smart and upright, and sentences, skills, and knowledge were selected as the first among the younger generations. At an early age, he passed the first-class Jangwon, second-class Bangwon, and third-class Tamhwa as Jangwon and went through all of the Cheongyo positions. After that, he served as an observer of the government office and pointed out and suggested various measures for northwest defense, but they were not adopted. Then, after hearing that Namhansanseong Fortress was in an emergency due to the Manchu Invasion of Korea, he lost his life while moving to various places and fighting. When the news of Hong Myung-gu's battle became known, King Injo shed tears and said, "I knew I was usually his person." "There is only this one person in this time when the country is broken," he said, ordering the collection to be made in this article. In addition, the government prepared funeral expenses and paid Nokbong to his mother, and paid Jeongpyo (praise people's good deeds and spread them to the world) to Munryeo (the door of the house and the entrance to the village). He also gave his descendants a government post. January 30th, the 15th year of King Injo's reign (1637), is the day of disgrace when the king of Joseon bowed his head to Emperor Khan of Qing. The scene of the surrender was recorded by the cadastre in a cool and objective stroke.

Yonggoldae and Majudae (the name of the Qing Dynasty's Jangsu) came outside Namhansanseong Fortress and urged the king to give birth. The king rode a white horse and the chairman was removed and left the castle through the west gate with 50 people, followed by Crown Prince Sohyeon. Those who were left behind by the white crown wailed as they hit their chest inside the preface. The king came down from the mountain and sat with thorns open, and shortly after, hundreds of Qing soldiers dressed in armor ran. When the king said, "What are they doing?" Lee Gyeong-jik, the chief monk, said, "They seem to be the people we meet in Korea." Long after, Yonggoldae, etc. came, and the king stood up from his seat and performed a ritual to greet him twice, and sat in east-west. When Yonggoldae and others comforted him, the king said, "I only believe in the emperor's words and the efforts of the two great people," Yonggoldae said, "From now on, the two countries are one family, so what are you worried about?" It's late, so I hope you go quickly," he said and led him in front of him. The king has three monks, a judge, five monks each, and Hallim (colonial name for courtesy and censorship). As a cadastre, he had one government official serving the king at a close aide and one Juseo (Seven-poom of Seungjeongwon), and the crown prince followed the management of Shigangwon (the government office in charge of teaching Confucian scriptures and cultivating Confucian morality). Looking far away, Khan (Cheong Tae-jong) was sitting with a yellow jade spread out, and a person carrying a bow and a knife in armor and pitching set up a round camp and settled on the left and right. He played an instrument, imitating the Chinese system. The king walked to the front of Jin, and Yonggoldae and others made the king stay east of Jinmun. Yonggoldae went in, reported it, and delivered Cheongtaejong's words, "It's a long time to talk about the past." When I said, "I'm glad and happy that I've given up," the king said, "I'm honored by heaven." Yonggoldae and others led the way in and set up a seat toward the north below the platform, and the king bowed three times and performed an example of Joa-ri (Sambaegu Godurye) nine times. Yonggoldae and others led the king to come out through the east gate of Jin and sit in the east again. Daegun and below were caught in Ganghwa, but they lined up a little west below the platform. Yonggoldae asked the king to climb to the podium. Khan sat facing south, the king sat facing west at the northeast corner, and three princes of the Qing Dynasty sat one after another, and the crown prince sat below it, all facing west. Korean servants were given a seat on the eastern corner of the lower platform, and servants caught in Ganghwa were allowed to enter the western corner of the lower platform and sit. I put up a cup of tea. Khan ordered Yonggoldae to tell various officials in Korea, "Now the two countries are one family. "I want to see the skill of archery, so let's each do our best." A Korean servant replied, "All those who come here are civil servants, so they are not good at shooting." When Yonggoldae forced him to shoot, Jung Yi-jung went out and shot. Arrows and arrows were not the same as the Korean system, so they were shot five times, but all of them were not right. The Qing Dynasty princes and generals mingled loudly and played while shooting. After a while, they made Jinchan (a royal feast) and a dishcloth (pouring alcohol into a cup). After spinning the glass three times, the glasses and bowls were cleaned up, and when two orang caes dragged the dog and reached the front of Khan, Khan cut and threw the meat himself. When the king came out of office, all those caught by the acceleration of the noblemen below the empty palace gathered in one place. When Yonggoldae asked Bingung Palace and Daegun's wife to bow to Khan, the viewers shed tears, but in fact, it is said that Nine replaced them. When Yonggoldae and others pulled out with bright saddles on the white horse given by Khan, the king personally grabbed the reins. Yonggoldae and others also brought Chogu (clothes made of Dambi's fur) and conveyed Khan's words, "I originally brought this item with the intention of giving it to you, but it is not the same as us when I look at the clothing system in this country. Therefore, it was not to force him to wear it, but just to show his affection, and the king received it and entered the yard to show his affection. When Lee Gyeong-jik, the chief monk, was asked to support the national treasure, Yonggoldae received it and went. Later, he rebuked, "How come we don't dedicate the garnish and the book (a book engraved with Songdeokmun when we raised the emperor's name), and the king said, "The book was suddenly lost due to disturbance (1624), and the garnish was sent to Ganghwado Island, but it is hard to guarantee that it was fully preserved during the war. But if it stays the same, what's hard about offering it later?" He said, "Yonggoldae said he knew it." The king sat in the middle of the field and waited for his departure, but only after sunset did he return to the city. The Crown Prince, the Bingung Palace, both the Great Prince and his wife were kept, with the aim of taking them north in the future. The king made Choi Myung-gil stay to escort the empty palace. The king crossed by boat via Sofajin.> After completing the disgraceful surrender, King Injo headed to the ferry to go to Changgyeonggung Palace, leaving numerous hostage in the Qing Dynasty as hostage. This is how the Annals record the scene. Most of the "Jinjol" (a soldier guarding the ferry) died and there were only two empty boats, but the white officers even pulled the king's clothes to cross the ship. After the king crossed, Khan rode a horse and led the soldiers to escort the procession in a shallow rapids, and led the king along the left and right sides of the road. The captivated children cried and said, "My king, are you leaving us behind?" But those who cried and cried along the road counted 10,000 people.> Seoul had turned into a terrible city of death. On February 3, the Annals reported, "The only people living in Gyeongseong (Seoul) were children under the age of 10 and those over 70 who remained angry, most of whom were starving and frozen to death." On November 25, 1637, the 15th year of King Injo's reign, ridiculous things happened between his servants. When King Injo erected a monument on Samjeondo Island, a historical site of disgrace, and asked officials to build inscriptions, everyone started to withdraw. Jang Yu, Lee Gyeong-jeon, Cho Hee-il, and Lee Gyeong-seok were ordered to write Samjeondobi, but Jang Yu and others appealed and refused, but the king did not follow. The three officials reluctantly wrote it, but Cho Hee-il deliberately made the writing rough and hoped that he would not be hired, and Lee Kyung-jeon could not write it because of illness, so Lee Kyung-seok finally wrote it.> The officials mentioned here must have been those who insisted that "they should stand up to the Ming Dynasty and break down the Qing Dynasty," so the words of those who chat without responsibility as if empty carts were making a fuss are always sweet. The cause of the artificial coup was two things: Gwanghaegun's filial piety against Inmokdaebi and no pro-nomyeongdae. Therefore, when the King Injo regime was invaded by the Qing Dynasty, it would have been a reasonable attitude for the cause to fight with all one's However, when Jeongmyo Shrine and the Manchu War of 1636, unlike the pro-Myeongsadae policy so far, the main theory of harmony with the Qing Dynasty prevailed. In the end, the pro-nominal corps was just a justification for the coup. The main fighters, who had no sense and insisted that they should fight until the end, were handed over as hostage to the Qing Dynasty the day before the king surrendered. On January 29, 2015, King Injo was seen receiving the dismissal of Yoon Jip and Odalje at Namhansanseong Fortress, where the cold is raging. How did the king feel about sending his beloved servant to the country of Orangkae? <Choi Myung-gil and Lee Young-dal sent Gukseo (a diplomatic document conveying their intention to surrender) to the Orangkae camp, and sent Yoon Jip and Oh Dal-je, who rejected their friends. Yoon Jip and others greeted each other after dismissal. King: "It is said that your knowledge is shallow, but your argument was not intended to make the country wrong, but it finally reached this point. How can this happen to the world of Gageum?" Yoonjip: "If it really benefits the country, there is nothing to waste even if you die 10,000 times. Why does His Majesty say such a poor thing?" King: "How is my heart now that things have reached this point after they came in according to a lonely castle?" Odalje: "God was pathetic for not committing suicide, but now he has a place to die."> The king choked up and couldn't make a proper sound. <Odalje: "There is nothing to regret about the gods dying, but I am honored that your highness has left the castle. When will the servants wait in the future without dying at a time like this?"> Finally, when the two servants left, the king made the eunuch serve them alcohol. At that time, when the envoy, who was waiting to catch the two servants, urged them to "send the prisoners quickly," the king is annoyed and orders them to wait until the two servants finish drinking. After the two officials finished drinking, they said, "It's late. When I said, "I'm going to leave after I got off work," the king shed tears endlessly. After the dismissal of the king, Choi Myung-gil, the representative of the main painter, went to the Qing Dynasty by ropeing Yoon Jip and Odalje, the representatives of the main theorist. When Khan of the Qing Dynasty told him to release the bond, he gave Choi Myung-gil a first pitch. Choi Myung-gil bowed to Khan four times in this outfit, according to the Annals. When I look at the discourse announcing this fact after King Injo surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, the miserable situation at the time passes by like a scene from a movie. Next is the Annals on February 19, 2015. <It has been 15 years since I was on the throne with a body lacking virtue. Since fate is rough and the country's work is difficult, he has been transformed one after another and dispatched twice, and there are many things that have harmed the people. Even though the sky is in full swing, people know it difficultly and do not know how to take disciplinary action. Thinking only that he had to keep the cause, he did not realize that unexpected anger would come again, so he spent the winter surrounded by a lonely castle and faced spring. When the guard lacked military soles, the Yushin were incorporated into the military, and due to a lack of food saved, they filled their stomachs to the half of the beans. The rice was cooked by tearing off the house and blowing it with the roots of trees, but the emergency situation got worse day by day.

However, he waited for outside salvation, promising to comfort, encourage, and firmly protect the merchants, but five camps in Honam and Yeongnam lost one after another, and the military in the northwest had no news at all. When shells flew in and attacked the walls, they flew everywhere they were hit, but calculating the number of people and food made it difficult to sustain for 10 days. Fortunately, however, the two sons (Crown Prince Sohyeon, Prince Bongrim) and one grandson went to Ganghwa with Jongmyo Shrine, so there is still hope to ask for the faithful. But what would he have thought? The nature's fortress also fell because the human Jimo was not good.> Injo lamented that he failed to develop his national defense power in the past only after surrendering to the Qing Dynasty during the creation period, so it is a common act of foolish wages to blame the past after the defeat of the country. <Considering the past mistakes, there are many regrets. He thought of repairing and training armor and weapons to prepare for the disturbance, but each village was anxious about this. He tried to stock up on troops by trading rice, but the civil power became very difficult. Although rewards for honor and incision were intended to encourage the world, groundless discussions intensified due to this, and harsh officials were tyranny even though they were intended to be wary of euphemism by imposing important roles and taxes. The flattering trend was dominant in the royal court, and the world lacked gentle customs. Even though disasters and unexpected events appeared alternately, I didn't know I would be afraid, and even though resentment and lament arose, I couldn't hear it properly. This is because his nature was brave and dark, so he did not know the essence of politics. Rather, he tried to promote reasonable politics, but he drove it into confusion. How can we not believe the saying, "The nation must hurt others only after it has been harmed," since the nation has already been sick before the great army came in.> The king then begged the people not to abandon him. <Don't abandon me far with your past mistakes, and do not let the heavens continue to lead to the inheritance of King Taejo and King Taejong by working together to relieve difficulties widely.> War is a harsh thing. The victorious country will enjoy endless glory, but it is the general logic that the defeated country will be destroyed and looted, and the people will be reduced to slaves. Fortunately, the Qing Dynasty did not destroy the Joseon Dynasty and continued its existence. I think the reason why the Qing Dynasty allowed the Joseon Dynasty's rule of law without destroying the Joseon Dynasty was because of the doctrine that Joseon had implemented to the Yeojin people, and to stimulate Joseon during the Ming-Cheong period so that Joseon did not become anti-Cheong power. In the process of withdrawing, the Qing Dynasty captured the subjects and the enormous people who insisted on the main theory. The Annals describe that "the majority of the people of the whole country were involved." It is recorded in Yasa that 200,000 to 500,000 people were taken away, and this figure seems to have been somewhat exaggerated considering the number of people in Joseon at the time. In Joseon, many people were taken prisoner not only during the Manchu Invasion of Korea but also during the Manchu Invasion of Korea. According to the Annals on May 16, the 5th year of King Injo (1627), the number of prisoners in each region and the circumstances at that time are recorded in detail. <Pyongyang: 2190 men and women were taken prisoner, 158 people were killed, 344 people returned from escape, and 1169 people were bone-stained. Gangdong: 225 men and women who were taken prisoner, 67 who fled and returned, and 790 stolen horses and cows. Third: 1,500 men and women who were taken prisoner, 28 victims, and 111 who fled and returned.> Based on the Annals records, 4,986 prisoners, 290 victims, and 623 fled to Manchuria in six villages alone, including Pyongyang, Gangdong, Samdeung, Sunan, Hamjong, and Sukcheon. The reason why the Qing Dynasty attracted so many Joseon people was to fill the lack of labor in the case of men or to use it as a sexual nori dog in the case of women, but in fact, to resell it to Joseon for money. On March 11, 1638, the 16th year of King Injo's reign (1638), Choi Myung-gil, the left-euijeong, said this. When God was in Shenyang's official residence, he tried to set the price of a maiden (which means he would pay for it), but when the Qing Dynasty violated his promise and demanded more, the maiden stabbed her in the neck and died. Finally, I bought her body and came back.> Choi Myung-gil also posted a report on the ransom of prisoners on April 21, 2015 in King Injo. <Friendship Council Choi Myung-gil reported. "Repeating is urgent today. When Jeong Myo-nyeon promised a peace treaty (a treaty of friendship between brothers after Jeong Myo-ho), the price of one person was only about 10, but now that I hear it, it has risen to 10 nyang. The price they agreed was originally cheap, but the increasing price led to a high-demanding nuisance because the person who wants to fast forward was in a hurry to fast forward bone meat and did not weigh the price. Some people argue that one person's price is hundreds of gold. In this case, the poor will have no way to return. In God's opinion, even if the government makes rules to make a slight difference between people's values depending on age and return, many do not exceed 100 nyang, and if they ask for a high value, do not exceed this amount. If those who violate this are discussed as felony, they will also think there is no benefit and will call themselves a fair price.">... Why didn't Cheongi set fire to Joseon during the Manchu Invasion of Korea and for hundreds of years thereafter? When Vietnam, Myanmar, and Yugu, who were the only and decedent of the Qing Dynasty, were received one after another by imperialist powers, China's Zoya lamented that they did not securitize Joseon in 1636. At that time, Cheong was mindful of continental vacuum, so the innerization of Joseon in the rear would have been an obstacle to continental vacuum. He would have judged that there was nothing good about stimulating the anti-cheong sentiment of Koreans. Family is not a good thing, but I don't know what our history would have been like now if Cheong had whispered Joseon like Jungarbu and East Turkistan after that.

Japanese customs. Mabiki.

 It is a small idea of the Japanese population and the productivity of the Japanese archipelago, their base. Among the haetja that attached the leaf, there was a haetja that the productivity of the Japanese archipelago said to support the Japanese population. 'The Japanese population has been large since a long time ago. Looking at the Three Kingdoms, there is an attempt by Son Kwon of the On Dynasty to buy mercenaries from Japan. Since then, it has been overflowing due to its large population, which means that it becomes that much productive, and I think it would have been about twice as much as that of Joseon." But the idea of Sohae is a little different. Bio agrees that the population in the Japanese archipelago is larger than the population on the Korean Peninsula. But I think it's not just about productivity. This is because I think that the artificial factor is greater than the natural factor when it comes to population growth in Japan. Looking at the population growth in the Japanese archipelago, the population rapidly drops from up to 260,000 in the archipelago at the end of the Jomon period. It is estimated to be about 75,000 people. After that, the population suddenly began to increase, exceeding 700,000 in the Yayoi era and 5 million in the ancient times. In particular, with the ancient times, the momentum gradually increases. In the 4th century, the phenomenon of population explosion during the period referred to as the ancient times in Japanese history was a rapid pattern that exceeded the natural growth rate of the population by more than 10 times. It was particularly noticeable in western Japan, which was a population gap. "This can be seen from the population change shown above. The table above shows that in the case of 일본 Japan, the population increased sharply to 305600 during the Yayoi period, which shows a tremendous increase of 113 times the population of 기의 Japan at the end of Jomong, and a 32 times increase compared to the 9,500 population of Jomong era. In the case of East Japan at the end of Jomong, 68314 people apply the population decline rate as it is. It can be seen that this shows a 3.5 times increase compared to the population of the Yayoi era (AD200). It's much less than 113 times the evidence of Japan, but the 3.5 times increase in just 500 years means that the population of 1 million increased to 3.5 million. In addition, considering the rapid decline in the population of the Jomong people, this cannot be applied to the natural growth rate. And this population increased sharply again to 4.5 million in 725. It will increase 7.5 times in just 500 years. This is the same as if the population of 1 million people increases to 7.5 million in 5 years.If you compare it with the population of modern Japan again, it will be the same as when the population of Japan increases to nearly 1 billion in 500 years. This can never be seen as a natural increase." (http://blog.naver.com/loose.do?Redirect=Log&logNo=140000740028) In conclusion, it can be seen that the population growth in the Japanese archipelago is not due to productivity improvement, but rather due to the (relatively) rapid influx of large populations from outside. -------------------------------- On the side, some say that Japan was a military power in the past over Japan's military presence in Baekje, but I don't think so. (Also, scholars in Japan recently believe that Japan had no power to beat Korea before the sixth century.)Oh) Japan's military service to Baekje was not just sent. Baekje dispatched Dr. Oh Gyeong and others to deliver culture here. In other words, it is a price for the spread of culture, and the characteristics of mercenaries are strong. In short, this is the characteristic of the country exporting mercenaries during the pre-modern period. "There's nothing to sell but people." That is, it means it's a backward country. The representative one is Switzerland in Europe, right? Swiss mercenaries are famous as the strongest soldiers, but the reason why Switzerland sold mercenaries was that there was nothing else to sell but mercenaries in a torn poor country? Even in the Tang Dynasty, most of the soldiers were not wealthy Han Chinese, but were torn apart poor or immigrants whose country collapsed? Therefore, I don't think there would have been anything else to sell, not because of the large population or the strong military that Japan imported and exported. ------------------------------------ Returning to the point, an increase in the population more than an increase in productivity inevitably creates an artificial population limit law, which is a custom called "Maviki." No, it should be called custom, not custom. In Japan, there has been a habit of killing infants and throwing them into rivers and seas to reduce even one bite in families that are difficult to make ends meet. It is said that mainly two to three-year-old girls became the target. It is called Mabiki because it is said to be cut off and killed for the entire family, just like radish or cabbage. Of course, in pre-modern society, there was a custom of abandonment of infants regardless of country or ethnicity. However, in the case of Japan, it can be said that it is severe. In other countries, unlike abandonment of infants when they reached an inevitable point due to famine or war, in Japan, it seems that it happened regardless of the good or bad harvest. Seo Hyun-seop's book titled The Japanese and Eros shows as follows. As the saying goes, "The <bright stone is correct>, it is also a modern version of paralysis that a person who thinks his personality is too strong in light of the organization's physiology cannot escape from the surrounding scriptures and resign himself. In the old days, when we had to live with hyper-muscle blood, there were evil habits such as insides and aberrets, but that seems to have been quite severe in Japan.  In the "Yasohoe Japan Yearbook" published in 1585, a missionary wrote that there are countless infant murders due to the devil's encouragement. Even in Japanese lullaby, there is a word referring to Mabiki. "Jajang, jajang, good night. If you don't sleep, throw it away in the river." Among the lullaby "Jajang, Jajang, Sleep well, If you don't sleep, you'll bury it," "I'll throw it away on the river" and "I'll bury it" are slangs of Mabiki. There have been times when the Japanese population growth has been severely stagnant due to famine, disease, and paralysis. According to the first census conducted in Japan in 1726, the population of 26.55 million increased by only 650,000 to 27.2 million in 1828, 100 years later. In the Meiji era, young mothers who suffered from hardships of living often committed suicide with iron sites that they did not know yet in the east, west, north, and south. Rather than living with the harsh cross of infant murder for life, it would have been a desperate desire to die together." In a Japanese novel called Ambitious Loser, there is also a part about Mabiki. "One is to increase the population. The people do not want to have many children. The third and fourth sons were only rice bugs, and the life was miserable. Therefore, increasing the population did not increase the number of paddy fields. The limitations were clear for mountainous countries such as Bogai, who cleared rice fields. It was inevitable to make ends meet." I think Mabiki was an inevitable choice to guarantee the life of the remaining family even by killing an infant. When a newborn baby was buried in paralysis, people avoided the explicit expression "killed" and matched their will with unique slang such as "returned it," "sent it to the mountain," and "gave it to the fish." Even at the time of investigation in the 1930s, the "Japanese Wild Meat Culture Data Collection" shows that words meaning Mabiki, such as "Higaeri (one-day trip)," "Sent as a disciple of Maitreya Bodhisattva," and "I went clam fishing," are preserved, conveying traditional customs and the reverberation of the heart related to it. Put the newborn baby under your thigh and crush it, or press your nose and mouth to suffocate. This must be the cruelest act of first-class murder, with a powerful adult touching the existence of helpless resistance. However, when this is expressed as if they were sent away to Pian before birth or distant incense such as mountains or rivers, isn't the mysterious impression surrounding people and diluting the indignity of the infant murder? Slangs representing "Maviki" can also be viewed as the result of desperate wisdom of those who have to live by accepting "infant murder" called "Maviki" as inevitable." The Japanese news custom would not have been for health or anything, but a reflection of the inevitable food situation. Therefore, just because the Japanese population is twice that of Joseon, food productivity cannot be said to be twice as well. Korean people's macrophages were originally famous, and I think it can be a proof that they produce a lot of food compared to the population. If you have any other data or counterargument, I would appreciate it if you could add a leaf. Have a nice Friday evening~ 3-line summary. 1. The improvement in productivity of the population of ancient Japan is not entirely natural, but is largely influenced by the influx of external populations. 2. As shown in Mabiki, the food situation in ancient Japan was poor. 3. Due to poor food conditions, even if Japan's population is twice that of Joseon, agricultural productivity may not be twice that of Joseon.

The shortest February.

 The smallest of the twelve months of the year is February. Other months are set to 30th or 31st, but February is only 28th and 29th even if the leap year returns. Why is February the shortest out of many months?

The Roman calendar initially had only 10 moon names from March (January) to December (October). The two months of November and December were ignored without a name, but the Romans were not very uncomfortable because it was during the agricultural cold season. Around the 8th century B.C., King Numa Pomphilius felt the need for a proper calendar and devised a new calendar.

Numa has set a year at 355 days. It was tailored to the movement of the moon. Numa added two months of January and Beverly to create a 12-month system in November and December when they were empty. The Romans believed that even numbers were unfortunate numbers, so Numa set 31 days for seven out of twelve months and 29 days for four months, respectively. As a result, a 28-day even month was inevitably needed to fill 355 days a year. Numa chose February, the last month of the year and one of the winter months. It was centuries later that January and Beverly were renamed January and February, the beginning of the year.

One theory says that February has become smaller as the Romans took one day out of February to increase August, which was originally scheduled for the 30th, to the 31st. This is because August, named after Emperor August, regarded it as profane for only 30 days, but it is not very reliable. There are several more theories about the origin and transformation of Pebruary, but one thing is clear that the Romans thought very undesirable of the short month.

Ashyria that unified Orient.

 Ashyria was the first country to unify Orient. Asia was located in the upper reaches of the Tigris River, which is today's northern Iraq. Asia unified Orient in the 7th century B.C. and built a great empire across Mesopotamia and Egypt.

  Ashyria started in 2500 B.C. from a city state near the Tigris River. The city-state, called Ashur, is named after the god Ashur in Assyrian mythology. The Assyrian Empire, which unified Orient, moved its capital from Ashur to Nineveh as its territory gradually expanded. The Assyrians developed a strong and brave ethnicity by preventing constant invasion of other peoples.

  The Tigris River basin, where the Assyrians lived, was a place with convenient transportation and many other ethnic groups. Using these geographical advantages, Asia has developed its strength by doing international trade. After that, it was equipped with iron weapons and tank units to have great military power. Based on its excellent weapons and brave ethnicity, Asia was able to unify Orient.

The most famous kings of Asia are Sargon II and Ashurbanipal. Sargon II, who appeared in the 8th century B.C., was the king who opened the heyday of Asia. He conquered Syria and Palestine and destroyed the kingdom of Israel. King Ashurbanipal is the last king of Asia. He suppressed the rebellion that took place at the conquest site and continued the war to expand his territory. He was also interested in culture, so he established a library in the capital Ninebe, and collected and organized clay version documents on theology, language, and literature recorded in wedge letters from all over the world.

  Ashyria had a well-trained army and a reversal to maintain a wide empire. In particular, well-trained tank units and heavy taxes terrified the people. Asyria ruled strongly in the conquered area, such as rebellion or destroying the city if taxes were not paid, and expelling the people living there.

  Ashyria, which was so powerful, began to falter little by little after the death of King Ashurbanipal, with revolts in various places, starting with Egypt, independence from Media and Lydia. And in 612 B.C., less than 100 years after reunification, Nineveh was captured by the allied forces of Media and Neobabylonia, and Asia was destroyed. After the fall of Ashyria, Egypt, Sinbabilia, Media, and Lydia took over the Orient area.

Four Civilizations - Hwanghwa Civilization

 The occurrence of the Yellow River civilization.

The Yellow River civilization was a civilization that occurred in the red clay layer of the Yellow River basin, and Neolithic culture took place from around 5000 to 4000 BC. millet rice and millet were cultivated, and dogs and pigs were also raised. The Yellow River civilization is divided into the Longsan culture and the Yangsao culture.

The Yangsao culture (upstream of the Yellow River) is from 4000 to 2000 BC (not accurate). They made and used lacquered earthenware. Representative places of this culture are Yang Sao in Henan Province. That's why this culture is called Yang Sao Culture of Yang Sao culture. 

The Longsan Culture (downstream of the Yellow River) is estimated to be around 2500-1500 BC. Black clayware was used throughout the Yellow River and East Asia. It is called the Longsan Culture because its center is Longsan Mountain in Shandong Province.

At the end of the Neolithic period, bronze was invented and bronze was used. The strong side overpowered the weak side to build a dynasty. China's first dynasty was the Silver Kingdom. Silver uses Gapgol characters and elaborate bronze tools. During the Spring and Autumn Warring States period, the agricultural revolution took place by using iron. As a result, large-scale repair work was carried out, and as a result, farming became efficient, cultivated area expanded, and harvest increased. These promoted the development of the monetary economy, and the development of the monetary economy was also driven by the prosperity of commerce and industry, which brought about the prosperity of the city and the wealth of the state. Various luxurious relics found in China are set in this situation.

The spread of the Yellow River civilization.

From the beginning of history, the center of Chinese culture was in the Yellow River basin through the era of silver and state, and it seems that the same condition continued for some time even after entering the War-Korea period through the era of unification of the short Qin Dynasty. Around the time of Jeonhan's Muje (171 BC to 87 BC), ironware was almost distributed and regional differences in productivity were reduced, and culture was also averaged nationwide. The Yellow River civilization, which has a long tradition, has spread widely and has developed into a uniform culture.

It is questionable why the Yellow River basin, where red clay dust blows, blossomed the brilliant flowers of ancient Chinese civilization. Rather, wouldn't the quantum river basin be good for civilization to come up with? There are also questions like that.

 The ancient Chinese world, where traffic was not developed, was the best place for people to walk in and out of the Yellow River basin due to its relatively flatness and few mountains. Frequent human traffic means that transactions of production and consumption will occur frequently. Five thousand years ago, the Yangtze River basin at that time was an unknown world and remote area for people living in the Yellow River as it showed a subtropical pattern infested with marsh, swamps, shrubs, dense primeval forests, crocodiles, hippos, elephants, snakes, insects and barbarians. The loess plateau in the Yellow River basin was a little barren, but it had very suitable conditions for farming. The thick red clay layer of land had few stones and rocks, and there was no dense forest, so it was easy to cultivate and plow fields. Moreover, the slightly dry and cool climate was optimal for growing wheat and millet.

 In particular, the Shanxi Province, Seomseoseong Province, Gansu Province, and Ningshahui Autonomous Region in the middle of the Yellow River form a thick and continuous sedimentary layer of Ross. The Hwangto Plateau forms a climate point between the wet monsoon regions in the south and east and the desert regions in the north and west, has low humidity, is located at an altitude of 500 to 2,000m above sea level, and winter is very dry and cold. Spring is also very dry, with 70% of precipitation concentrating in July, August, and September.

 Most of the Hubei Plain is formed by the soil flowing down the middle and downstream of the Hwanghe River.The amount of mud contained in the running water is so large that it is called "six muds in a horse of water," that 1.38 billion tons of mud are transported downstream a year.

 In other words, the Yellow River basin in the past was dry with a continental climate and fertile red clay deposited to form a red clay zone, so the Yellow River civilization took place in the Yellow River.

Great Wall of China.

It reaches the western self-defense hall from the eastern Sanhaegwan, and the total length of the map will be about 2,700km, but in fact, it will reach 5,000km. The origin of Jangseong originated from the ritual of the Spring and Autumn Period, and several countries, including Yeon, Jo, Wi, and Elementary, built Jangseong in national cities. When Emperor Xi of Qin unified the world in 221 BC, in 214 BC, the fortress built by Yeon and Jo on the north side was expanded and renovated, and in the south of Gansu Province, the west of the Hwanghagang River, extended eastward along the Insan Mountain Range to Liao-dong's chest. At the end of the 2nd century BC, Muje extended the general to Okmungwan outside Dunhwang, the western end of the territory.

 

The generals of the Jin-Han period stretched far north than the current ones, and the reason why they moved south to their current location was to prepare for the invasion of Kitan and stone palaces. In other words, the northern latitude reinforced the fortress in the early 5th century, and another fortress wall was built near the capital Pyeongseong in the middle. In addition, in the middle of the 6th century, Bukje built a fortress from the northwest of today's Dung and Sanhaigwan, and then built a neutral fortress in the place corresponding to the current Neichangcheong. On the other hand, Jangseong Fortress, which runs south along the Taihang Mountains in the northern part of the border between Henanseong Fortress and Sanseoseong Fortress today, seems to have been built around that time as a defense measure against Bukju. After that, the Su Dynasty built a general on the south side of Ordos and expanded the game to much north of the general during the time, so it did not need a general as a defense line, and after the five generations, it was almost neglected because it was under the occupation of the northern people.

 

It was in the Ming Dynasty that Jangseong had the current scale from Sanhaigwan to Jawigwan. Reinforcement began from the Yeongnak Year (1403-1424), and the Jangseong Fortress on the south side of Ordos was contracted during the orthodox Year (1436-1449), and the Jangseong Fortress on the south side of Ordos (1522-146) was completed through the western end of Ordos in the mid-15th to early 16th century. The Ming Dynasty divided this Jangseong area into nine military districts and established a solid inertia in the transportation hub through the Jangseong, that is, Yenmungwan, Zhu Yunggwan, Gubaikou, and Jangjakou.

After the Qing Dynasty, military significance was lost, and it became only a political and administrative boundary line between mainland China and Manchuria and Mongolia. On the other hand, the materials for construction are sun-dried bricks, pancakes, and stones, and the walls are 6-9m high, 4.5m wide, and 9m wide. It is listed on UNESCO's World Heritage List.

Qin Shi Huangneung Royal Tomb.

It is also called Yeosanneung Tomb as the tomb of Qin Shi Huang, who founded the Qin Dynasty. With a height of 116m, a length of 2.5m, and a length of 600m on all sides, as many as 700,000 prisoners were mobilized to carry out the construction.

The coffin was cast in the east, and the inside of the tomb was filled with models such as palaces and pavilions and various rare treasures. In addition, the mercury modeled after the Yellow River, the quantum crown, and the sea, continued to flow, and the sun, the moon, and stars engraved with pearls sparkled in the ceiling to spread the world on the ground. In addition, candles were made from whale oil and lighting facilities were set up. In addition, a bow was installed inside so that it can be automatically fired immediately when a thief invades. When Qin Shi Huang died and was buried in the tomb, all concubines were buried alive, and immediately after the burial, all the doors in the tomb were locked to keep it secret, causing all those who participated to die alive, and trees were planted on the tomb to look like mountains.

In addition, tens of thousands of thefts, including servants and servants who worship Qin Shi Huang, guards, and war horses, were placed inside the tomb, and some were even made by covering copper water boiling alive.

 

Banpo ruins.

It is the standard relic of the Banpo-type Yangsao culture. It was discovered in 1953 and excavated and investigated five times from 1954 to 1957 by the Archaeological Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to discover many remains and relics such as houses, tombs, and storage pits. The site of the house is rectangular, circular, and oval, and its structure is semi-basement and flat knowledge. 250 tombs, including wooden tombs, jar tombs, and wooden coffin tombs, were found.

Most of the relics are earthenware, including grayish brown earthenware, red clayware, and black clayware. There are many animal patterns in this saturation, but you can also see geometric patterns. It is rich in stoneware and bone fragments, and there are many horses in stoneware, while there are few banmas and other products. In addition, bones such as pigs, dogs, deer, sheep, etc. were excavated from millet habitat and tombs, indicating that grains and vegetables were cultivated and livestock were raised.

 

The ruins of Maodigou.

Neolithic ruins in Maodigou, San Hsien County, Hunan Province, China.

It is located in the south coast of Qinglongjen, 2,8km southeast of Sanshen Province. It was discovered in 1953 as the remains of two cultures, Yang Sao and Longsan, and was excavated and investigated twice in 1956 and 1957.

At the bottom of the ruins, representative types of Yangsao culture were excavated, including the main foot type and bowl-type earthenware of the black colored gate characterized by leaf-shaped curved patterns called the Maodigou type.

On the upper floor, relics representing the early days of the Longsan culture, named the second culture of Moudigou, were excavated. Residential sites, key sites, Hwagang, and graveyards were found in this ruins, and earthenware, stone tools, and bone carvings were excavated. In addition, the emergence of new agricultural equipment and the discovery of livestock patterns such as cattle and goats in addition to pigs and dogs in the past prove the development of economic life. In addition, the discovery of this relic proved that the Longsan culture developed from the Yangsao culture.